Front weNtshona Koloni leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi: ekulweni

Kodwa oko kuthathwa ngokuqinisekileyo ngaphambi kwemfazwe ukuba Front Western uya kude kakhulu ubomi. Apha, siya abachukumisa kwempucuko ezimbini ezinkulu - isiFrentshi kwakunye nesiJamani. Ngowe-1871, Bismarck wathabatha evela uNapoleon III, Alsace kunye Lorraine. Isizukulwana esitsha yabamelwane wayelangazelela ukuziphindezela.

ehlasela German

Ngokwesi sicwangciso Schlieffen, imikhosi yaseJamani babeza kubetha ngesibetho msinya imbangi yakhe iphambili kule ngingqi - France. Ukuze kwacaba indlela elula eParis, uceba bambambe eBelgium Luxembourg. Le ubulawuli amancinci wathinjwa Aga 2, 1914. Yaba stroke lokuqala sele yenziwe kuyo. phambi Western wavula. kweentsuku ezimbini kamva, Belgium waba phantsi kuhlaselwa, bala ukuba amajoni umhlaseli emdeni wayo.

Idabi eziphambili iintsuku zokuqala imfazwe ithathwa ukurhangqa inqaba Liege. Yena waye ingongoma engundoqo ekudibaneni emlanjeni namasi. Le usebenze kanzima kwenzeka Agasti 5 ukuya kwali-16. Defenders (36,000 ancedisayo) onawo zabo iinqaba 12 nemipu 400. abahlaseli Maaskaya butho phantse 2 amaxesha ngaphezulu (amajoni phantse 60 amawaka kunye namagosa).

Esi sixeko ingqalelo inqaba kungenakugqithwa, kodwa wawa nje bayinyusa amaJamani zokungqinga zokudubula (12 Agasti). Emva kokuwa Liege, Agasti 20 ezinkulu lizwe - Brussels, yaye ngoAgasti 23 - Namur. Kwangaxeshanye, umkhosi French azamile kulihlasela aze azuze zintshula kuloo Alsace kunye Lorraine. Isiphumo ekungqingweni nasekuxinweni yaba ukuphunyezwa isiqalo ngokukhawuleza imikhosi yaseJamani. Ngelo xesha emva Agasti zokulwa, kwacaca ukuba ekomelezeni uhlobo oludala akanako awuthintele amajoni zixhotyiswe ngezixhobo amatsha - leminyaka XX.

Belgium Little ngokukhawuleza wabashiya ngasemva, kunye nokulwa batshintshelwa umgca eFransi, apho wahlala khona Front Koloni. 1914 - it kwakhona uthotho amadabi ekupheleni kuka-Agasti (utyando Ardennes, Idabi Charleroi kunye Mons). Inani lilonke imikhosi kumacala omabini ngaphaya 2 million. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba 5 Army French banceda amaqela eziliqela amajoni aseBritani ukuya Kaiser-5 Septemba safika Marne River.

Battle of the Marne

Amacebo Berlin Umyalelo waba eParis ezisingqongileyo. Le njongo yayibonakala ezicingisisiweyo, kuba iiyunithi ngamanye sele kumgama ozikilometa eziyi-40 ukusuka kwikomkhulu isisiFrentshi ekuqaleni kukaSeptemba. Ngomhla Front Koloni ngo-1914 wayebonakala ukuba kwakhiwe yimpumelelo engaqinisekiswanga le Kaiser kunye nabasebenzi bakhe Jikelele.

Yaba ngalo mzuzu abantu Entente waya sokubala-ukuhlasela. Umlo batwabulule phezu kwindawo enkulu. Ngexesha elibalulekileyo ukunceda isiFrentshi wafika yaseMorocco Division. Eza ngoko amasoldati, hayi kuphela bakwaloliwe, kodwa ngoncedo iteksi. Yaba kokokuqala ezimbalini xa imfazwe njengoko izithuthi asetyenziswe ezininzi. Unxibelelwano yomkhosi isiJamani eyayinqumla Belgium kunye wemvula e kwaMandla oLuntu wayeka. Ukongeza, ngokufanayo 5 French Army waphuncuka zokuzikhusela yotshaba waya ngasemva, apho amajoni amaninzi German waphosa East Prussia, apho iRussia wavula Front North-Western. Ebona le meko, Jikelele Alexander von Kluck wayalela baleka.

