Organic okanye kwezimbiwa compound. Ukwahlukanisa oganikhi khompawundi

Iziyobisi ezibandakanya amacandelo amabini okanye ngaphezulu, i organic okanye ezingaphiliyo ezimbaxa ezintsonkothileyo. Kuxhomekeka izincedisi ixhomekeke iimpawu zayo, ukwakhiwa kunye nakwezinye iimo ezalathayo. Imichiza inikeza imeko ezininzi. Ezinye zazo zibe nefuthe kuyingenelo, yaye abanye - negalelo elonakalisayo eziphilayo. Imichiza kwezimbiwa akhoyo ngokwendalo ezingaphiliyo. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, iquka isalfure, mifanekiso, isanti kunye nezinye. Kukho izinto ezininzi, nto leyo ezichazwe ulungelelwaniso okanye iiminerali.

ulwazi zembali

kuye kwabonakala Igama elithi "ulungelelwaniso" kwi nisaqala nasekuphuhliseni inzululwazi chemical. Le iklasi iquka izinto aba bakhoyo apha nokwakhiwa carbon (ngaphandle siyanadzi asidi, carbides, carbonates, carbon monoxide). Ngelo xesha xa eyayigquba Outlook vitalistic, baqhubeka isithethe Aristotle uPliny Elder kwi kwisahlulo ihlabathi liphela kwi ezingaphiliyo kunye nezinto abaphila ezahlulwe sisithuba ngokuxhomekeke ukuba ubukumkani awase: isilwanyana kunye nemifuno okanye iiminerali. Ukongeza, kwagqitywa ingqalelo ukuba lo Yindibanisela yokuqala efunekayo ezizodwa "amandla obomi." Kulo mba, olulungiswe organic izinto ezingaphiliyo kwakungenakwenzeka. Noko ke, le nkolelo, wawancamisa ekuhleni ngo-1828 yi Wohler. Yena kuhlelwe ezingaphiliyo ammonium cyanate urea organic. Wathi ngokwahlukana, Noko ke, ugcinwe isigama zeli xesha langoku. Ziziphi iindlela elimiselwe ulungelelwaniso okanye kwezimbiwa? Ngale kamva kweli nqaku.

Overview

Iklasi kakhulu ze-oganikhi khompawundi zithathwa namhlanje. Apho kukho ngoku ngaphezu kwezigidi ezilishumi. Loo eziphindaphindiweyo sibangelwa ukwenza abe yinqobo chain carbon atom. Oku, kungenxa uzinzo yonxibelelwano. Carbon-carbon chain inokuba eyodwa okanye multiple - ezintathu, kabini. Ngokwandisa ukunyuka ubuninzi namandla (uzinzo) uxhulumaniso, kunye nobude, vice versa, lifinyele. Ngenxa valency eliphezulu carbon kunye amathuba ezahlukahlukeneyo ifomu kwakhiwa isakhiwo ledayimenshini loo imixokelelwane (-ntathu, tyaba, yomgama). uhlobo Mineral ekubhekiswe iikhompawundi zifumaneka kwindalo. Ezi izinto kufuneka kuqamba ethile kunye isakhiwo, iimpawu zomzimba. Isakhiwo jikelele uhlobo olufanayo njengoko izinto ezingaphiliyo. Ukubunjwa zisenokwahluka ngaphakathi kwemida ethile. A umsebenzi osemqoka zithako yiminerali yendalo kunye nelungiselelo oluchanekileyo atom. Imithetho Taxonomy ezi zinto sabekwa 1814 yi Berzelius.

