Ukubunjwa, Indaba
Year Plan-emihlanu eSoviet Union: itafile, iminyaka, iiprojekthi ezinkulu yokwakha. Socialist mveliso
Ukuze ukuthelekisa lamandulo nelangoku iyafuneka ukuphucula elizayo, kungakuhle ukuba singaphindi iziphoso zamanyange. USSR - i someleleyo emikhulu vnosshaya ngexesha elinye igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso loluntu. Enye yeemfundiso ubomi babemi Soviet baba isithuba seminyaka emihlanu. Ngokutsho iziphumo zabo, ababhali-mbali ukuze aligwebe ngezoshishino eli lizwe, thelekisa impumelelo elidlulileyo kwaye langoku, ukuze sazi ukuba iteknoloji ushiye kwisizukulwana sethu noko usafuna na ukuyithenga nokufuna. Ngoko ke, lo isihloko eli nqaku - Isicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu kwi-USSR. Le theyibhile ingezantsi kuya kunceda ukwakha ulwazi abazifumene ngokokulandelelana kwazo.
Okokuqala seMinyaka eMihlanu (1928-1932)
Ngoko ke, 1 Isicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu yaqala egameni socialism. Lizwe emva kokuba Revolution ezifunekayo kwemizi-mveliso, ukwenzela ukugcina isantya amagunya waseYurophu. Ngaphezu koko, kuphela esebenzisa ezemali umthamo-ekwakheni mveliso kube yinto enokwenzeka ukuba nokumanyanisa ilizwe uze uzise eSoviet Union ukuya kwinqanaba elitsha emkhosini, kwakunye ukunyusa umgangatho kwezolimo kuyo yonke indawo enkulu. Ngokutsho kurhulumente, kufuneka isicwangciso ngamandla kunye elihle.
Ngoko ke, eyona njongo ephambili nkulu ukugcwala emkhosini ngokukhawuleza.
Eyona engundoqo Imisebenzi ye kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu-wokuqala
Xa XIV Congress of the CPSU (b), ekupheleni kuka-1925, uStalin wavakalisa ingcamango yokuba kufuneka siguqule USSR lizwe yokungenisa izixhobo kunye nezixhobo ingeniswe kwelo lizwe, leyo ngokwayo yonke ivelise kunye nonikezelo kwamanye amazwe. Kakade ke, kukho abantu abaye babonisa bangi khalaza, kodwa uluvo isininzi, yena lekile. Stalin waba nomdla kukuba kule minyaka mihlanu yokuqala ukuze eli lizwe kulo kukhokela ngokubeka kwindawo yokuqala kwimveliso kwensimbi. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo mveliso yayiza kuqhutyelwa ngezigaba-4:
- uhlaziyo lwezibonelelo zothutho.
- Ukwandiswa kwamashishini enxulumene nemveliso izinto kunye nezolimo.
- Redistribution of kumashishini aphantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente-on ntsimi.
- Utshintsho lwe-eneji ezintsonkothileyo.
Zonke ezine kwinkqubo ayikho khosi, kwaye zodonga munye. Ngoko ke waqalisa isicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu se-mveliso yelizwe 1.
Zonke izimvo ukuba kuziswe ubomi ayikwazanga, Noko ke, imveliso kushishino enzima landa phantse 3 amaxesha, kunye nobunjineli - amaxesha 20. Ngokuqhelekileyo, begqibezela ngempumelelo le projekthi iye yabangela iziyolo Kungokwemvelo kurhulumente. Kakade ke, kunzima ukuba abantu banikwa isicwangciso sokuqala seminyaka emihlanu kwi-USSR. A etafileni iziphumo zokuqala ezi ziya equlethwe amagama ilandelayo njengoko isilogeni okanye isihlokwana: "Eyona nto ibalulekileyo - ukuqala!"
Yaba ngeli xesha kukho eninzi kokufuna iipowusta ezibonisa njongo ephambili kunye nomntu abantu Soviet.
Iiprojekthi zokwakha ezingundoqo ngelo xesha imigodi kwamalahle Donbass kunye Kuzbass, Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Hlanganisa. Oku kwenza ukuba kufikelelwe ukuzimela yezimali USSR. Esi sakhiwo evelele - it Dnieper. th Unyaka 1932 yabalasela kuphela ekupheleni kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu yokuqala, kodwa isikakhulu kwishishini lokwakha enzima.
amandla omtsha ephala kuqinisa nemeko yayo eYurophu.
