Ukubunjwa, Isayensi
Uluhlu lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni: era, ixesha, imozulu, izinto eziphilayo
Ubomi Emhlabeni kwasungulwa kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-3.5 billion eyadlulayo, kungekudala emva kokumiselwa kolu qweqwe lomhlaba. Kuyo Ngexesha ukuvela kunye nophuhliso eziphilayo ochaphazelekayo lokusekwa isiqabu, imozulu. Kwakhona, utshintsho ziitectonic plates kunye zemozulu eziye zenzeka kule minyaka baphenjelelwa uphuhliso eziphilayo emhlabeni.
Era zezinto eziphilayo
Lonke ixesha khona kokuphila Umhlaba lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe iiphiriyodi ezimbini: i Precambrian, okanye kriptozoy (ixesha lokuqala leminyaka 3.6 ukuya 0.6 billion ubudala), kunye Phanerozoic.
Kriptozoy iquka Archean (ubomi yamandulo), kunye Proterozoic (ubomi zaseprayimari) era.
Phanerozoic iquka Paleozoic (ubomi yamandulo), Mesozoic (ubomi phakathi) kunye Cenozoic (ubomi obutsha) era.
La maxesha 2 yobomi zingahlulwa zibe ncinane - era. Imida phakathi zaphawula - Ingcamango isiganeko zabadla jikelele. Naye era izigaba, ngamaxesha - kweli xesha. Imbali eziphilayo emhlabeni inxulumene ngqo utshintsho kuqweqwe lomhlaba kunye nemozulu komhlaba.
Ixesha yophuhliso, countdown
Esi siganeko ebalulekileyo wagqiba ezabelwe ngamathuba ixesha elithile - era. Ixesha ukuze reverse, ukusuka endala ukuya ubomi obutsha. Kukho 5 er:
- Archean.
- Proterozoic.
- Paleozoic.
- Mesozoic.
- Cenozoic.
Ixesha lokuphila on Earth
Paleozoic, Mesozoic kunye Cainozoe ziquka ixesha zophuhliso. Eli xesha ezincinane amathuba, xa kuthelekiswa zaphawula.
Era Paleozoic:
- Cambrian (Cambrian).
- Ordovician.
- Silurian (Silurian).
- Devon (Devon).
- Coal (carbon).
- Perm (Perm).
Era Mesozoic:
- Triassic (Triassic).
- സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe (സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe).
- Itshokhwe (whiting).
Era Cenozoic:
- Lower zemfundo (Paleogenic).
- Upper zemfundo (Neogen).
- Koqeqesho, okanye anthropogenic (uphuhliso lwabantu).
Amaxesha-2 zokuqala afakiweyo ephakamileyo million 59. Iminyaka.
| Era, ixesha | ubude | zasendle | uhlobo engaphiliyo, imozulu |
| era Archean (impilo yakudala) | iminyaka 3.5 billion | Imbonakalo ulwelwe blue-eluhlaza, photosynthesis. heterotrophs | Ubukho komhlaba phezu kolwandle, isixa ubuncinane oksijini emoyeni. |
era Proterozoic (ubomi ekuqaleni) | iminyaka 2.7 billion | Imbonakalo ziimpethu, izilwanyana, izinto chordates yokuqala, ukubunjwa komhlaba. | Land - iyintlango ngamatye. Ukuqhubeka oksijini emoyeni. |
| Palaeozoic iquka ixesha 6: | |||
| 1. Cambrian (Cambrian) | million 535-490 iminyaka | Uphuhliso eziphilayo. | kwimozulu eshushu. Ilizwe iyintlango. |
| 2. Ordovician | million 490-443 iminyaka | Ukuvela ekuyo. | Nezikhukula amanzi phantse bonke amaqonga. |
| 3. Silurian (Silurian) | million 443-418 iminyaka | izityalo ukufikelela kulo ilizwe. Uphuhliso kuneekorale, trilobites. | Movement of umhlaba ngamandlakazi ukuba ukuyilwa ezintabeni. Sea busa phezu komhlaba. Isimo sezulu ezahlukeneyo. |
| 4. Devonian (Devon) | million 418-360 iminyaka | Imbonakalo amakhowa, Crossopterygii. | Imfundo nezitsha intermountain. I ngakumbi ubukho bezinto kwimozulu eyomileyo. |
| 5. amalahle (carbon) | million 360-295 iminyaka | Imbonakalo eziphila yokuqala. | Ukwehlisa amazwekazi izikhukhula kwiindawo kunye ukuvela imigxobhozo. Xa umoya, omninzi oksijini carbon dioxide. |
