Battle komlambo Kayala of umhla. Uphi na umlambo Kayala?

Igama "umlambo Kayala" umfundi eqhelekileyo enye kuphela umsebenzi Russian ubudala, elileli: "Lay", nto leyo izaliswe iminyaka esibhozo ukususela ekuqalweni iimfihlelo zayo ezininzi neephazili. Indela-Imbongi wabhala hayi ngaphezulu kwe amagama 8000, kwaye inani imisebenzi kule mxholo kungekudala kuza amabini amawaka. izifundo Slavic ehlabathini lonke ukufunda kwakhona funda kwaye izimvo ngexesha ngalinye ekuziseni ukuphuculwa ngakumbi nangakumbi kunye nokufumana into siyathandaza, kwakhona ukutolika itekisi yamandulo.

Kutheni ukufunda umsebenzi

Kutheni ukufunda ngemvelaphi imveliso, indawo le kubhalwe kuyo kwathiwa, ngexesha lokubhala? Ukuze ubheke imixholo yawo, ukuqonda umongo walo. Qembu kunye umlambo twisisaka Kayala. Oku kukhankanywe Kwisicatshulwa umbhali, izihlandlo ezisibhozo. zokuma Historical ngeke ngokuthembekileyo athi apho umlambo Kayala. In 70 ngayo abembi benkulungwane lokugqibela Ukrainian ukuvelisa uphando ngakumbi, kodwa wafumana akukho mkhondo edabini. Ukuba yimisebenzi ezintathu, siye ngewayengazange bafunda ezinye yephondo Prince Igor, kokukhona kwakungayi weva zonke emlanjeni, kufuphi apho edabini kwenzeka. River Kayala - lo mlambo semi-ngentsomi.

ukuqamba Psychology

ababhali Old Russian ziye engabhalwanga yedwa, kodwa ubabalo, ngomthandazo. Ukuba wayenesimo sengqondo eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo yokubhala, oko kukuthi, i-seal kuthiwa umphathi woonongendi wabanika ukuthobela. Ngoko ke umbhali we "Words ..." - akukho ngaphandle. Naziphi ababhali bamandulo akazange afune ukuba unikeze, akathi ngokwabo, yaye wayefuna ukuba namandla umsebenzi wakhe. Ngoko ke, mhlawumbi, akukho namnye uya kufumana igama lakhe. Kodwa ngexesha layo, yena ngenyameko akazange azifihle. Kwaye ke ngoku nabagxeki ezithile zoncwadi libhalwe phakathi kweminyaka 1188-1200, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba sadalwa, mhlawumbi xa i Vydubychi Monastery e Kiev, apho igcinwe Hypation Chronicle, sele kwathiwa, apho oko kunokwenzeka ukuba ukucacisa iinkcukacha. Kodwa kubonakala ngathi ke, indela ibe nxaxheba kweli phulo, njengoko maxa wambi ubeka kwisicatshulwa yokuvela zobuqu.

Yaye oko kwabhalwa, "... uLizwi" umbhali?

Ukuba ujonga zonke endala iincwadi Russian XI-XII iinkulungwane, siyakwazi ukubona ukuba akazi yamabali. Kayala River, nto leyo okhankanywe "uLizwi", kuyabonakala ukuba, egameni mihla unalo igama elahlukileyo. Academician nguDmitry Likhachev akukubona oko umlambo Syuurly. Ke yona ingcambu yegama lu dityanisiwe isenzi 'ukuba baguquke. " Ngoko ke umbhali imbongi wabhekisela ngasemlanjeni, apho Igor ayikho ngengozi akuphumelelanga. Kwaye, njengoko kubonakala ebalini, inkosana kwakufuneka ukuba baguquke. Le yamandulo umbhali yokucinga zonqulo elingumqondiso ezikhoyo. Le utoliko iziganeko ngokusebenzisa izicatshulwa zeZibhalo. Zonke - zombini iimonki kunye elula - abantu Orthodox bonke elindile, ubhekisela eSibhalweni, kunye Providence Ungokobuthixo, ingakumbi esakhiweni. Ayekholelwa ukuba akukho nto kwiziganeko zembali, abangancedekanga esele echazwe eBhayibhileni. Bafuna ukubonisa indlela umntu Orthodox ukusindisa umphefumlo wakhe, ngakumbi kwi-olwandulela ekupheleni kwehlabathi, nto leyo ngaloo mihla kunye nokoyika alinde Orthodox namaKatolika. Ngako oko ke akunakwenzeka ukuba indlela onombono wezwe zenzo. Kufuneka sijonge kubo labo iintsingiselo obubhentsisa umbhali. Oku kubandakanye abaphandi, "La mazwi athi" phantse iminyaka engamakhulu amathathu.

