Iipropati Physico-eekhemikhali igazi, umsebenzi igazi

nto inokuphila ngaphandle kwegazi. Xa abantu, lenza imisebenzi emininzi kwaye ebalulekileyo. Kukho ezininzi, kodwa zazi ezi propati kunzima. Ukususela imeko igazi kuxhomekeke umsebenzi wentliziyo, amalungu kunye imithambo yegazi.

Imisebenzi kunye iimpawu eziphilayo limisele iipropati emzimbeni imichiza egazini. Ukuze uqonde ukuba, kufuneka sijonge imiba ye amalungu omzimba womntu. Ngokwahlukeneyo kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela amacandelo macandelo igazi kunye neepropati iplasma.

iimpawu ngokubanzi

Igazi oluyimfuneko ukuze umntu ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela. Kufeza zenyathi kwizicwili. Ukwakheka igazi iquka iiseli efanayo into engamanzi (plasma).

Iqela lokuqala luquka iiseli ezibomvu, neeplatelets kunye iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi. uhlobo ngalunye weseli igazi lenza imisebenzi ethile. igazi lawo lonke, kukho ukuya kwi-45%. Plasma i fluid intercellular kwaye yi-55% yabo ubunzima iyonke.

Umlinganiselo amasuntswana owawubumbela umthamo wegazi iyonke kuthiwa hematocrit yakhe. ungubani ngokwesini iphembelela iimpawu zomzimba imichiza egazini. amadoda Physiology icebisa hematocrit ukusuka 41 ukuya kuma-48%, neemazi - ukususela 37 ukuya 43%. inqanaba layo lilawulwa iindlela ezahlukeneyo komzimba womntu. Oku kunokuba inguqu nokufunxwa kunye kukhuthaza iityuwa, unxano, ulawulo protein ukutya okanye imveliso legazi elibomvu.

Ngokomzekelo, xa kokonyuka intaba, apho umoya uba inqabe ngakumbi, hematocrit kwandisa ngenxa imfuneko yokwandisa ioksijini. Umthamo egazini emzimbeni womntu omdala ifikelela malunga 5 iilitha. Oku nama-7% sobunzima wayo uwonke.

Kutheni igazi?

Imisebenzi kunye neempawu physico-chemical igazi zinika ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo emzimbeni womntu. Eyona njongo iphambili yalo kweziyobisi ziquka zokuhamba, ezilawulayo, umgangatho thermoregulatory nokugcina iipropati isithintelo okanye izityalo ngokutsha.

umsebenzi Transport ibandakanya iinkalo eziliqela. Inkqubo yegazi uthwala ioksijini ancedisana, wemka kubo ikharbon dayokhsayidi (function yokuphefumla). Kwakhona isebenza yothutho unikezelo umgangatho izondlo kuzo zonke iinkqubo. Eli qela kubandakanya ukuqashwa kunye negazi excretory. It eqokelela imveliso yokugqibela ukutya yeselula kwaye ohambisa ngayo kuloo maziko zinomgutyulo.

injongo Thermoregulatory wegazi ukuba athwale ubushushu kude kwindawo lasungulwa kwezinye iinkqubo. Gcina inyama ngokutsha, homeostasis yabo ngenxa yeenkqubo exchange.

Igazi nayo ilawula uthutho iihomoni kunye nezinye izinto. Injongo akhuselayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi omzimba. Ukulungiselela le njongo emzimbeni womntu kukho iqela iinkqubo.

iipropati key

Ukuze umntu azive okulungileyo, kufuneka ukugcina imisebenzi eqhelekileyo igazi. Kodwa ngaphaya koko, kukho iqela izikhombisi eziphawula impilo eziphilayo. Yeyona iipropati esisiseko emzimbeni imichiza egazini. Ngokufutshane zingakotshwa kuluhlu, kodwa elowo kufuna ingqalelo eneenkcukacha.

Izalathi ezingundoqo karhulumente kwenkqubo yokujikeleza ke oncotic kunye noxinzelelo osmotic, umgangatho oluludaka. Kwakhona sophawu ezibalulekileyo ezifana uzinzo plasma colloidal. Ezona mpawu ziphambili ukuba bavandlakanywa kuphononongo elebhu ke lexinene viscosity iimpawu igazi. Zonke ezi propati kufuneka ibe kwi eqhelekileyo, okanye kakuhle-ntle ingcole, t. To. Igazi aqukuqela nkqubo, etyisa zonke iseli. Ukususela iimpawu zayo kwezempilo ngqo.

uhlobo xi Osmotic

Ukuqwalasela iimpawu ezingundoqo emzimbeni imichiza egazini, oko kuyimfuneko kuqala kwiinto zonke, ukuba anikele ingqalelo umgangatho wayo njengoko luhlobo uxinzelelo osmotic. Le rate kuxhomekeka kumgangatho yoxinaniso lezinyibilikisi kwi plasma.

