Afrika, iingingqi: iindawo, uluntu, uhlobo

Izwekazi elinesibini elikhulu kwihlabathi (emva kwe-Eurasia) yi-Afrika. Iingingqi (ubuncwane babo, ubuninzi bendalo, uhlobo kunye nezizwe) ziya kuhlolwa kweli nqaku.

Ukwahlula kwenkalo yommandla welizwekazikazi

Intsimi yeAfrika yindawo enkulu kunazo zonke zomhlaba wethu. Ngoko ke, umnqweno wokwahlula kwiindawo zendalo. Ezi zilandelayo zimbini zilandelayo zimelele: Iindawo zeTropical neNyakatho Afrika (okanye i-Afrika enyakatho yeSahara). Phakathi kwala maqela kukho imvelo enkulu, imveli, imbali kunye nezoqoqosho nezentlalo.

I-Afrika yeTropical yindawo ephindayo kakhulu yelizwe elikhulayo. Kwaye ngexesha lethu, isabelo sezolimo kwi-GDP yayo siphezulu kunesabelo semveliso yoshishino. Amazwe angama-28 kumazwe angaphantsi kwamazwe angaphantsi kwamazwe ase-Afrika aseTropical Afrika. Nala li likhulu inani lamazwe angenawo ufikelelo lolwandle (anjalo kulo mmandla 15).

Kukho enye indlela yokwahlula i-Afrika kwizithili. Ngokutsho kwakhe, iinxalenye zalo ziMzantsi, iTropical kunye neNyakatho Afrika.

Makhe sibuyele ekuqwalaseleni ummandla wendawo, oko kukuthi, ukuchongwa kwei-macroregions ezinkulu (imida) yelizwekazi elinomdla kuthi. Okwangoku, kucingwa ukuba kukho ezintlanu kuphela. Iingingqi ze-Afrika zilandelayo zilandelayo: uMzantsi, oMntla, oMbindi, oMntla, oMntla kunye neNyakatho Afrika (kwimaphu engentla). Ngelo xesha, elowo luneempawu ezithile zoqoqosho, ubuninzi kunye nemvelo.

KuMntla Afrika

UMntla Afrika uya kwiLwandle eliBomvu nelaseMedithera, kwakunye neLwandle lwaseAtlantic. Siyabulela oku, ubudlelwane balo kunye ne- Near East ne-Yurophu sele lusekwe ixesha elide. Indawo yayo yonke indawo malunga ne-10 million km ² , apho abantu abangaba zigidi ezili-170 bahlala khona. I-Mediterranean "façade" ichaza indawo yale ndawo. Ndiyabulela, abamelwane baseNyakatho Afrika abane-South-West Asia kunye neYurophu yaseYurophu. Unokufikelela kwindlela ehamba phambili yolwandle, ephuma eYurophu eya e-Asia.

Umkhwa wempucuko, ukoloni lweArabhu

Iindawo ezihlala phantsi eziphantsi kweqonga laseSahara zenza "emva" kwendawo. UMntla Afrika yintsimi yempucuko yeYiputa yaseYiputa, eyabonelela kakhulu kwiinkcubeko. Inxalenye yeMeditera yelizwekazi kwixesha la mandulo lalibhekwa njengesitya sokutya seRoma. Kwaye nanamhla, phakathi kolwandle olungenampilo lwelitye kunye nesihlabathi, unokufumana iindawo ezihlala phantsi komhlaba, kunye nezinye izakhiwo zasendulo. Uninzi lwezixeko ezikulo lonxweme zivela kwimimandla yaseCarthage naseRoma.

Iikholoni yaseArabhu, eyenziwa ngekhulu le-7 le-12, ibe nefuthe elikhulu kwinkcubeko yabemi, ubuhlanga kunye nendlela yokuphila. Kwaye ngexesha lethu elingasenyakatho yeAfrika libhekwa njengeArabhu: phantse bonke abantu basekuhlaleni bathi u-Islam kwaye uthetha isi-Arabhu.

Ubomi boqoqosho kunye nabemi baseNyakatho Afrika

Ubomi bobuxhakabomi beli candelo lugxininiswe kumgca wonxweme. Nazi iindawo eziphambili zokurhweba, kunye neendawo eziphambili zezolimo. Ngokwemvelo, kukho apha ukuba phantse bonke abemi balapha ubomi. Ukulala izindlu ngeeplanga zobumba kunye nophahla oluphambili luhlala kwiindawo zasemaphandleni. Amadolophu anesimo esibonakalayo. Ngako oko i-ethnographers kunye ne-geographer bafumana uhlobo oluhlukileyo lwesixeko sase-Arab. Ibonakala ngokuhlula kube yinto endala kunye entsha. Ngamanye amazwe iNtshona Afrika ibizwa ngokuba yi-Maghreb, kodwa oku akunjalo ngokuchanileyo.