Unyaka-Five Inombolo Plan ezimbini (1933-1937)
Okwesibini Unyaka-Five Plan kwi kwizangqa aphezulu ngokuba "Isicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu se-collectivization" okanye "yemfundo karhulumente." Kwavunywa liSebe VII Congress of the CPSU (b). Emva enzima lizwe kushishino ezifunekayo kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho. Kuyinto kule nkalo, kwaye iye yaba njongo iphambili kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu wesibini.
Eyona ndlela yesibini ezintlanu
Amabutho eziphambili kunye nemali zikarhulumente ekuqalekeni "kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu se-collectivization" zigxininise kulwakhiwo izityalo metallurgical. Kwakukho i phambene-Kuzbass, ukuvumela Dnieper lokuqala yangoku. Eli lizwe abazange barhuqe emva inkqubela yenzululwazi. Ngenxa yoko, kwisithuba seminyaka emihlanu-wesibini kwaphawula ukugaleleka yokuqala North Pole umkhankaso Papanin wabonakala isikhululo polar SP-1. Ezokwakha engaphantsi.
Ngeli xesha, ngogxininiso omkhulu yabekwa kukhuphiswano yali phakathi kwabasebenzi. Le obetha Year Plan-Five edumileyo - Aleksey Stahanov. Ngowe-1935 yena umise irekhodi entsha ngokusebenzisa enye rate shift 14 shift.
Okwesithathu seMinyaka eMihlanu (1938-1942)
Ekuqaleni kwisithuba seminyaka emihlanu-wesithathu yabalasela esithi: "! Catch phezulu ngokugqithisileyo imveliso ngamnye weli kumazwe nkulu" Iinzame eziphambili urhulumente zazijoliswe ekwandiseni ukuziphendulela eli lizwe, ngokunjalo kule minyaka mihlanu yokuqala, ngenxa baza imveliso iinjongo ukusetyenziswa intsomi.
Plan imiyalelo yesiThathu Five-Year
Ekuqaleni kuka-1941, phantse isiqingatha (43%), ikomkhulu eli lizwe yaba ekuphakamiseni izinga kushishino enzima. Ngomhla olwandulela kwimfazwe e-USSR, kwi Urals kunye eSiberia likhula ngokukhawuleza amafutha kunye namandla esisiseko. Kuyimfuneko ukuba urhulumente indalo "Baku yesibini" - ummandla entsha kwimveliso ye-oyile, apho bekumele ukuba yenzeke phakathi iVolga kunye Urals.
ingqalelo ekhethekileyo yahlawulwa etankini, moya kunye nezinye izityalo hlobo. Ngokubonakalayo ukwandisa inqanaba imveliso iimbumbulu kunye zokudubula lukhule. Noko ke, iingalo USSR nangoku kwasilela emva entshonalanga, ingakumbi ukusuka German, kodwa umba iindidi ezintsha kwezixhobo abangabo ngokwenene ungxamile, nkqu kwiinyanga zokuqala yemfazwe.
Okwesine seMinyaka eMihlanu (1946-1950)
Emva kwemfazwe, onke amazwe kwafuneka ukuvuselela imveliso yawo kunye noqoqosho, i-USSR waphumelela kwenziwa phantse ngokupheleleyo kwi-40 eminyaka emva kwexesha xa oko kuqale ixesha yesine. Year Plan-emihlanu awenzelwa ukugcwala emkhosini, njengokuba ngaphambili, kodwa imvuselelo elahlekileyo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi zoluntu ngexesha lemfazwe.
Eyona engundoqo nokuzuza kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu-wesine
kwiminyaka nje emibini kuye kwafezwa umgangatho ofanayo kwemveliso yoshishino, leyo phambi kwemfazwe, nangona wezicwangciso kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu wesibini nowesithathu abeke phambili imigangatho nzima yokusebenza. Ngowe-1950, izibonelelo ezingundoqo nemveliso ziye zibuyiselwe kwinqanaba 1940. Xa isithuba seminyaka emihlanu-ophele 4, ishishini lakhula nge-41% kunye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo - 141%.
Ukuze baphinde bangene Dnieper entsha, wabuyiselwa zonke kwimigodi Donbass. Kwelo nqaku phezu 4 Isicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu.
Okwesihlanu seMinyaka eMihlanu (1951-1955)
Ngexesha Fifth Plan Five-Year izixhobo ezifanayo ngakumbi atomic, livela kuqala kwi NPP ehlabathini e Obninsk, yaye ekuqaleni 1953 intsika intloko karhulumente endaweni I. V. Stalina ithatha N. S. Hruschov.
yempumelelo yesihlanu Five
Njengoko utyalo-mali kwimveliso zanda kabini, wanyhikiza nemiqulu lwemveliso (71%), kwezolimo - 25%. Kungekudala, izityalo steel entsha kwakhiwa - abaseAfrika kunye Cherepovets. Kwi komcu sokuqala ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokungaphelelanga wenza Tsimlyanskaya kunye Gorkovskaya HPP. Ekupheleni lweyesihlanu inzululwazi seminyaka emihlanu-ndeva malunga iziqhushumbisi atomic hydrogen.