6. Perm (Perm) | million 295-251 iminyaka | Ukuphela of trilobites, kwaye uninzi emanzini. Qala ezirhubuluzayo nezinambuzane. | umsebenzi mlilo. kwimozulu eshushu. |
| era Mesozoic luquka ezintathu: | |||
| 1. Triassic (Triassic) | million 251-200 iminyaka | Uphuhliso gymnosperms. ezincancisayo Okokuqala neentlanzi nokudleka. | umsebenzi mlilo. sezulu Kushushu yaye kabukhali yezwekazi. |
| 2. സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe (സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe) | million 200-145 iminyaka | Ukuvela angiosperms. Ukusasazwa ezirhubuluzayo, imbonakalo pervoptitsy. | sezulu Soft kwaye kufudumele. |
| 3. wokulinganisa (itshokhwe) | million 145-60 iminyaka | Imbonakalo kweentaka, ezanyisayo ngaphezulu. | Imozulu efudumeleyo, kulandele okupholisa. |
| era Cainozoic luquka ezintathu: | |||
| 1. Lower zemfundo (Paleogenic) | million 65-23 iminyaka | Le abenzi bemilingo le angiosperms. Uphuhliso izinambuzane kokuhluma lemurs kunye obeku-. | Sezulu onomoya kunye nokukhululwa lwemimandla zemozulu. |
2. Upper zemfundo (Neogen) | million 23-1,8 iminyaka | Ukuvela abantu bamandulo. | kwimozulu eyomileyo. |
3. koqeqesho okanye anthropogenic (uphuhliso lwabasebenzi) | million 1,8-0 iminyaka | Kuyimbonakalo yendoda. | Apholisayo. |
Uphuhliso eziphilayo
Uluhlu lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni ibandakanya okuhlamba kuphela athile xesha, kodwa kwi zigaba ezithile ukuyilwa eziphilayo, utshintsho lwemozulu (iminyaka umkhenkce, kukufudumala okukhawulezayo kwehlabathi).
- era Archean. Utshintsho kakhulu inxaxheba ekudalweni nasekusungulweni eziphilayo - kuyinto ukuvela lisiza blue-eluhlaza - prokaryotes ekwaziyo yokuzala kunye photosynthesis, ukuvela eziphilayo multicellular. Inkangeleko iiproteni eziphilayo (heterotrophs) ekwaziyo ukufunxa zichithakala nje izinto eziphilayo. Kwixesha elizayo, ukuvela eziphilayo kuvunyelwa lubekho ihlabathi enezityalo nezilwanyana.
- era Proterozoic. Ukuvela ulwelwe kweseli olunye-, annelid ziimpethu, molluscs, coelenterates neempethu zaselwandle. Imbonakalo chordates yokuqala (lancelet). Lomhlaba Ukwakheka kwenzeka ngeenxa imizimba amanzi.
- Le Era Paleozoic.
- ixesha Cambrian. Uphuhliso ulwelwe, ezingenamqolo zaselwandle, mbambela.
- Ordovician. carapace Trilobite yatshintsha aba yikalika. Common izilwanyana ngqo okanye iqokobhe ukugoba kancinane. Lomqolo yokuqala - ichthyoids izilwanyana jawless telodonty. eziphilayo bebekelwa emanzini.
- Silurian. Uphuhliso kuneekorale, trilobites. Kukho lomqolo kuqala. izityalo sesivuno kumhlaba (psilophytes).
- ixesha Devonian. Imbonakalo stegocephalia intlanzi yokuqala. Ukuvela zomngundo. Development kunye wako psilophytes. Development kumhlaba ibihlungu ephakamileyo.
- Amalahle kunye Perm ixesha. Kwilizwe lamandulo ngokupheleleyo ezirhubuluzayo, kukho izirhubuluzi zezilwanyana-like. trilobites extinct. Ekutshabalaleni amahlathi kwexesha Carboniferous. Uphuhliso gymnosperms, kumila.
- Era Mesozoic.
- ixesha Triassic. Distribution of izityalo (gymnosperms). Ukwandisa inani ezirhubuluzayo. ezincancisayo Okokuqala, ithambo iintlanzi.
- ixesha സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe. gymnosperms kwayo, angiosperms imbonakalo. Ukuvela pervoptitsy izilwanyana lokudubula.
- ixesha Cretaceous. Ukusasazeka angiosperms, ukuncitshiswa ezinye iintlobo zezityalo. Uphuhliso iintlanzi ingamathambo, ezincancisayo neentaka.
- era Cenozoic.
- Lower ixesha ePhakamileyo (Paleogenic). Le abenzi bemilingo le angiosperms. Uphuhliso iiseli isinambuzane mammalian, sabonakala lemurs, obeku- kamva.