Ukwakhiwa njengenye iimpawu eziphambili olwahlula kwezinto

Eyeyomnye naluphi na olunye uhlobo amacandelo athile kuqulunqo. Iziyobisi - yinto ulungelelwaniso okanye izimbiwa ukuba isakhiwo ethile kunye nokwakheka. Amaqela ezingundoqo iikhompawundi ze imvelaphi zebhayoloji ziquka iiprothini, isitatshi, lipids. Okuqukiweyo kule klasi nucleic eziqulathe advantageously ngaphandle carbon, initrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, isalfure, ioksijini. Ezi zinto ziyinxalenye 'yamandulo' khompawundi kwiziphili ezingundoqo umthetho. Ngoko iyeza avotayo ezahlukeneyo amacandelo. Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi osemqoka engundoqo, njengako okumisiweyo into emelwe - an organic okanye izimbiwa compound - ekhoyo kwi ekwakhiweni carbon kunye izinto ezisisiseko sibonile ngentla.

Ingcamango yokuba iikhompawundi yezimbiwa izifundo ezingafundwa ngokuqwalasela ezahlukeneyo zizinto zendalo - garnets. Bona babe neempawu ezahlukeneyo zomzimba. Baxhomekeke ekwakhiweni, phezu kwazo utshintsho apho isakhiwo kuhlala enye. Wena uthi kuphela malunga umahluko kwizithuba athom ezithile kunye nenombolo-spacings.

Ukwahlukanisa oganikhi khompawundi

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kusetyenziswe nokuhlelwa IUPAC. Ukuhlelwa organic ngokwale nkqubo yakhelwe phezu umgaqo obalulekileyo. Ukungqinelana iimpawu kweziyobisi kelelo yokuqala zigqitywa zokugweba ezimbini eziphambili. Okokuqala - amathambo carbon (structure of oganikhi khompawundi), kwaye eyesibini - kumaqela functional. Ukungqinelana uhlobo ubume nto yahlulwe elibujikele kunye acyclic. Le yokugqibela, nayo, iquka unsaturated nasekunqandeni. Iqela iikhompawundi elibujikele ezi carbocyclic kunye heterocyclic. Ezinye organic ifomula:

- CH3CH2CH2COOH - butyric acid.

- CH3COCH3 - acetone.

- CH3COOC2H5 - acetate ethyl.

- CH3CH (OH) COOH - lactic acid.

kwesakhiwo

Namhlanje, iikhemikali organic luphawulwa ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Kucingwa inembe uhlalutyo X-reyi (crystallography). Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ifuna ezikumgangatho ophezulu ubungakanani crystal eziyimfuneko ekufikeleleni kwisisombululo eliphezulu. Kulo mba, crystallography isetyenziswa alufane. Uhlalutyo elemental yindlela elimandundu esetyenziswa ukumiselwa ubungakanani umxholo udweliso lweenkqubo molecule. Ukungqina ukungabikho okanye ubukho amaqela ezithile ezisebenzayo ziyasetyenziswa spectroscopy infrared. spectrometry Mass i nokuzimisela ubunzima beemolekyuli kwezinto kunye neendlela eqhekekileyo.

Iimpawu lwemichiza oganikhi khompawundi. asidi carboxylic

ukuphila kwabantu inxulumene nezi izinto. amagama amaninzi eyaziwa njenge acetic, formic, citric acid. Ezi khompawundi asetyenziswa ekwenziweni imithi (acetylsalicylic acid), kwishishini yokutya kwakunye iisepha kunye iisepha zokwenziwa. iikhompawundi ezithile eziveliswa izinambuzane (iimbovane, umzekelo), kwaye akhonze njengendlela yokhuseleko. Ukwandisa iinkqubo kwemichiza kwinqanaba cellular enxulumene pyruvic acid kunye oxidized xa izinto ezininzi zingene emzimbeni womntu, eyakhiwe acetic acid okanye lactic acid. Xa kuqwalaselwa isakhiwo qela carboxyl kufuneka uqaphele ubukho kuyo kabini i C = O bond. Kule nkalo, kufuneka ibhekiswe amaqela ezihluthiyo ezisebenzayo. Ukongeza, izinto ezikhoyo apha kwisakhiwo iqhina O-H - mobile hydrogen atom. iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ezi zihlanganisi iqatshelwe stearic, acetic, acrylic acid kunye formic acid kudibanisa iimpawu asidi esisiseko kuphela, kodwa aldehydes. Kuxhomekeka ngokugqibeleleyo apho iqela carboxyl, ukwahlula enuka kamnandi, unsaturated, isinyibiliko nezinye izinto. Ukungqinelana inani lamaqela kwi molecule ekwanti dibasic, monobasic kunye nabanye. Xa kuqwalaselwa iimpawu ezithile impahla uqaphele ezinye ukufana asidi ezingaphiliyo organic. Umzekelo, zombini izinto ayakwazi zakudibana zesinyithi, iziseko.