Ekugqibeleni, oko kuqala kwakhiwa iVolga-Don channel kunye wokucokisa oyile eOmsk, ukwanda kakhulu amazinga wamalahle. Kwaye million 12.5 hectares zomhlaba ezintsha wangena ejikeleza.
Yesithandathu seMinyaka eMihlanu (1956-1960)
Ngaphezulu kwama-2 500 namashishini amakhulu yaqalisa ukusebenza, xa yesithandathu kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu. Ekupheleni kwayo, ngo-1959, kwaqalisa isicwangciso seminyaka-esixhenxe ezinxuseneyo. ingeniso National inyuke nge-50%. Investments kweli xesha phinda kwakhona, nto leyo yakhokelela kuphuhliso ngokubanzi kushishino ukukhanya.
Eyona mpumelelo kweSicwangciso Sixth Five-Year
output Gross zoshishino kunye nezolimo yandiswa kakhulu ngaphezulu kwe-60%. Seziphelile Gorky, iVolga, Kuibyshev kunye Irkutsk HPP. Ekupheleni kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu-abaye balomeleza inkulu ecala okusila kwihlabathi Ivanovo. Ku Kazakhstan, oko yaqala uphuhliso esebenzayo amazwe enyulu. Ekugqibeleni eSoviet Union kuba umjukujelwa ikhaka yenyukliya.
isathelayithi yokuqala yehlabathi lasungula Oktobha 4, 1957. iinzame Incredible zokuphuhlisa kushishino enzima. Noko ke, inkoliso iintsilelo, urhulumente waququzelela isicwangciso iminyaka esixhenxe, equka isicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu-wesixhenxe kunye kwiminyaka emibini yokugqibela lesithandathu.
Seventh seMinyaka eMihlanu (1961-1965)
Njengoko usazi, ngoAprili 1961, abantu bokuqala emhlabeni moya emajukujukwini. Esi siganeko kwaphawula ukuqala kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu-wesixhenxe. imali National iyaqhubeka ikhula kule minyaka mihlanu izayo, ukwandisa phantse-60%. Inqanaba gross imveliso mveliso inyuke nge 83%, ezolimo - 15%.
Ngeminyaka yoo-1965 eSoviet Union wathatha indawo phambili kwi yamalahle kwaye intsimbi ekrwada kwakunye wemveliso zesamente, nto leyo akumangalisi. Ilizwe eli ayenziwa kushishino enzima kunye noshishino lokwakha, esi sixeko sakhula emehlweni akhe, nangenxa izakhiwo womelele kufuneka isamente.
Eighth Five-Year Plan (1966-1970)
Isicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu-kwakungathethi imveliso izinto kunye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezitsha kunye neefektri. Cities kuqhubeka ukwandisa. I-Ofisi kaMongameli eza L. I. Brezhnev. Kule minyaka mihlanu, kukho izikhululo ezininzi komhlaba, i-West-aseSiberia kunye Karaganda Metallurgical yeziTyalo, le mveliso yokuqala imoto Vaz (Issue:. 600 amawaka iimoto ngonyaka), Krasnoyarsk HPP - sikhululo sikhulu ehlabathini ngelo xesha.
ukwakhiwa kwezindlu Active kusonjululwa le obezdolivaniya ingxaki (ntlokoma imfazwe nangoku laziwayo kwizixeko ezinkulu). Ekupheleni kuka-1969 ngaphezu kwezigidi ezi-5 abahlali bafumana amagumbi amatsha. Emva kokuba moya Yu. A. Gagarina nzulu ngemiba isithuba wenze uvale enkulu phambili, le njengesibhadubhadu yokuqala, bazisa kumhlaba inyanga, umatshini bafika kumphezulu Venus yadalwa.
Yesithoba seMinyaka eMihlanu (1971-1975)
Ngexesha ngaphezu kwewaka weThoba Five-wakha kumashishini industrial, umthamo ezinzulu yohlobo woshishino imveliso linyuke nge-45%, kunye nezolimo - 15%. Ngokuqinisekileyo ukuqhubeka asakhasayo, iimoto izithuthi kwakulungiswa kunye noololiwe. Investment lidlule engange billion 300 ngonyaka.