Amajoni ye Triple Alliance wafumana negalelo elikhulu kwengqondo. Lomiwo mhlaba kwabasebenzi kukhokelele kwinto yokuba ibanjwa wathabatha amajoni okulala. Noko ke, France kunye England asikwazi ukuthatha ithuba kokoyisa kwakhe. Le loshushiso ngababuthuntu ezicothayo. Sizana ayiphumelelanga ukuba zibhangise iintshaba ebalekela uzalise izikhewu umthunzi wabo.

Ngo-Oktobha, umlo esebenzayo abathuthwayo ukuya emantla, kufutshane nonxweme. Elihamba macala omabini bazama yokucima nangegxalaba utshaba. Impumelelo iye variable, ukuya kutsho ekupheleni konyaka akukho namnye unako wambetha ngesibetho isigqibo. Kwi Eva Christmas, amanye amaqela ngokungekho wavuma sokuyeka umlilo. Kwimeko nganye ufumana igama "kuthula iKrismesi".

empini

Emva kokuba iziganeko i-Marne Front eliseNtshona leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi watshintsha uhlobo longquzulwano. Ngoku bamelene akhuselweyo kwizikhundla zabo, yaye imfazwe baba ngokokuma kuyo 1915. plan Blitzkrieg, nto leyo ngaphambili ukuqanduselwa e Berlin akuphumelelanga.

iinzame manqapha ngamaqela ukuya phambili wajika intlekele. Ngoko, emva kokuba ukuhlasela Champagne Amanyeneyo baphulukana kungekho ngaphantsi kwe-50 amawaka abantu, phambili sekhilomitha sisiqingatha kuphela. Ngokutsho Kwimeko Idabi efanayo kwilali Neuve Chapelle, apho amaNgesi balahlekelwe amajoni ngaphezu kwe-10 amawaka, phambili ngeekhilomitha-2 kuphela. Front weNtshona Koloni leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi iye yaba likhulu kwimbali ye-screwdriver inyama.

Wena angaya kakuhle ngaphambi baseJamani. Ngo-Apreli Ngamana kwakukho kwedabi Ypres, eyaba kabuhlungu adumileyo kunye enkosi ukusetyenziswa igesi ityhefu. Zazingalungiselelwanga ngenxa ekutshintsheni iziganeko nomkhosi batshabalala, ukulahlekelwa amawaka. Emva kokuba kuhlaselwa yokuqala edabini Bathotyelwa nangoko iimaski, nto leyo yanceda ukuba asinde kwakhona, ukusetyenziswa kwe isixhobo serhasi yomkhosi waseJamani. Iyonke ilahleko e Ypres Entente baba 70 amawaka abantu (kwi-German uBukhosi - isiqingatha). impumelelo ekhubekisayo kunyiniwe yaye, nangona abonzakeleyo abaninzi, umgca ukuziphendulela le nto zingaqhawukiyo.

Nokulwa kwi-Western Front Artois. Apha, Amanyeneyo bazama ukuphuhlisa uhlaselo kabini - entlakohlaza nasekwindla. Zombini imisebenzi baye basilela, hayi ubuncinane ngokusetyenziswa imipu kumatshini Empire.

Battle of laseVerdun

intwasahlobo ezayo 1916 i-Western Front of leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, wahlangatyezwa imisebenzi zomkhosi omkhulu kwingingqi yesixeko laseVerdun. Ngokungafaniyo imisebenzi edlulileyo, uphawu kwesicwangciso elandelayo yokuhlasela yaba iinjengele waseJamani ibalwa isiqwenga elimxinwa somhlaba. Ngeli xesha - emva uthotho amadabi igazi - umkhosi waseJamani abazange babe izibonelelo ezaneleyo ukuze phambili kwindawo ebanzi, njengokuba kwakunjalo, umzekelo, kwi-Marne ngo-1914.

Inxalenye ebalulekileyo ukuhlaselwa kwaqala neziqhushumbisi leyo watshabalalisa kwizikhundla ezinqatyisiweyo kwizifundo weRiphabliki yesiThathu. Emva iziqhushumbisi bayonakalisa zokuzifaka ye elihamba ahlala. Ukongeza, le izixhobo ezintsha ezifana kwibutho zasetyenziswa. Nokuvulwa cast of Triple Alliance amajoni ndizuze inyathelo qhinga.