- ixesha Upper zemfundo (Neogen). Formation izityalo mihla. Ukuvela okhokho babantu.
- Koqeqesho (anthropogenic). Formation kwezityalo mihla kunye nezilwanyana. Kuyimbonakalo yendoda.
Uluhlu lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni ngeke thaca ngaphandle data kwi utshintsho yendalo ezingaphiliyo. Ukuvela kunye nophuhliso eziphilayo emhlabeni, kukho iintlobo ezintsha nezimangalisayo zezityalo nezilwanyana, konke oku kunye utshintsho kwindalo engaphiliyo, imozulu.
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu: i era Archean
Imbali eziphilayo emhlabeni waqalisa phezu kwisigaba ezweni ukuxhaphaka kwemithombo yamanzi. Umbutho waye igcwele kancinane. Xa umoya abathi dioxide carbon, isixa ubuncinane oksijini. In emanzini lumtyuba eliphantsi.
Kuba era Archaean luphawulwa mlilo, umbane, amafu amnyama. Emaweni abanobutyebi mifanekiso.
ukutshintsha kwemozulu ngexesha Proterozoic
Land - iyintlango ilitye, zonke izinto eziphilayo ezihlala emanzini. Xa umoya mpilo lwasemoyeni.
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu: Palaeozoic
Xa ngamaxesha ezahlukeneyo Paleozoic era elandelayo yenzekile utshintsho lweMozulu :
- ixesha Cambrian. Ilizwe eli ibhungane. Imozulu lishushu.
- Ordovician. Utshintsho kakhulu - oko kwagcwala phantse lonke eqongeni wasentla.
- Silurian. utshintsho ziitectonic plates kwiimeko indalo ezingaphiliyo ezahlukeneyo. Orogeny livela, ulwandle Zindoyisile phezu komhlaba. Imimandla kwimozulu eyahlukeneyo, kuquka iindawo lungapholi.
- ixesha Devonian. Alawulwa yi imozulu owomileyo na yezwekazi. Imfundo nezitsha intermountain.
- ixesha Carboniferous. Ukwehlisa amazwekazi, imigxobhozo. Imozulu efudumeleyo yaye kufumile, ioksijini esesibhakabhakeni kunye oluninzi carbon dioxide.
- Permian. kwimozulu eshushu, mlilo, orogeny, imigxobhozo okusula.
Palaeozoic laqalisa phantse onke amasimi enkulu oyile namalahle.
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu Mesozoic
Kuba ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo imozulu Mesozoic luphawulwa ezi mpawu zilandelayo:
- ixesha Triassic. umsebenzi mlilo, imozulu kabukhali lizwekazi, ezishushu.
- ixesha സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe. sezulu Soft kwaye kufudumele. Sea busa phezu komhlaba.
- ixesha Cretaceous. Kokurhoxa ulwandle lizwe. Imozulu zifudumeleyo, kodwa ekupheleni kwexesha atmosfera, kuye indawo yi snap ebandayo.
Kwiinkqubo entabeni Mesozoic wabumba kutshatyalaliswa ngaphambili, eshiya amanzi plain (West eSiberia). Kwisiqingatha sesibini kwexesha wambumba iintaba Cordillera baseMpuma eSiberia, Indochina, inxalenye eTibet, uMenzi intaba Mesozoic ukusonga. Isikakhulu kwimozulu eshushu yaye kufumile, nokuququzelela ukusekwa nja- amadobo.
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu - Era Cenozoic
I Cenozoic Ixesha kwakukho siyabakhuthaza jikelele ngaphantsi komhlaba. Imozulu itshintshe. Ezininzi kele ezihambayo emhlabeni, uvela ngasentla wayitshintsha ubuso amazwekazi yoMntla saseNtla. amathafa agiqekayo akhiwa ngenxa utshintsho ezinjalo.
- Lower period ephakamileyo. Sezulu onomoya. Icandelo zayimimandla emithathu zemozulu. Formation of amazwekazi.
- ixesha Upper ephakamileyo. kwimozulu eyomileyo. Kokuvela emathafeni, Amathafa.
- ixesha koqeqesho. glaciation okuphindwayo kumntla ikhweyitha. Ukupholisa sezulu.
Lonke utshintsho ngexesha kuphuhliso eziphilayo emhlabeni angabhalwa ngokohlobo iitafile ezibonisa amanqanaba kakhulu kuphuhliso yehlabathi lanamhlanje. Nangona iindlela ezaziwayo uphando, kwaye ngoku iingcali ngokuqhubeka ukufunda imbali, izinto ezintsha, ukuba uluntu bafunde indlela yokuphuhlisa eziphilayo emhlabeni phambi kwabantu.
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