Uphuhliso oyile negesi ngokuzala amaqula Western eSiberia yakhokelela ekwakhiweni kwamashishini ezininzi, ehlahla lwemibhobho. Ekubeni ukubonakala inani elikhulu lezityalo likhule kunye nenqanaba yabantu ukusebenza, yaye yasekwa yi umqondiso "obetha ye weThoba Five-Year Plan" (ngokugqwesa kumsebenzi wabo yaye emsebenzini).
Yeshumi seMinyaka eMihlanu (1976-1980)
Ngokuqinisekileyo ukuqhubeka bakhulise bahluphekayo kunye neziphumo volume iqala kwimizi ukuya ezantsi. Ke kaloku lizwe akadingi ukwanda kakhulu kwishishini, kodwa ke uphuhliso oluzinzileyo kuzo zonke iinkalo zoshishino ibisoloko kuyimfuneko.
kwimveliso ye-oyile wafika kwindawo yokuqala, ngoko uluhlu lwemibhobho ezininzi azalise yonke Western eSiberia yakhiwa iminyaka emihlanu, apho umsebenzi lakhe liye laphuhlisa amakhulu kwizikhululo. Ngokuphawulekayo landa inani kwezixhobo zokusebenza: iitrektara, iilori.
Elinanye seMinyaka eMihlanu (1981-1985)
Ngokuba yiSoviet Union amaxesha anzima kakhulu. Zonke urhulumente waziva ukufika ntlekele, izizathu apho kwakukho abaninzi: yangaphakathi, zangaphandle, ezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho. Ngelo xesha lithile kunokwenzeka ukutshintsha isakhiwo amandla, awulahle olobusoshiyali, kodwa akukho nanye oku yaveliswa. Ngenxa yobunzima, abantu abahlala kwizikhundla zobunkokheli likaRhulumente, kwafakwa ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, L. I. Brezhnev wahlala njengoNobhala CPSU de 10.11.1982, Yu V. Andropov waba kweso sikhundla de 13.02.1984, K. In .Chernenko -. Ukuya ku 03.10.1985.
It uyaqhubeka ukuphuhlisa igesi zothutho ukusuka Western eSiberia ukuya eNtshona Yurophu. Wayakha yombhobho "Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod 'ubude 4500 km, ukunqumla phambene Mountains and amakhulu kwemilambo.
Weshumi seMinyaka eMihlanu (1986-1990)
Wokugqibela Unyaka-Five Plan for the USSR. Kuba ngexesha layo, kwacetywa ukuphumeza isicwangciso ixesha elide kwezoqoqosho, kodwa isicwangciso waya ziyeka. Ngelo xesha, abaninzi umqondiso ihamile weShumi Unyaka-Five: namafama, abasebenzi kunye neengcaphephe zamashishini, iinjineli ezicwangcisiweyo ... (yaye kwazaliseka ngokungagqibelelanga) ukuba aququzelele imveliso kushishino ukukhanya.
Unyaka-Five Plan of the USSR: summary table
Ngoko ke, siye ezidweliswe ngokufutshane kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu kwi-USSR. Le theyibhile ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo, kuya kunceda kuququzelela hale umbandela ngasentla. Le ncwadi iqulethe iinkalo ezibalulekileyo kwisicwangciso ngasinye.
№ (iminyaka seminyaka emihlanu) | iinjongo zesicwangciso | zokwakha enkulu izicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu | iziphumo |
kuqala (1928-1932) | Naliphi na ixabiso ukwandisa amandla omkhosi nokuphucula imveliso mboni enzima. | Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Ukuhlanganisa, Dnieper, kwimigodi kwamalahle Donbass kunye Kuzbass. | amaxesha 3 ukwanda kwemveliso yoshishino enzima kunye namaxesha 20 - zobunjineli, ukuphelisa ngqesho. |
okwesibini (1933-1937) | I. V. Stalin: "Kufuneka ukubamba up namazwe eliphezulu kwiminyaka 5-10, okanye liya kumcola kuthi." Ilizwe kwakufuneka ukwandisa izinga zonke iindidi zamashishini, zombini enzima kunye nokukhanya. | Phambene-Kuzbass - yamalahle yesibini kunye nesiseko metallurgical kweli lizwe, ijelo izikhephe "Moscow - iVolga". | Ngokuphawulekayo ukwandisa ingeniso yesizwe kunye nemveliso kushishino (ka-2), ulimo - ngu 1.5. |