Ngelo xesha, iRussia waqhubeka okuxhaphaza zabo Northwest Front. Lake naroch ekhubekisayo wawuqala ukuphakama iziganeko laseVerdun. Umkhosi Russian wenza feint kummandla lommandla Minsk mihla, emva koko Reich umyalelo wagqiba ukudlulisela inxalenye imikhosi yayo ukuya ngasempumalanga, njengoko bafumana e Berlin, kwaqalisa ekhubekisayo jikelele. Ibiyimpazamo leyo, ngenxa yokuba nibethe yayo engundoqo wambetha neRashiya ngakwicala Austria-Hungary (Brusilov ekhubekisayo).

Enye indlela okanye omnye, kodwa umzekelo zadalwa. Iimbumba Koloni naseMpuma ngaxeshanye ediniwe umkhosi Kaiser kaThixo. Ngo-Oktobha, emva kokuba linani leempumelelo bengingqi ye-French weza migca baya kubanjwa ngoFebruwari ukuya ekuqaleni yotshaba ekhubekisayo. Akukho ziphumo qhinga asifikeleli Germany. Ubungakanani ilahleko kumacala omabini ziye kufikelela ngaphezu kwama-600 amawaka abantu (kwabulawa malunga 300 amawaka).

I-Battle of the iSomme

NgoJulayi 1916, xa Idabi laseVerdun yayitsala, Amanyeneyo yaqalisa zabo uqhagamshelo ukuhlasela kwenye ngaphambili. Umsebenzi kwi iSomme yaqala ithala zokudubula, apho kwaqhutywa ngeveki. Emva kokutshatyalaliswa ecwangcisiweyo ngeziseko lotshaba, intshukumo usaqala elihamba.

Njengokuba kwakunjalo ngaphambili, ngo-1916 i-Front Western yazanyazanyiswa yi amadabi elide kwaye uthathe. Noko ke, iziganeko ye iSomme zaye Ndilikhumbule kwimbali iimpawu ezininzi. Okokuqala, kwakukho kuqala kusetyenziswa kwiitanki. Bona luveliswe British kunye nokungafezeki ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa: ngokukhawuleza wawa azisalungiseki yaye eyaphukileyo. Noko ke, oku akuzange kumthintele unobangela imveliso entsha ifuthe ngokwasengqondweni kakhulu kwi utshaba elihamba. horror Active xa ifomu nje omnye zahluke art saa. Le mpumelelo wanika negalelo kakhulu kuphuhliso tank. Okwesibini, inzuzo yabo iye yaqinisekisa uphando zasemoyeni, leyo lwenziwa ukuze ayihlole izikhundla yotshaba.

Ukulwa amkhaphele, nokudinwa wathabatha indalo ixesha elide. Ngo September, kwacaca ukuba amandla amatsha eJamani ahlale. Ngenxa yoko, ngemihla yokuqala ekwindla Amanyeneyo phambili nzulu izikhundla lutshaba kwi amashumi eziliqela yeekhilomitha. September 25 ngazo ubude, waba ngokubaluleka qhinga kule ngingqi.

phambi iMfazwe Yehlabathi Western wopha iindawo German ezithe ndalwa ntshaba eziliqela yedwa. Boyiswa izikhundla ezibalulekileyo, inqatyisiwe. ISomme kunye laseVerdun kwakhokelela ekubeni Amanyeneyo wayithimba inzuzo qhinga yaye ngoku bezingawisa nempi Kaiser kunye nabasebenzi bakhe.

line Hindenburg

Events vector itshintshile - umva saliqengqa Front Koloni. World singene kwisigaba esitsha. Umkhosi komlawuli sirhoxisiwe ngenxa umgca Hindenburg. Yaba inkqubo iinqaba kangangoko. Waqala wokwakha ebudeni neziganeko iSomme ngokungqinelana nemiyalelo nguPawulos von Hindenburg, athanda ukuyibeka embekweni ogama. Field Marshal watshintshelwa eFransi kwi yokubonela Mpuma zeentsebenzo, apho walwa ngempumelelo imfazwe nxamnye uBukhosi Russian. izisombululo zayo izakuxhasa ezinye nani emkhosini - UErich Ludendorff, owaxhasa iqela lwamaNazi uphakamisa intloko yayo kwixesha elizayo.