Kusenokuba non-electrolytes kunye electrolytes. Zonke ezi macandelo kufuneka kuxinzelelo ethile. NaCl kudala kakhulu eli sesichengeni. components ezingaphiliyo ndawonye i-95% yengcinezelo osmotic.

Ngesiqhelo ngendlela omdala, elo nani 7.5-7.6 ATM. Oku njalo-ebizwa saline komzimba, apho isiqulatho ityuwa yi-0.86%. Noko ke, ukuba okuqulethwe NaCl index ukunyuka, siyenyuka zayo yoxinaniso kwaye ngokufanelekileyo uxinzelelo. Esi sisombululo ubizwa ngokuba "hypertonic". Ukuwa xi ityuwa kukhokelela ekuncipheni kuxinzelelo. Oku kukhokelela uhlobo isisombululo hypotonic.

Ezinxaxhileyo uxinzelelo osmotic

Ukophulwa iimpawu physicochemical igazi xa kuthelekiswa uxinzelelo osmotic kukhokelela ukungasebenzi le nkqubo. Bokuphila medium ngokwale mgaqo lula inguqu yesisombululo ngokusebenzisa ndizayo semipermeable. Enigcoba movement ulwelo lwenziwa ukusuka xi ityuwa ncinane ukuya a elizele.

Xa hypertonic uhlobo isisombululo erythrocytes ulahlekelwe ngamanzi, nto leyo ekhokelela shrinkage zabo. Ukuba kukho uhlobo uxinzelelo ephantsi, ukuba ziyanda. Kulo mzekelo, iiseli ezibomvu igazi nokuba kugqabhuka. Le nkqubo ibizwa hemolysis nje osmotic. Ukungabikho iiseli ezibomvu igazi ayingozi ebantwini.

uhlobo xi Oncotic

Iiproteni medium colloidal kwakhona onako ukunakha uxinzelelo, ngoko kubalulekile ukwazi ubume eekhemikhali Haematology. iipropati Physico-eekhemikhali igazi zithathwa kunye nendlela variations uxinzelelo oncotic.

Iiproteni eziqulathwe kwi-plasma, kuba nzima ukoyisa iimpahla capillary obhityileyo. uxinzelelo Oncotic kuvumela amanzi ukuze yande egazini. Oku kubangelwa ikakhulu albumin. Inani labo kwi plasma liphezulu.

Ukuba ngenxa yezizathu ezithile inani albumin kwi plasma esezantsi kakhulu, inyama aqalise ukudumba. Ngokwandisa inkqubo yoxinaniso zitshintshile. isixa esikhulu samanzi bazondelele kule nkqubo kwegazi. Ukutyeshelwa kwalo salathisi kwakhona waziva ngumntu.

uzinzo colloidal

uzinzo Colloid leyo iqatshelwe plasma, kwakhona zibandakanyiwe zobumnini physicochemical igazi. Physiology yenkqubo enikwa ukuxovwa zeprotheyini neemolekyuli.

On ion zabo iqokobhe langoku ukutyabeka zombane kabini. Baya kwenza ekuthiwa-enokwenzeka kumphezulu. Kusenokwenzeka kubangelwe ngokuwatshibiliza, nto leyo ethatha indawo phezu kobuso yamasuntswana. It oluqhutywa isisombululo. Le nkqubo ivelisa a izityholo yohlobo olunye phezu iindawo apho amasuntswana ukuba aqale.

iinkqubo ezinjalo kuqinisekisa uzinzo izisombululo colloidal, ukunqanda ukuyilwa ngokwamaqela. Ukuba uphakamile lo isakhono, ngokuqina amasuntswana protein zisuswe omnye komnye.

Degree ukuzinza kwalo sisombululo kuthiwa isakhono zeta. Ngenxa amanqanaba plasma kugqibelelo zonke iiprothini na albumin, uzinzo colloid kuxhomekeke kakhulu kubo.

quality ukumiswa

Ukuphonononga iimpawu zomzimba imichiza egazini, kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo umgangatho lokunqunyanyiswa kwalo. Bona ezinxulumene nozinzo iiproteni plasma. iiyunithi Cell ngesiqhelo kufuneka igcinwe ezingadibaniyo. Izinga neentlenge Erythrocyte (ESR) yeyona iipropati bemfuno zokumiswa engundoqo igazi.

Le nkqubo rating lwenziwa kwindawo umthamo esisigxina igazi. Albumin adsorbed phezu kumphezulu weeseli ezibomvu. Kunokuba bandisa ngakumbi, ukukwazi ngakumbi ngcono ukumiswa.

Ukuba kumanqanaba of globulin okanye ezinye iiproteni krupnomolekulyarnyh ukutshabalala, i ESR iya kwandiswa egazini. iipropati Ukunqunyanyiswa ngexesha elifanayo lifinyele. Ummiselo zesi salathisi amadoda yi 5-11 mm / h, ngoxa imazi - 6-12 mm / h.

viscosity igazi

iipropati Physico-eekhemikhali igazi zihlolisiswe ngokwemeko iimpawu zayo viscosity. Zibalulekile hayi ngaphantsi kwe nakwezinye iimo ezalathayo.

Viscosity - ukukwazi amanye amasuntswana xa kuthelekiswa namanye ukuxhathisa intshukumo ngenxa ivuse fluid. Le nkqubo elinzima lufundiswa igazi iimolekyuli zamanzi colloids kwelinye icala, izinto ibunjiwe plasma - kwelinye icala.

plasma viscosity ngenxa yesi sizathu olwahlukileyo kakhulu kuleyo index igazi. Zingakotshwa kuthelekiswa ngokuphathelele emanzini. Xa plasma kulo mzekelo, lo viscosity kumaxesha 1.9-2.4 ephakamileyo, yaye igazi - 5 amaxesha. Ukuba inani iiseli ezibomvu ukunyuka, liyanda inani hematocrit, ukunyuka viscosity.

Ukwandisa viscosity

Ezinxaxhileyo zinokwenzeka kwaye viscous okuluphawu iimpawu physicochemical igazi. Pathophysiology lihlolisisa lo inkqubo entsonkothileyo. Ukongeza ekwandeni iiseli ezibomvu egazini, lingakwazi kuchaphazela utshintsho kwi plasma. Okuya uba mkhulu umsantsa ukufumaneka kuwo kweziyi macromolecular, isalathiso viscosity ephakamileyo.

Kwakhona, oku kunceda ukunciphisa umgangatho ukumiswa igazi. Ukuba iiseli ezibomvu zegazi zenze cluster, kwakunye nokwanda viscosity.

Igazi isakhiwo owahlukeneyo. Ukwehlisa uxinzelelo lwegazi kwakhona kungandisa viscosity yayo. Kwelinye icala, kukho ukwehla viscosity kwenzeka phantsi kwempembelelo koxinzelelo oluphezulu. ikhefu System esakhiweni. Ukuba emithanjeni Taper ukuya microns 150 kunye nangaphantsi, lo viscosity kunciphisa. Ukususela kule parameter kuxhomekeke umsebenzi yegazi yabantu.

ubunzima obuthile

Utshintsho kwi zobumnini physicochemical igazi kuchaphazela nokusebenza kwinkqubo nganye emzimbeni. Phantsi kolawulo eziyimfuneko ukubamba kunye parameter efana womxhuzulane ezithile. Kuxhomekeke kwinani iiseli ezibomvu kunye haemoglobin eziqulathwe kuzo.

plasma ukubunjwa, ngokungathandabuzekiyo ludlala indima ebalulekileyo. Esi salathisi umlinganiselo igazi omdala 1,05-1,06. Xa abantu, inani iiseli ezibomvu iphezulu, ngoko ke inani babe lilikhulu kancinci.

Phantsi kweemeko eyandileyo ilahleko ukufuma ngumzimba (umz, xa kushushu, igumbi ukuvaleka), ubunzima ezithile ukunyuka kwegazi. Xa plasma, eli nani lingaphantsi kunolo iiseli ezibomvu zegazi. Ngoko ke, xa ilahleko ulwelo kukunyuka hematocrit. Ukuzisa izinga zibuyele esiqhelweni, ingqondo ithumela umqondiso lunxano. Oku kukuvumela ukuba abuyise namanzi. Ngoko ke, ngemini eshushu ngayo kwandisa imfuno izixa ezikhulu ulwelo.

plasma

iipropati Physico-chemical plasma yegazi nazo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe eneenkcukacha. Ngenxa iiproteni equlethwe kuwo iziyobisi lwenziwa iqela lemisebenzi.

Plasma ilawula umzimba ngamanzi-ityuwa, ugcina ingcinezelo osmotic. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba urhulumente eqhelekileyo yempilo. Ngenxa kuxinzelelo oncotic kunika inqanaba eyimfuneko homeostasis. Ngenxa iipropati viscosity ukuya plasma kwakhona inkxaso, coagulation, imisebenzi protective.

Le wezokusingqongileyo inxaxheba ekulondolozeni inqanaba efanelekileyo eseleyo acid-base. Plasma acid thala. Oku kunika igazi ukuhlangabezana umsebenzi wabo zesondlo. I-plasma ithuthwa iihomoni, ii-asidi okunamafutha.

Iimpawu physicochemical egazini, sinako ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwayo umzimba. Ukugcina zonke iimpawu kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo ngoyena ndoqo kwimpilo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle yonke nemithambo yegazi. Nkqu utshintsho olwenzekileyo luncinane kakhulu ekwenzeni neempawu plasma yegazi oko kuchaphazela impilo yabantu.

Ukuze uphawu imfuneko komzimba ukumamela okulungileyo abo. Ukuba naziphi na izakhi ezingekhoyo into ukuze eqhelekileyo yokusebenza kwinkqubo yokujikeleza kwegazi, umntu uya kuziva ayanelisi. Kwiimeko ezinjalo kuyimfuneko ukuba isicelo segazi.