U qoqosho

Okwangoku, ii-15 ezizimeleyo zikhoyo kule ndawo. IRiphabhliki ngaba-13 kubo. Uninzi lwamazwe aseMntla Melika aphuhliswa. E-Libya naseAlgeria, uqoqosho luphuculwe kangcono. La mazwe anikezelo oluninzi lwegesi yendalo kunye neoli, ngoku ixabiso lentengiso kwimarike yehlabathi. I-extraction ye-phosphate, esetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izichumisi, iqhutyelwa eMaroksi. I-Niger ngumvelisi omkhulu we-uranium, kodwa ihlala enye yezona zihlupheke kakhulu kwiNyakatho Afrika.

Inxalenye esemzantsi yale ndawo ingabemi kakhulu. Abemi bezolimo bahlala kwii-oases, apho ixabiso lomthengi kunye nomthengi yinto yesundu. Abafuyi bekamela kuphela bafumaneka kwintsimi yommandla wale ndawo, kwaye nangona kunjalo akukho ndawo. Kwiindawo zaseLibya nase-algeria zaseSahara kukho iicandelo legesi neoli.

Inqanawa yobomi "kuphela" ecaleni kwintlambo yeNayile idityaniswe entlango ukuya kusezantsi. Ukuphuhliswa kwe-Upper Egypt, ukwakhiwa kwe-Aswan enee-hydroelectric complex on the Nile kunye noncedo lobuchwepheshe kunye noqoqosho lwe-USSR lubaluleke kakhulu.

ENtshona Afrika

Iimimandla zelizwekazikazi elinomdla kuthi sisihloko esiphezulu, ngoko siya kuzibamba ngcaciso efutshane. Sifudukela kwi-subregion elandelayo, eNtshona Afrika.

Nayi ziindawo zokuhlala, ama-desert kunye namahlathi angamahlombe asemanzi, aphakathi kweGulf of Guinea kunye nentlango yaseSahara. Le yinkalo enkulu kunazo zonke yelizwekazi ngokubhekiselele kubemi kunye nenye yeyona ndawo inkulu kummandla. Iimeko zeemeko apha zihlukene kakhulu, kwaye uhlanga lwabantu basekhaya luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu - abantu abahlukahlukeneyo baseAfrika bayamelwa. Lo mmandla wawusekudlulileyo kwindawo ebalulekileyo yezorhwebo lekhoboka. Okwangoku, ezolimo ziphuhliswe apha, zimelelwe yimveliso yabathengi abahlukahlukeneyo kunye nezityalo zemali. Kukho ishishini kummandla ophantsi. Iyona shishini elithuthukisiwe kakhulu ukuchithwa kwemigodi.

Inani labantu baseNtshona Koloni

Ngo-2006, inani labantu baseNtshona Koloni ngabantu abayizigidi ezingama-280. Ukubunjwa yi-polyethnic. Amaqela angamaqela amaninzi nguVulof, uMande, uSerer, uMossi, u-Songhai, u-Fulani no-Hausa. Umthonyama ulwahlula ngamacandelo amathathu ngokubhekiselele kulwimi: iNilo-Sahara, iNiger-Congo kunye ne-Afro-Asia. Kwiilwimi zaseYurophu kule ndawo iNgesi nesiFrentshi. Amaqela aphezulu ebantwini kwiindawo zonqulo ngamaSulumane, amaKristu kunye nabaphilileyo.

Uqoqosho lweNtshona Afrika

Zonke iindawo ezilapha ziza kuphuhlisa amazwe. Njengoko sele sichazile, ii-subregion ze-Afrika zihluke kakhulu ngokwezoqoqosho. Itheyibhile echazwe ngasentla inikeza uphawu lwesibonakaliso esibalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho kumazwe aselizwekazi elinomdla kuthi, njengendawo yokugcina igolide (idatha ka-2015). Amazwe aseNtshona Afrika kule tafile yiNigeria, iGhana, iMauritania kunye neComeroon.

Inxaxheba ephambili ekudalweni kwe-GDP kule ngingqi idlalwa yizolimo, kunye noshishino lokucoca. Amaminerali afumaneka eNtshona Afrika yioli, i-iron ore, i-bauxite, igolide, i-manganese, i-phosphates kunye neadayimane.

Afrika ephakathi

Ukusuka kwigama lale ndawo ecacileyo ukuba ihlala inxalenye ephambili yelizwekazi (equatorial). Indawo epheleleyo yommandla ngowama-6613 iikhilomitha ezili- ² . Amazwe angama-9 aseMntla Afrika: iGabon, Angola, Cameroon, eCongo kunye neDemocratic Republic of Congo (amazwe amabini ahlukeneyo), iSao Tome ne-Principe, i-Chad, iCentral African Republic kunye ne-Equatorial Guinea. Kwakhona nasi siqithi saseSt. U-Helena, ongowommandla ongaphandle kwe-Great Britain.