lesithathu (1938-1942) | Ngenxa nkqubo ngxwaba imikhosi eziphambili lwamaNazi Jamani sathunyelwa ukuziphendulela eli lizwe kunye nokuveliswa oomatshini kunye namashishini enzima. | Ugxininiso kwi amaziko emfundo ekuqaleni yemigudu post ezintlanu-kugqithiselwa Urals: moya, iimoto, imipu kunye mortars zikhutshwa apho. | Ilizwe abalahlekelwa kakhulu ngenxa emfazweni, kodwa iye phambili phambili zokuzikhusela kunye nokuveliswa kushishino enzima. |
yesine (1946-1950) | Ukuvuselelwa lizwe emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Kuyimfuneko ukuba kufikelelwe kwinqanaba elifanayo imveliso njengoko kwixesha pre-imfazwe. | Saphinda kungene ukusebenza Dnieper, Donbass amandla North neAsia. | Ngo-1948 yaba kwinqanaba pre-imfazwe, i-US uswele ububange izixhobo zenyukliya, kunciphise kakhulu amaxabiso eemveliso ezisisiseko imfuno. |
yesihlanu (1951-1955) | Ukwandisa umthamo sengeniso yesizwe kunye nemveliso mveliso. | IVolga-Don Canal (1952). Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant (1954). | Wakha amadama kunye nezityalo lombane ezininzi, amaxesha amabini iqondo kwemveliso yoshishino. Science efunda malunga iziqhushumbisi atomic hydrogen. |
lwesithupha (1956-1960) | Ukuphakamisa capital nje kuphela nzima, kodwa kushishino ukukhanya, kwakunye kwezolimo. |
Gorky, Kuibyshev, Irkutsk kunye Volgograd HPP. Ecala (Ivanovo). | Investments landa nge phantse ezimbini amaxesha, ngokubonakalayo zula amazwe of Western eSiberia kunye eCaucasus. |
anesixhenxe (1961-1965) | Ukwandisa sengeniso yesizwe kunye nophuhliso yezenzululwazi. | Epreli 12 - ukubhabha Yu A. Gagarina.. | Ukwandisa of ezingahambisekiyo nge 94%, ingeniso yesizwe linyuke nge-62%, imveliso mveliso epheleleyo yi-65%. |
wesibhozo (1966-1970) | Ukuphucula zonke izalathisi: gross imveliso mveliso, ezolimo, ingeniso yesizwe. | Yokwakha Krasnoyarskaya, emaqandeni, Saratov HPP West Sibirisky Works Steel, imoto iVolga (Wha). Idale njengesibhadubhadu yokuqala yamaYuda. | Astronomy isiwe phambili (umhlaba waziswa eNyangeni, Venus ifikelele umphezulu), sibiza. imali wakhula 44%, ivolyum shishino - nge-54%. |
yethoba (1971-1975) | Ukuphuhlisa ezolimo basekhaya zobunjineli. | Ukwakhiwa okucoca e Western eSiberia, ekuqaleni kokwakhiwa mome. | Ngokuphawulekayo ukuphuhlisa ishishini kwemichiza emva kuphuhliso iidipozithi of Western eSiberia. Wabeka 33 amawaka. Km kwemibhobho igesi, 22.5 thous. Km kwemibhobho yeoli. |
yeshumi (1976-1980) | Ukuvulwa kwamashishini amatsha, uphuhliso Western eSiberia nakwiMpuma Ekude. | Kama izityalo, Ust-Ilim isikhululo kagesi. | Inani oyile negesi imibhobho. Kukho amashishini amatsha. |
nanye (1981-1985) | ukusetyenziswa kakhulu-asethi zemveliso. | Lwemibhobho "Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod 'ubude 4500 km. | Ubude kwemibhobho igesi neoli 56 kufika 110 lamawaka. Km ngokulandelelanayo. Ukwanda bahluphekayo, iinzuzo zentlalo landa. ENatyisiweyo mveliso izixhobo zobugcisa. |
weshumi (1986-1990) | Ukuphunyezwa yokuvuselelwa yesicwangciso kwezoqoqosho. | Ikakhulu Izakhiwo zokuhlala ezininzi zakhiwa. | Inxalenye usungule imveliso kushishino ukukhanya. Ukuphucula iinkampani isibonelelo samandla. |
Njengoko kunzima njengoko ezi zicwangciso, iziphumo kwezicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu-ubonise unyamezelo nenkalipho yabantu. Ewe, ndenze ngako zange bonke. Isicwangciso Sixth Five-Unyaka kwafuneka "ukuhlaziya" ngenxa kwisicwangciso seminyaka esixhenxe.
Nakuba kunzima kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu kwi-USSR (Itheyibhile - proof ngqo), kodwa abantu eSoviet bamelana ngenkalipho yonke imithetho kunye ngaphambi kwishedyuli. Amazwi ezingundoqo zonke izicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu-yaba: "IsiCwangciso Five-Year kwiminyaka emine!"
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