Ilayini zakhiwe kuyo yonke 1916-1917 ebusika kaThixo. It yahlulwa imigca 5, zizifumene amagama abalinganiswa lo amaqhawe waseJamani. phambi iMfazwe Yehlabathi Western 1 Bakhumbula ngokuqhelekileyo emingxunyeni km neengcingo ezihlabayo. Umkhosi Ekugqibeleni kwenye indawo ngoFebruwari 1917. Kokurhoxa sakhatshwa yi kokutshatyalaliswa izixeko, iindlela kunye nezinye izibonelelo (umhlaba, yatsha).

Nivelle ekhubekisayo

I kuqala khumbula leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi? Western Front - luphawu obungenanjongo yamaxhoba zabantu. "Slice kanye dice Nivelle" waba ngomnye iintlekele mkhulu kwimbali kule mpi.

Xa ukusebenza kwicala le Entente abangama ngaphezulu 4 million yabantu, ngoxa iJamani 2.7 million nje kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwale ilayini akunakwenzeka. Ngaphambi nje kokuba amaJamani ukuphoswa wathimba lijoni French owaba naye isicwangciso yokusebenza ngokubhaliweyo. Ngenxa yoko, yaba wazi kokuhlaselwa ezayo diversionary, balungiselela eBritani. Ngenxa yoko, ukusetyenziswa kwayo sele zingama-zero.

ekhubekisayo ezingeyomfuneko yezabelo, kwaye Amanyeneyo bengakwazi ukuba atyhudise zokuzikhusela kotshaba. Iilahleko macala omabini lidlule a kwesiqingatha sesigidi. Emva kokuba ukungaphumeleli eFransi waqalisa wabetha kunye ukunganeliseki phakathi kwabantu.

Kwakhona Kuyaphawuleka ukuba uhlaselo edume inxaxheba umkhosi Russian. Russian Expeditionary Force kwasekwa ngokukodwa zimpahla ukuya eNtshona Yurophu. Emva ilahleko amaninzi ngo-Apreli nangoMeyi 1917, oko apheliswe, yaye amajoni aseleyo kuthunyelwa kwinkampu kufuphi Limoges. Xa ekwindla zamajoni limile kwilizwe lasemzini Akreqa, kwaye emva kokuba Oktobha Revolution aduma, umntu iye yabuyela edabini, abanye phezu izityalo ngasemva, kwaye elesithathu waya Algeria kunye kwiiBalkans. Kwixesha elizayo, amagosa abaninzi baye babuyela kwilizwe labo baza bafa kwiMfazwe Civil.

Pashendeyl and Cambrai

Ngehlobo lika-1917 yabalasela yesiThathu Battle of Ypres, nto leyo nayo eyaziwa ngegama kwidolophana encinane Pashendeyl. Ngeli xesha, umyalelo waseBritani bagqiba ukuba ndimaphule Front Koloni. World kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukukhumbula amathanga ezininzi izinto Empire. Kulapha abalwe uninzi Canada, Australia, New Zealand kunye noMzantsi Afrika. Expeditionary Force wafumana ilahleko yokuqala ubunzima ngenxa yokusetyenziswa lotshaba entsha isixhobo serhasi. Yaba igesi lwemostade okanye lwemostade, leyo wabetha amalungu nokuphefumla, iiseli batshatyalaliswa, zaphazanyiswa yokucolwa wekhabohayidreyiti emzimbeni. Izigxina Field Marshal Douglas Haig bafa amawaka.

Impact kunye neemeko zendalo. nezimbuku Local sangcwatywa ngaphantsi imvula, yaye kwafuneka sihambe eludakeni zamafu. The British Ndilahlekelwe bebonke abantu 500 amawaka babulawa abalimele ngayo. Inkqubela ngenzeka kuphela ukuba kwiikhilomitha ezimbalwa. Akukho mntu waziyo xa World ukuphela 1. Western Front waqhubeka zivuthe.

Elinye iphulo ebalulekileyo British - ekhubekisayo kwi Cambrai (Novemba-Disemba 1917), apho kwakusetyenziswa neetanki yimpumelelo ibonwe unangoku. Bakwazi ukufumana nge kumgca Hindenburg. Noko ke, kwelinye icala elingemva luck ke lisasalele emva elihamba kwaye ngenxa yoko, elula yonxibelelwano. Utshaba bakusebenzisa oku, ukuba balwe abanobuchule yaphosa British kwizikhundla zabo yokuqala.

