AD Menshikov - laseburhulumenteni Russian kunye nenkokheli emkhosini, bahlobo basenyongweni kunye othandwayo uPetros I: biography

eziqaphelekayo kaPetros wanika eRashiya kakhulu yamagama eziqaqambileyo kunye eyahlukileyo. Kolu ngcelele ayikwazi lilawulwe Alexander Menshikov - onyanisekileyo kunye nomhlobo werhuluneli yokuqala. Emva kokufa kaPetros, yena indima ekhokelayo kurhulumente, kodwa ...

iingcambu Menshikov

Imvelaphi elizayo "poluderzhavnogo umlawuli" nangoku ebangela ingxoxo eshushu phakathi mbali. AD Menshikov wazalwa ngo-1673 eMoscow. Wayengenguye inzalelwane abathile anempembelelo yeengcungcu. Eyaziwa ibali zezifundo ngomfana Alexander, ngubani ethengisa amaqebengwana kwizitrato komkhulu. biographers abaninzi Menshikov balibalise kwakhona ibali elandelayo. umthengisi yokubhaka Small wambamba iliso Franz Lefort - enamandla wezikhakhamela karhulumente. inkwenkwe Hlawulisa Xa uyiZisa babethanda jikelele, waza wathabatha kuye inkonzo yakhe.

Noko ke, ilivo abantu malunga "izicumba Umthengisi" lidla ingxabano. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba nqaku umbhali odumileyo Alexander Pushkin, owathi esi siganeko kwiingxelo zayo ekulungiseleleni incwadi ngembali wolawulo uPetros.

Noko ke, imvelaphi aphantsi elizayo Prince kukuba wayengafundanga. Akukho maxwebhu zokusebenza engazange yenziwe ngesandla sakhe. Ngenxa yokwenza izinto A. D. Menshikov ndino oonobhala, abo wayesoloko kunye naye.

Ndazane noPetros

Noko ke, ukungazi le leta ayizange ukuthintela lo mfana ukuba abe ngukumkani uqikelelo. Alesandire uPetros wadibana nge Lefort. Sele kule minyaka 14 Menshikov waba ngocwangco Romanov, yaye kungekudala nomhlobo wakhe osenyongweni. Waba ecaleni uPetros emva ngemihla xa awubanga namandla ngokwenene, kodwa wafunda kuphela kwaye kwamalungu kunye ezishelifini zabo kuhlekwe. Inkulu waba umphathi inkampani umthetheli, kunye A. D. Menshikov - scorer.

bemkile imihla yobuncinane ungakhathaliyo xa iqela izinduna bagxothwa Alekseevnu Sophia kunye UPetros wabhengeza geqe-umlawuli. Ngegama, naye etroneni ungumzalwana wakhe, Ivan. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba impilo yakhe ethe ukuba Romanov akazange inxaxheba kwimicimbi karhulumente, kunye nesiphumo sokuba icala uNkosana Menshikov, kwakhwelela kude kakhulu.

Intandokazi lo kumkani uselula

I young olinene yaba ithatha inxaxheba kunye nomququzeleli ngezimvo nguPetros. Omnye iinkampani zokuqala ezifana baqalisa amaphulo Azov. Ngowe-1695, uPetros wathumela umkhosi kwimida esemazantsi karhulumente, ukufumana imvume yokungena kwi elwandle efudumeleyo. Apha A. D. Menshikov yaba amava lokuqala ezinzulu emkhosini, bencedisa elizayo. Kunyaka olandelayo, uPetros waqalisa Embassy Great ukuya eYurophu. Naye wathabatha abahlobo bakhe uthembekileyo kunye nabantu abatsha amaninzi ngoko kwafuneka bafunde bezandla yasentshona.

Yaba ngeli xesha Menshikov abe liqabane ebalulekileyo kukumkani. Ngesisa wenza zonke izabelo zakhe kwaye sisoloko nifumane iziphumo ezincumisayo. Kule ke yancedwa inzondelelo namandla ukuba igosa igcinwe kude ukwaluphala. Ukongeza, Alexander waba mhlawumbi umntu kuphela ngubani na ukubazolisa ukumkani. UPetros wayehluke nephuku. Akatsho ukuba akubanyamezeli iimpazamo kohlelo abangaphantsi, weza evela ngasemva ke ngomsindo. Menshikov uyakwazi ukufumana ulwimi kunye nabo, nkqu ezi ezinzima. Ukongeza, umbhalo usoloko kakhulu isimo sengqondo umxakatho wokumkani, yaye akazange wamngcatshayo.