umkhankaso Igor kaThixo

Kanye eBhayibhileni, ukuba kwathiwa: uShem, noHam, noYafete, oonyana bakaNowa olilungisa wababela ilizwe, yaye kwisivumelwano ukuba ngaba niwugqithe phantsi enye. ilizwe labo, kwaye uya ukukhusela, kodwa kumaphulo ndlongondlongo ukuya akuvumelekanga ngokungqongqo. Apha ke ban kwaye kuphula Igor kaThixo. Kunyaka ngaphambi phulo lakhe wahlulwa Polovtsy. Kweli phulo baye kwiveki yesibini leNzila. Walwa ngoLwesihlanu, naye imini yokuzila. Ke uYehova wabanikela uloyiso. Prince Igor ayikwazanga ukuthatha inxaxheba kweli phulo ngenxa iimpuphu enesifo lamahashe ababuleweyo phezu ngumkhenkce. amajoni Igor likaThixo kwanyanzeleka ukuba babuyele. Yena akazange iphumelele ke udumo.

ukwenyusa okungeyomfuneko

Kwaye ngoku Usinqwenelela kuyo, yaye Cumans ezaphukileyo ndibuthathaka, abakwazi ukumelana naye. Yena ngenkalipho Nyathela mhlaba nabanye abantu bakaThixo ukuba akhusele, kodwa ukuwina nokuqweba, nozuko, nozuko. Omnye sele embi ngokuchasene imithetho zeBhayibhile, oko ikratshi - isono esikhulu. UThixo ke ulunika umqondiso - uyeke, abuye. Sithumela eclipse ngokupheleleyo elanga. Oku epheleleyo ngaloo mini kuphela iinkwenkwezi ebonakalayo zezulu, kwaye ilanga ivela njenge iceba obhityileyo. Ngoko lichaza Laurentian Chronicle. Kodwa Igor wenze le nto ayizange iphelele. Yena khawuleza refract umkhonto, asele iminqwazi amanzi, oko kukuthi kukuphumelela ilizwe Polovtsian. Ufuna ukubonisa ukuba kunyaka ophelileyo ukuba wayengoyiki namahlakani zakhe zangaphambili Polovtsian yaye eli xesha, nakuba zonke izinto, uya konke yena yemfazwe anesibindi. Kunye izinduna zakhe ngandlel hung iintloko zabo. Ukuba baqonde into uvavanyo luya kuwa. Kayala Umlambo nje ngeke.

kuqhubekayo ukwenyusa

Kwaye akubonayo Igor, umzalwana wakhe, Vsevolod, nto leyo ingumbuso of Igor kunye nonyana wakhe Vladimir, nomtshana wakhe, Prince Svyatoslav, njengoko kuchaziwe yi imbongi, umkhosi, Bathiwe wambu inkungu. Kodwa Igor iqhubeka. Ukholelwa kungcono ukufa. Makube kukho imfazwe phezu komlambo Kayala kunokuba alinde ngenxa yokoyika kuphangwa Polovtsian, ehleli ekhaya. "Ndifuna, - uthi - okanye yokufaka intloko yakhe, okanye koyisa Polovtsy." Ewe, inkosana wajika umoya nokuzincama awadibelela namaqabane akhe. A uphawu kaThixo yonke ziyanyuswa zwi. umhlaba ukukhanya Russian wasala emva kwabo. Night nokugquma storm, iintaka wavuka, ngokungathi uzama Igor wacinga, oonomatse emhlabeni, yaye umlozi. Yonke indalo lidla ukuba ayeke Igor indlela yakhe, ekupheleni leyo kukufa.

March ukuba nentshabalalo

Le miqondiso ezoyikekayo, ebika ububazi umbono elizayo na isiphumo ezininzi ezibuhlungu amajoni Igor. A Abancedisi iingcuka bayingozi Polovtzy sele ezinza ezingxingweni, elinde ixhoba ngabom, ezintakeni ezixwilayo kwi edabini oki, ehleli, elindele pickings. Kubonakala ukuba izilwanyana emathafeni uyavelana Russian, akungxamele kubo, sibasongela kunye ukudelela. Ewe, ilizwe ukukhanya elungileyo Russian lashiywa sele emva iinduli - ngaphambi mnyama kuphela. Small, amawaka amahlanu nabakhweli sisondela Don, naphi na apho ukungena nokuphuma Kayala-emlanjeni. abafundi Modern okubonayo andilociko Kayala Potudan, ophuma kwi-Don.

Tmutarakan

Le ndawo ise kummandla Taman yangoku. Ngelo amaByzantine, kwathiwa ingabizwa ngokwahlukileyo - Tamatarkha. Kodwa ngenkulungwane XI kube ubulawuli Russian enabantu abaninzi Russian kwaye ilawulwa abathetheli Chernigov. Ngaba kungenxa yakhe, Igor wabona ikamva lakhe, "zooyise" wakhe, ngenkani ephangiweyo Polovtsy, ekufuneka ibuyiselwe. Ngomhla kuthintelwe eCaucasus Iintaba, phakathi kwemiwonyo, mhlawumbi ekuqaleni omlambo wathabatha Kayala. Le abekuyo, ngokwenkcazelo, imbongi, ukuzila. A imilambo plain kunye enkangala yonke elibaleka, kade ezantsi emathunjini omhlaba, yaye idabi kwenzeka phezu komlambo Kayala e cwaka, umthombo wakhe neburnom.

Ngobusuku ngaphambi kokuba impi

ebusuku ngokunyamalala Long elinde ukuba umkhosi Igor edabini. Umbhali kufanele wathi ukuba quthu na usiphongomisile uhlale efuna kabuhlungu elide kunye angagubhi. Night wehla ngcembe Kwafika ... Kuyanda, ngesifingo liphuma, amathontsi ukukhanya kwayo. Amasimi zagutyungelwa inkungu. Iinightingale bathula. Jackdaws bevuswa. Ngokomfanekiso apha malunga notshintsho ubusuku namhla, kuba ecula - kwentaka ubusuku, kunye Chough - namhla. Kunye namajoni Russian sele kusasa umgca ukuze yeduli. A polovtsy ngobungxamo enkulu, ngaphandle kwendlela, ngenxa imigxobhozo kunye gatyam zizwana umkhosi Igor. Uza kuqalisa impi on umlambo Kayala (kunyaka 1185 emva kokuba uKristu).

ngqa

Kodwa musa kubanjiswa singalindelanga Polovtsian. Ke Igor Ubala kuyo. imikhosi Igor umgca ukulwa ukuze. Abane kubo ezisisiseko. Xa iziko - webutho ka Igor, ngasekunene - webutho Vsevolod ngasekhohlo - Umtshana Sviatoslav Igor ngaphambi - Vladimir, unyana Igor. Yena, ngengozi, ukuba wayeneminyaka engama-14 ubudala. Kwaye ke waba ngowokuqala ukuba uthathe umthwalo. Phambili wema phantsi ezona zintle, ezona zonke regiments bamaxhoba.

Kwaye le mpi yaqala

intetho emfutshane Igor wakhuthaza imikhosi yakhe, nabathetheli. Yaye mpi yaqala phezu komlambo Kayala (umhla - Meyi 5, 1185, ngoLwesihlanu). Polovtsi wakha abatoli zabo. Bona wadubula wokudubula iintolo waza wabaleka emva. inkqubo yokulwa Polovtsian iye kutshatyalaliswa. regiments Advanced ababasukela. Igor and Vsevolod, kancinane, wahamba, ukugcina inkqubo yokulwa. Luck ngoLwesihlanu ababehamba nabo. Wamthimba amabanjwa wayithimba zokuhlala Polovtsian loonothwal neenqwelo. Icandelo regiments ndamgxotha ziinqambi elide kube sebusuku, wabuya ngokupheleleyo. Ngokutsho kwe Ipatiev Chronicle, Russian emva kokuba zeenkcuba okokuqala sisityebi sazithimbela. Baba Ilaphu izityebi baseByzantium, kakhulu kuyo yonke indawo, iingubo kunye zomenzi, outerwear, wayaleka uboya zexabiso kunye wayifulela amalaphu sisityebi, umsebenzi oyimfakamfele ngomsonto ngegolide, nezikhali, kunye horsetail - ponytails esibondeni, luphawu yamandla. Bunchuk iinwele lwalupayintiwe ngombala obomvu.

Ngosuku lwesibini nowesithathu

Bumbongorha umbhali echaza uvela ngamafu elwandle emnyama. Esi safobe kusetyenziswa ngo abantu imibongo uphawu kotshaba ezayo. Ezi amafu emvula ofuna ukuyifundisa iinkosana zethu nesibindi kunye nomkhosi wabo. Kwaye zagungqa amafu, abengezelayo, yokugoqoza blue-Violet umbane. Zonke inkungu iwe-. Battle, njengesiqhelo, yaqala ukusuka umgama abatoli firefight ukuba ihamba phambili ukwakha. Bedlula umoya elwandle, ezifana amafu, wanika Polovtsy iadvanteji. Iintolo zabo ngokuchanekileyo wabetha ithagethi, ngoxa amajoni Russian lathumela zonke izalathiso nokuba kunini na. Njengophawu lonxunguphalo Imbongi ubonisa umfanekiso yemilambo ngoku nodaka turbid phakathi kwabo aphezulu naziimvula. Le amanzi anodaka, okuthetha buhlungu lilishwa ngo abantu kwimibongo, ubonisa umfanekiso esondelayo intlekele. Oko kuthethwa koko Igor bahlulwa Kayala emlanjeni. Kwaye vzmetaetsya uthuli kwi emathafeni elingumqwebedu phambi singqonga uqhwithela. "Liphuma Silushka embi, engalunganga." Polovtsev waba kakhulu. Bawarhawula band nje ihlathi ashinyeneyo, umsesane ashinyeneyo, apho kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba nempumelelo.

ekupheleni buhlungu

iintsuku ezintathu ezama ukufumana phandle Igor Donets. abantu onxaniweyo ubunzima, namahashe nangakumbi. Abaninzi babulawa walimala ezishelfini Russian. Green papolomoy, okt yomngcwabo black ilaphu, bagubungele abafileyo, kodwa apha wayecinga ukuba zizele ingca.

Ukususela kusasa kwada kwahlwa iyagquma umkhosi. Ukulwa okulwa wesibini ebusuku, yagubha Covo (okulwa zamaTurkic ababehlala ubulawuli of Chernigov) kokusa. Igor ayikwazanga esohlwaya ngazo. Yaye indlela emva wathathwa. Wabona nokulwa umzalwana wakhe Vsevolod, yacela, ngokutsho umlando yokufa, ukuze abone ukufa umzalwana wakhe. Kubo bonke abantu Russian wabasindisa abantu elinesibini. Abanye antywiliselwa.

Kuba okokuqala umkhosi Russian ubunzima oyiswa. Le ntlekele othile ethungelanayo ingqalelo kangaka iphulo Igor. Kwaye ibali yayiyilwe emathafeni Nyathela prince Russian. A kakhulu Kayala umlambo kufuneka kuthiwe uphendlo wayo - umsebenzi zejografi ngembali bezinto zakudala. Mhlawumbi, kunye nentwana le nto bakhwelela, bemkile njengendawo Igor edabini.