Eyona engundoqo izigaba zophuhliso zobomi on Earth: etafileni

Kukho iindidi lonke wenzululwazi bafunda ezisisiseko zokukhula kwakhe ubomi emhlabeni, bonke bephela ingqalelo lo mbuzo ubhetyebhetye, kuba ingxaki esisiseko nenzululwazi yendalo. Kakhulu kwesayensi ebalulekileyo lifunda iintsalela izityalo kunye nezilwanyana sele namathuba elidlulileyo, oko ngqo ezinxulumene ekufundweni nasekusungulweni behlabathi.

Le inzululwazi ufunda amanqanaba esisiseko sophuhliso ubomi on Earth rekostruirovaniya imbonakalo, ezifana ngaphandle neeyantlukwano, yokuphila kokubhalwa kwembali, izilwanyana extinct kunye nezityalo, njengoko kumiselwe ixesha eliqikelelwayo bobukho eziphilayo. Kodwa kwesayensi ayikwazanga ayisekho njenge inzululwazi eyahlukileyo ngaphandle eninzi kwabanye, nto vspomogayuschih, le isayensi kwi ekudibaneni wenzululwazi yebhayoloji kunye neznye. Izigaba ezingundoqo kuphuhliso lwe eziphilayo emhlabeni ukuba ukusungulwa ngoncedo iinkalo ezifana:

• yokwakheka zembali;
• stratigraphy;
• palaeography;
• komzimba lokuthelekisa;
• paleoclimatology kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Bonke ezihambelanayo, ngaphandle awukwazi ayisekho enye.

ixesha neznye

Ukuqaqambisa zigaba eziphambili kuphuhliso eziphilayo emhlabeni, kufuneka ube ufifi malunga ingqiqo efana njengexesha neznye. Abantu baye bakwazi njani yokwaba ezinye izigaba yethutyana? yonke le mfihlelo izifundo zeengxondorha. Isibakala sokuba ematyeni nazo kwixesha elizayo, enyanzeliswa phezu kwabo ezazikho ngaphambili. Kwaye ke ubudala, ezi zoleko enokumiselwa ngokufundisisa izibonelelo eziseleyo kuzo.

Phakathi konke ukwahluka ngokwayo ngaphandle ekuthiwa izibonelelo zolawulo, ezo zezona zininzi kakhulu kwaye zinabe. Ngelishwa, kusetyenziswa namawa awunakucwangcisa iminyaka epheleleyo, kodwa apha izazinzulu musa ukuyeka, ukufumana ulwazi rock mlilo. Njengoko usazi, bavela lolu daka. Kwaye kwaqaqambisa zigaba ephambili yophuhliso ubomi emhlabeni.

Ngokufutshane inkqubo emisela ubudala elililo yamawa mlilo na ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: igneous ziqulathe eminye imiba, ukuba ukuchaza umxholo yengxondorha, unako ukugqiba iminyaka olungagungqiyo zeengxondorha ngokuchanekileyo. Kakade ke, kusenokubakho iimpazamo, kodwa ingadluli iipesenti ezintlanu. Ngaphezu uzimisele kwaye ubudala iplanethi yethu, zonke izazinzulu abambe amanani ayo, kodwa ke ixabiso eyamkelekileyo yiminyaka billion emihlanu. Ngoku khetha amanqanaba eziphambili kuphuhliso eziphilayo emhlabeni, etafileni uya kuthi kule meko ngumncedi.

Era, ixesha namaxesha

Zonke paleontologists amanyathelo ezintlanu okanye, ngamanye amazwi, AD, nganye yahlulwe amaxesha, zonke enamakhulu abakubudala, nabokugqibela - kwiinkulungwane. Archean kunye Proterozoic era - oku ke amaxesha kakhulu, nto leyo ngu billion neminyaka emithathu. Bona ikukulabalaba ngokukhethekileyo epheleleyo ekuyo kunye nezityalo ezisentlabathini ezivelayo "ngexesha lobomi yamandulo", ngaphezu umdla ngaphezu kweminyaka emithathu amakhulu ezigidi. Okulandelayo ke "Ixesha phakathi wobomi", i-Mesozoic (iminyaka elikhulu elinamanci asixhenxe anesihlanu yezigidi), iimpawu ezahlukileyo - uphuhliso izirhubuluzi, iintaka, izilwanyana, izityalo, bobabini kweentyatyambo kunye angiosperms.

I entsha, sesihlanu, era - i Cenozoic, njengoko ibizwa ngokuba "kwixesha ubomi obutsha," waqalisa iminyaka emashumi asixhenxe yezigidi eyadlulayo, yaye ngoku siphila kulo. Eli xesha ke luphawulwa luphuhliso olukhawulezayo ezincancisayo kunye nesiqalo nokufika womntu. Ngoku sele dismantle amanqanaba uphuhliso eziphilayo emhlabeni Ngamafutshane, sicebisa ukuba siqwalasele ngamnye ngokwahlukeneyo era.

era archean

Eli nqanaba iquka ixesha wamawaka amathathu anamakhulu asithoba, anamanci mabini amawaka eminyaka amathandathu, anamakhulu yezigidi eyadlulayo. Inxalenye kwiliwa ngentlenga ezikhandelwa ngokusebenzisa i medium zolwelo amasuntswana bahlala eAfrika, Greenland, Australia ne Asia. Bonke bephela ziqulathe:

• carbon biogenic;
• stromatolites;
• microfossils.

Kulo mzekelo, imvelaphi yeyesibini yothuba elithile akucacanga, umzekelo, kwi Proterozoic ukuba ezinxulumene ne icyanobacteria. Xa era Archean zonke izinto zanyangwa ukuya prokaryotes, yaye nomthombo ioksijini baba sulfates, nitrate, nitrites, njalo-njalo. Zonke izinto ezikhoyo emhlabeni kufana bhanya nangexoshomba, uninzi ibekwe kwi emazantsi imithombo kwiindawo mlilo.

era proterozoic

Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba eli xesha kwakhona yahlulwe ngamaxesha, apho kukho amathathu. Ukongeza, eli xesha lide imbali yethu (malunga iminyaka nezigidi ezibini). Xa siqwalasela umda sexesha Archean uze ngeli thuba, iplanethi yethu litshintshile kakhulu, redistributing izithuba umhlaba kunye namanzi. Umhlaba amela ice entlango, kodwa ekupheleni kweli xesha le isiqulatho oxygen yafikelela pesenti enye, nto leyo yanceda oluzinzileyo abahlala kwiseli izinto, ulele neentsholongwane wazivelela.

Ekupheleni izilwanyana multicellular Proterozoic wabumba, ngeli xesha eyaziwa ngokuba yi "ubudala jellyfish." Endaweni eziphilayo olunye-iseli ukuba multicellular eze ukutshintsha ngokomgangatho ukwakhiwa ojikeleze umhlaba, nto leyo inegalelo kuphuhliso ngayo ubomi emhlabeni.

Paleozoic

Oku kuquka amaxesha amaninzi nje ezintandathu, kwisiqingatha sokuqala kuthiwa ekuqaleni Paleozoic, kwaye eyesibini - emva kwexesha. Phambi kwexesha nasemva kwexesha flora Paleozoic ezahlukahlukeneyo nezilwanyana.

Inxaxheba kwinqanaba lokuqala zazivelela ingalandwa kuphela ehlabathini kwamanzi, ngokwezivumelwano ilizwe kuphela Devonian, leyo lwabhalwa ngasekupheleni Paleozoic.

Ixesha Mesozoic

Ngoku kuza ixesha linomdla, twisiseka engathethekiyo ubomi, ephuhlisa malunga enye elinamanci asibhozo anesihlanu ezigidi zeminyaka. Njengoko kubonakala etafileni, yena, naye, yahlulwe izihlandlo ezithathu. Itshokhwe, xa kuthelekiswa സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe kunye triasovskim, i (iminyaka emashumi asixhenxe ananye ezigidi) elide.

Ke ukuba imozulu, konke oko kuxhomekeke indawo amazwekazi. Ngokungafaniyo kwemozulu yethu kuxhomekeke kwinto yokuba:

• kwaba ufudumele ngaphezu mihla;
• kungekho mahluko lobushushu phakathi ikhweyitha kunye nezibonda.

Ukongeza, umoya ulophu, nto leyo ebe negalelo kuphuhliso ngokukhawuleza eziphilayo.

Ukuba uye phezu kwizilwanyana, iqela elifana kakhulu - ukubona Dinosaurs. Anazo indawo lawula phezu kwezinye iintlobo zobomi Bulelani isakhiwo kumzimba, iinkcukacha nokomzimba kunye nempendulo.

Ngenxa yoko, ehlola umbuzo wokuba yintoni na ezi zigaba ezingundoqo kuphuhliso eziphilayo emhlabeni, siye sabona izigaba ezintlanu. Ukuze ugqibezele lo mfanekiso nto uhlala ukuqwalasela omnye. Sinikezela ukuqala ngoku.

era Cainozoic

Esi sexesha elitsha, okuhlala unanamhla. Amazwekazi Ndizuze ujongo mihla, wanyamalala iidayinaso yokugqibela on Earth esilawulwa izityalo kunye nezilwanyana, nto leyo eziqhelekileyo kakhulu kuthi. Siye kwakhona izigaba eziphambili kuphuhliso eziphilayo emhlabeni ngokufutshane, wazidiliza zonke amanyathelo ngokwahlukileyo, sizibekele usukelo kuyaphunyezwa.