Amazwe aseMntla Afrika ahlala kwi-savanna kunye namahlathi angamahlwempu ase-equatorial, atshintshe kakhulu uphuhliso lwabo loqoqosho. Lo mmandla ungenye yezona zixhobo ezincinci kwiimigodi , kungekhona kuphela eAfrika kodwa nakwihlabathi. Ukubunjwa kohlanga lwabantu basekuhlaleni, ngokungafani nommandla wangaphambili, luyafana. Ezilishumi ezesithoba zaso zenziwe ngabantu baseAfrika beBantu, abadibeneyo.

Uqoqosho lwe-subregion

Zonke iinjongo ze-subregion, ngokwemiqathango ye-UN, ziphuhliswa. Ekudalweni kwe-GDP, indima ephambili idlalwe yizolimo, kunye noshishino lokucoca. Kulo mba, i-West kunye ne-Central Central ifanayo. Izimbiwa ezikhishwe apha ziyi-cobalt, i-manganese, ithusi, idayimane, igolide, igesi yendalo, ioli. I-subregion ine-well-generated power potential. Ukongezelela, ukugcinwa kwezinto eziphathekayo zehlathi kulapha.

Le yimiba ephambili ye-Afrika ephakathi.

EMpuma Afrika

Itholakala kwiindawo zemozulu zesimo sezotysi ne-subequatorial. Ummandla weMpuma Afrika ufika e-Ocean Indian, ngoko kuye kwahlala kugcina ubudlelwane bezorhwebo namazwe aseArabhu naseIndiya. Ubuncwane bamaminerali bale ndawo engabalulekanga, kodwa ulwahlulo lwemithombo yoluntu ngokubanzi lukhulu kakhulu. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhetha iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kwabo kwezoqoqosho.

Inani labantu baseMpuma Afrika

EMpuma Afrika yinkalo ye-mosaic kakhulu kwimigangatho yamasiko. Imida yamaninzi amaninzi yamiselwa ngokukodwa ngamagunya asekuqaleni. Nangona kunjalo, ukungafani kwenkcubeko kunye nolwahlukana noluntu lwabantu baseMpuma Afrika, aluqwalaselwanga. Ngenxa yohlukwano olukhulu lwezentlalo neenkcubeko, kukho ukuxabana okubonakalayo kule ndawo. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwakukho iimfazwe, kubandakanywa imfazwe yoluntu.

EMzantsi Afrika

Itholakala kwicandelo elisenzantsi yelizwekazi, elikude ukusuka e-Asia, eMerika naseYurophu, kodwa liya kwindlela ehamba ngaselunxwemeni ephakamileyo kwiphondo laseAfrika. Lo mmandla uhlala kwiindawo eziphantsi komhlaba kunye neendawo eziseTropiki zaseMzantsi Afrika. Kukho umlinganiselo omkhulu wemithombo yendalo, ngokukodwa izityela ezimbiwa. UMzantsi Afrika (uMzantsi Afrika) -yona nto "eyona nto" yolu ngingqi. Leli lizwe kuphela eliphuhliswe ngokwezoqoqosho kwilizwekazi.

Ubemi kunye noqoqosho lwaseMzantsi Afrika

Inani elibalulekileyo labemi baseMzantsi Afrika livela kwimvelaphi yaseYurophu. Abantu baseBantu bubuninzi becala kubemi beli ndawo. Abantu basekuhlaleni bahluphekile, kodwa uMzantsi Afrika unesitalathweni yezendlela, iinkonzo zomoya ezifanelekileyo kunye nezakhiwo ezifanelekileyo zokutyelela. Ukugaya iimpahla, kunye neendleko zegolide, iplatinum, idayimane kunye nezinye izityeyile zenza umqolo wezoqoqosho. Ukongeza, i-Afrika esemazantsi isanda ngokuphuhlisa iteknoloji, ukhenketho kunye nokuvelisa.

Ekugqibeleni

Njengoko ubona, ngokubanzi, leli zwekazi alinakuphuhliswa kakhulu kwezoqoqosho. Ubemi balo basasazwa ngokungafaniyo. Okwangoku, malunga nabantu abayizigidi ezigidi bahlala kwilizwekazi njengeAfrika. Iimimandla zayo zibonakaliswa ngokufutshane ngathi. Ekugqibeleni, ndifuna ukuphawula ukuba leli zwekazi libhekwa njengekhaya lezindlu zabantu: apha zifunyenwe eziseleyo kwiindawo zokuqala, kunye nookhokho babo. Kukho isayensi ekhethekileyo yezifundo zaseAfrika eziphonononga iingxaki zenkcubeko, ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho nezentlalo ze-Afrika.