hydrocarbon elimnandi

Ezi organic aba bakhoyo apha nokwakhiwa hydrogen, carbon, yaye kwasekwa benzene. Abameli zibalulekileyo kunye 'weklasiki' zeli qela zezi benzene (I) kunye homologs (dimethylbenzene, methylbenzene). Zininzi hydrocarbon enuka amakhonkco benzene. Ezi ziquka, umzekelo, iquka diphenyl C6H5-C6H5, ikhangela indlela apho, umntu lula ukuqonda indlela le nto - organic okanye bezimbiwa compound. Lo mthombo uphambili aromatics iimveliso coking ngamalahle zisetyenziswa. Umzekelo, Ndiziva amalahle tar wafumana umyinge eekhilogremu enye enesiqingatha toluene, 3.5 kg benzene, naphthalene buziikhilogram ezimbini.

iimpawu eziphambili of hydrocarbon elimnandi

Ngokweempawu yemizimba yethu hydrocarbon enuka ezahlukeneyo ukusuka alicyclic iikhompawundi Ester unsaturated. Ngokumalunga noku umiselwa iqela eyahlukileyo kubo. Phantsi yempembelelo-nitric acid, sulphuric acid, halides kunye nezinye reactant e hydrocarbon enuka kamnandi, kukho indawo ye atom hydrogen. Ngenxa yoko sulfonic acid, kunye nezinye galogenobenzoly. Zonke ezi zinto zibe intermediates ezisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa iidayi, amayeza.

alkanes

Eli qela kwezinto ezinzima, equka iikhompawundi esebenzayo ubuncinane. Bonke abakhoyo C-H no C-C akutshatanga. Oku kukhokelela lulungiselele alkanes inxaxheba ngaphezu ngayo. Chlorination ezi zinto ezinzima ukuqala propane, 1 yeKhlorini atom buyisela athom hydrogen zahlukile. Kwicala le nkqubo iza kuxhomekeka yobugorha C-H bond. I ebuthathaka umxokelelwane, ukutshintshwa ngokukhawuleza atom ethile. Kule nkalo, i-primary ngokuqhelekileyo kuba amandla aphezulu, wesibini, tertiary, njl izinzile

Thatha inxaxheba ngayo

Le reactivity ezahlukeneyo kungakhokelela ukuba iimveliso kunokwenzeka kungenzeka ukuba longanyelwe omnye kuphela. Xa amaqondo obushushu 25 Degrees chlorination kumphathi wesekethe zasesekondari ithatha indawo kane kunye namaxesha nesiqingatha ngokukhawuleza ngaphezu primary. Le fluorination of alkanes kunye nokuphuma eziphakamileyo, ngokufuthi isantya Uyadubula. Oku kuveza izinto ezahlukeneyo poliftorproizvodnye yokuqala. Loo mandla ephuma ngexesha indlela kakhulu kangangokuba ukuba kwiimeko ezithile Bamqumbisa yokubola ibe iimolekyuli radicals imveliso. Ngenxa yoko, izinga reaction kwadilika ukunyuka, nto leyo ekhokelela udubulo nokuba kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi ngokufanelekileyo. Uphawu lwe fluorination of alkanes kungenzeka neyentshabalalo athom fluorine le skeleton carbon kwaye ukuyilwa CF4 - imveliso yokugqibela.