Ukugqitywa kwephulo

Njengoko ngo-1914, lo Front Western de kwiinyanga zokugqibela zemfazwe phantse akazange ukutshintsha indawo yayo. Le meko yaqhubeka iba kuphela de kube mzuzu xa ngamandla iiBolsheviks yasekwa eRashiya, uLenin wagqiba ekubeni ayeke i "imfazwe impiriyali". Ihlabathi laye lamiselwa amanye amaxesha amaninzi ngenxa zinamandla okuwisa thwa, nelikhokelwa ngu noTrotsky, Noko ke, emva kokuhlaselwa elandelayo kwesivumelwano amaJamani kunjalo sasayinwa ngoMatshi 3, 1918 ngo Brest. Emva koko, ukusuka empumalanga ungxamile 44 amaqela zadluliselwa.

Yaye ngoMatshi 21 waqala ekuthiwa-spring ekhubekisayo, nto leyo ukuzama lokugqibela esinzulu umkhosi UWilhelm II ukuba ukunyanzelisa indlela yemfazwe. Isiphumo kwemisebenzi abambalwa atsho Marne River. Noko ke, emva kokuba kwibhulorho yakwazi ukususa kweekilometa eziyi-6 kuphela, ngoko ngoJulayi, Amanyeneyo ngokusesikweni isigqibo sibali-ekhubekisayo, ebizwa ngosuku ezilikhulu. Phakathi Amiens nezinto ezithe phuhlu Saint Miyelsky zaye ngokulandelelana bungaveli phakathi Aga 8 Novemba 11. NgoSeptemba, oko waqala ongangokugibisela jikelele ukususela kuLwandle North ukuya laseVerdun.

Ekuqaleni le kwezoqoqosho eJamani, nozipho wobuntu. amajoni abatyhafileyo kwiNgxowa endle. Ekubulaleni kwenziwe mandundu yi kukuba iUnited States wajoyina Amanyeneyo. iyantlukwano american baqeqeshwa kakuhle kwaye uzele amandla, njengoko kuchasene abo kwelinye icala, imisele, leyo liqengqiwe yi km 80. NgoNovemba, umlo kakade eBelgium. amanani 11 eBerlin kwakukho revolution, atshabalalise amandla Qonce. Urhulumente omtsha asayina ukuxolelana. Ukulwa yaphela.

iziphumo

Ngokusemthethweni imfazwe kwaphela Juni 28, 1919, xa isivumelwano efanelekileyo esayinwe yebhotwe Versailles. Abasemagunyeni e Berlin zizinikele ukuhlawula imali enkulu, ukunika isishumi kwintsimi lizwe, ekade. Kuba iminyaka embalwa uqoqosho lwelizwe elaqala isidumo. Mark lixabiso phezulu kwayo.

Zingaphi ubomi wathabatha leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi? Western Front yaba yindawo engundoqo amadabi kuyo yonke le minyaka zongquzulwano. Kumacala omabini ngokufa kwabantu million eziliqela, zininzi iingxwelerha, contusion okanye crazy. nokusetyenziswa kweentlobo ezintsha kwezixhobo ze kulwenza ubomi babantu. kobuchwepheshe wazuza ubukrelekrele. Western Front, phezu kwakhe kuqala leyo kanye njengokuba ezimbi uhlaselo emva kweminyaka 4, wahlala kukuqulungana non-linophiliso kwimbali Europe. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba amadabi igazi kwenzeka kwezinye iingingqi, akwabakho ukubaluleka qhinga ezinjalo. Kwaba kumhlaba Belgian kwaye French umkhosi waseJamani ubunzima ilahleko ezinzulu.

Ezi nguqu zazibonakala kwinkcubeko: iincwadi Remarque, Junger, Aldington kunye nabanye. Nantsi i ngokubethwa oselula Adolf Hitler. isizukulwana yakhe ayenza yamibi isiphumo unfair yemfazwe. Oku kwakhokelela ekukhuleni amazwi chauvinistic kwi Weimar Republic, amaNazi weza amandla kokuqhambuka yeSibini kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi.