Imfundo US njengelizwe: likhoboka-abanini besilwela amalungelo abo

imfundo US abe njengelizwe kuphela kwinkulungwane XVIII. I-Declaration of Independence - uxwebhu oluphambili, nto leyo ubala. Kuye kwasayinwa ngoJulayi 4, 1776. ERashiya, kusekho intsomi ukuba uCatherine II wathengisa Alaska ukuya eUnited States. Nangona kunjalo, lo gama i-US iye kuphela nje yakhiwa yaba bengatshatanga. Nam leyo nezandiso ngelo xesha akukho bani wacinga. Julayi 4 yaba Usuku Independence eUnited States. Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi ngendlela States bamquqela eza kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku.

sphere waseMelika yempembelelo

imfundo US njengelizwe waya ixesha elide. Ngenkulungwane XVI, indawo elizayo kwakuhlala zamaNdiya zasekuhlaleni. Kamva ke waqalisa ukuhamba apha baseYurophu, abaninzi kuzo ezihangeni ababalekela intshutshiso kumazwe abo. Kwakhona phakathi kwabantu bokuqala abantu abaninzi kabuhlungu Old Europe. Kwilizwekazi entsha, baba befuna ulonwabo kunye nobutyebi. Ngu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVIII, baseYurophu baye kakuhle phantse lonke eli lizwekazi. Lo mmandla yonke le United States elizayo, ngaphandle Alaska, yahlulwa amacandelo eziphembelela kumazwe amathathu ukwenzela ukuthintela ukungqubana emkhosini. Britain waya Atlantic kunxweme yaseFransi - yommandla kummandla Great Lakes, Spain - Pacific Coast, Florida, eTexas.

Noko ke, asingabo bonke abantu amathanga kuya kuba lixhomekeke amagunya colonial. UK States abaphikisa eLondon. Ke kulula ukuba nabo kungekho mntu khona. yaqala imfazwe.

War of Independence (1775-1783): oonobangela

Enye iimfazwe lalawo kummandla North America impi inkululeko. Kwakukho izizathu ezininzi kulo;

• Sisixeko fanele eUnited kuphela mayela kwintsimi ukuze ufumane ubutyebi.
• ENgilani amazwe izinto ekrwada: uboya, umqhaphu kunye athenga impahla zigqityiwe. Amathanga ayengavunyelwa ukuzakhela ukwenza manufactory ukuvelisa amalaphu, amanqaku yesinyithi, urhwebo kunye namanye amazwe.
• Le kufika ayengavunyelwa ukuzakhela sifudukele entshonalanga zeentaba Allegheny, njengoko ulawulo ayikwazanga ukwandisa impembelelo yayo.
• Ukuhlala ukunyusa iirhafu ezahlukahlukeneyo, iifizi. Ngoko ke, ngo-1765 kwakukho omnye zempahla. Ngokutsho kuye onke amaxwebhu kunye izitampu bekumele ukuba ahlawule.

Ingongoma yokugqibela ngokukodwa wayibona baqonda amaMelika. Ukuba kaloku ngoku bewaqondile ukuba irhafu ayimfuneko ukwenzela uphuhliso, umsebenzi nesitampu wawavula amehlo abo. Yaba sisenzo inkunzi yemali le ababevela. Ngenxa oku, esi sixeko wayesiya ukugcina umkhosi 10 lamawaka. Man eMelika.

Intlanganiso yokuqala "Oonyana Freedom"

Loo "inkululeko" yayiyeyona mfundiso iphambili ababevela. imfundo US njengelizwe waba phantsi kwezi amazwi. Ngowe-1765, ukuya ku- "Congress nxamnye yokuqokelela nestampu" eNew York. Kwathi uxwebhu - kwiSibhengezo kwamalungelo amakoloni. Lo mzekeliso sesixhobo elizayo geqe. Hayi ngaphandle amasiko. "Oonyana Liberty" bazitshisa anemifanekiso ebonisa amagosa British. Omnye iinkokeli kwakukho Dzhon Adams - elizayo ngumongameli wesibini waseUnited States, omnye ekusekweni karhulumente zooyise.

"Oonyana" waphumelela. England wayesoyika kwaye irhoxisiwe ngo-1766 i-zempahla.

"Boston Tea Party", ekuqaleni longquzulwano

Noko ke, iingcinezelo zezoqoqosho eNgilani amathanga ena- lonke ixesha. Ngowe-1770 kwafika komdlalo wabo wokuqala eBoston phakathi amajoni zamajoni. abantu 5 babulawa.

Apha, ngo-1773, kukho isiganeko ukuba imbali iye ngokuba "Boston Tea Party". Abahlali balapha, phantsi ngesebe kwamaNdiya, wangena iinqanawa British ukuba bamnikele yintlama enkulu iti ukuya amathanga, waza wohlukana umthwalo yonke elwandle. yonke Unxweme lwalupayintiwe ngombala abamnyama othululwayo.

Ukuphendula, iBrithani iye uthabathe inani amanyathelo kakhulu, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni emfazweni:

• Boston port kwathiwa ezivaliweyo.
• Massachusetts, ndayihluthwa Charter, kwaye bonke abemi kulo - ilungelo ibandla, lwabasebenzi.
• Irhuluneli wafumana iwonga iRhuluneli-Jikelele kunye amalungelo omsebenzisi ngokupheleleyo.
• izindlu abemi kuthiwe simahla billeting amajoni, yonke ukungathobeli mayingatolikwa ukungcatshwa kwaye bohlwaywe ngokuqatha.

Ukudalwa Congress njengoko iindlela zolawulo British

Kuba Massachusetts bonke amathanga British. NgoSeptemba nango-Oktobha 1774 e Philadelphia, abameli 56 12 ithi (zonke ngaphandle Georgia) ndadala yokuqala Continental Congress. Kwaba ubuhanjelwe Ootata yoseko: George Washington, uSamuweli kunye Dzhon Adamsy kunye nabanye, Congress livote isimiso 'kwenye imo - kubanevoti enye. ". Yayamkela "Declaration of amalungelo kunye neemfuno ze-koloni." Loo nto ibonisa imigaqo efana unelungelo lokuphila, inkululeko, kunye nepropati, ilungelo okusesikweni nobulungisa, irallie uxolo, iintlanganiso, njalo njalo. D. Umhla ezisemthethweni imfundo US kuyimfuneko kwi ixesha kamva, nangona kunjalo, esi siganeko aphawula ukuqala geqe.

Amathanga zilungiselela imfazwe

Congress wawuxhokonxa uluntu. Abaninzi baye baqala ukulungiselela imfazwe. Ngoko ke, Virginia nayo yonke impi ngo eNgilani. Abasebenzi waqala ukwakha wabasebenzi - Minutemen. Ngelo xesha, iKomiti imisiwe - iziko kulungelelaniso lwe onke amazwe kwi imfazwe Archdiocese. imfundo US njengelizwe enxulumene imfazwe yegazi elizayo.

ukwahlukahlukana kokuhlala

Le uluntu khange bamanyene njengomzi ukuba aye kulwa eNgilani. Kwakukho abaninzi kwabo njengobuluchasileyo kuyo. Ilizwe lonke yayahlulwe abaxhasi ukuzimela ( "Whigs") kunye nokuphikisa ( "empumelelweni," "anikeze"). Local izizwe Indian baye bagqiba ekubeni cala kulo mbandela. Kubo, kwaba enye kuphela impixano kunye namanye baseYurophu. Noko ke, walondoloza ubungqina inxaxheba kwezinye izizwe kumacala omabini.

Asiphanganga amakhoboka meko. Baya kakhulu baqalisa ukubaleka ezitiyeni zabo, esebenzisa wesiphithiphithi kunye nokudideka. Amakhoboka shoka eNgilani kutshintshiselwano inkululeko. Noko ke, yena woyika umzekelo enokukucaphukisa imvukelo kwamanye amakoloni.

An into umdla, kodwa uninzi alwela inkululeko wavakalisa umsebenzi onyanisekileyo, inkululeko, ukulingana, yaye eneneni baba slaveholders ezinkulu.

US Department of Education Umhla

Imfazwe inkululeko lwathabatha phantse iminyaka elishumi, ukususela 1775 ukuya 1783. iimfazwe ezininzi ziye ngeli xesha. Ukongezelela baseMerika kunye yaseBritani, oko wathabatha inxalenye French, Russian, iSpanish. Bonke inkxaso kubavukeli. Kule mfazwe senze iiprogram iqhinga entsha - isiqalo ngokukhawuleza ngodwi, abolekwe amaNdiya. Yaphumelela nxamnye umyalelo yomgama le British. Kufika naye wasebenzisa imilalela, namageduka, wahlaselwa ebusuku, wenza ukusetyenziswa kakhulu ukuzifihla. Ukuze oku abazange alungele amajoni British iiyunifom ebomvu, baqhele ukuba alwe evulekileyo, ngaphantsi igubu, hambo yomgama.

1776 - umhla imfundo US njenge geqe, yaye le mini ngoJulayi wayeyiqonda uSuku Independence. Le kufika iphumelele imfazwe, yaye ekugqibeleni bamkela Declaration yayo, esekelwe kwimithetho-siseko wedemokhrasi engundoqo namhlanje.