Uthatho-Northern kwiMfazwe

Ngowe-1700 yaqala imfazwe enkulu kubomi Petra Velikogo kunye Menshikov - North. mlawuli Russian wayefuna ukubuyela kweli lizwe ukuze kwiBaltic kunxweme. Lo mnqweno yaba ingcamango elimisiweyo. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini ezayo, ukumkani (kwaye, ngenxa yoko, cishe) wachitha ndingongaphezulu ngokuhamba ezingunaphakade ngaphambili ukuya ngasemva.

WarAvocat phantsi Peter 1 ndadibana iphulo uluhlu sombutho Preobrazhenskii butho. impumelelo kuqala wahamba naye 1702, xa kwafika amajoni amatsha ngoncedo uMikhail Golitsyn, eyayimi phantsi iindonga Noteburg.

uloyiso oluninzi

Kwakhona Menshikov Aleksandr Danilovich wathabatha inxaxheba singqingiwe ebalulekileyo Nienschanz. Wayengomnye Abenzi bemeko- uloyiso yokuqala Russian aselwandle emfazweni. NgoMeyi 1703 iinqanawa kunye nenkokheli ngqo uPetros Menshikov oyisa fleet Swedish kwi emlonyeni Neva. ukumkani Amanye umahluko nesibindi swiftness amanyathelo. Ngenxa sitsibe bakhe ukuba bakhwele bathathwa iinqanawa ezimbini ezibalulekileyo yotshaba. Impumelelo nakuthathatha. Emva kokuba ukulwa, amagosa ingakumbi ezikhethekileyo wamkela Order of St. Andreya Pervozvannogo. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho Menshikov. Imfazwe iye waphinda ukuqinisekisile ubuchule yayo zobunkokeli.

Siya- kunye nezinye iinkcukacha ezinxulumene nalo msitho. Okokuqala, Menshikov uAleksandr Danilovich ucime knight entsha noMyalelo kunye nenombolo yesiriyeli 7, xa uPetros wafumana inombolo odolo 6. Okwesibini, kwaqhutywa imbasa iveki ngaphambi capital elizayo - eSt Petersburg. Ummiselo ewonga Menshikov sele ngeli xesha umbiza umlawuli-jikelele kwiphondo entsha.

Irhuluneli-jikelele St. Petersburg

Ukususela ngalo mzuzu iminyaka emininzi, de ihlazo lakhe, kweza kuPetros owayeququzelela ukwakhiwa komzi entsha. Kwakhona ophetheyo yakhe Kronstadt kunye shipyards eziliqela kwi Neva kunye Svir.

Webutho, eyayikhokelwa Alexander Danilovich wabiza Ingrian kunye lifike nezinye iiyunithi elite - Semenovsk kunye Preobrazhensky webutho.

Menshikov ufumana isihloko Prince

Ngowe-1704 yena waphela nasekuxinweni ka Narva kunye Ivangorod. Ngayo inxaxheba Menshikov. Military Biography iqulathe ulwazi inxaxheba hero webali lwethu ezahlukeneyo amaphulo kunye amadabi. Kuzo zonke idabi wazifumana kumgca ngaphambili, ezalisekisa ngenyameko ngokomyalelo wokumkani. ukuzinikela kwakhe akubanga lilize. Ngowe-1707 wafumana Prince wasondela Izhora umhlaba isihloko. Ngoku, loo nto iye wathetha ngokuthi "Grace Yakho".

Prince Menshikov waphila nibabalwe yasebukhosini. Again kunye namandla wabuya nelingambatshiyo wathabatha khona ukuze geqe. Ngowe-1707, i-IMfazwe Enkulu Northern watshintsha yeqonga imfazwe. Ngoku, longquzulwano nokumkani Swedish wafuduselwa Poland kunye Ukraine. Menshikov wathabatha inxaxheba lidabi ebalulekileyo Forest, nto leyo yokuziqhelisa ukuba kwidabi kunye notshaba.

Xa bakuqiqa ngobuqili Hetman Mazepa, ngoko nangoko Prince waya ikomkhulu lalo - isixeko Baturin. Le nqaba ukubanjwa nokonakala. Kuba uloyiso ebalulekileyo umhlobo wakhe uPetros kunikwa elinye ilifa. Isixa somhlaba, ubanjwe ukuchithwa Menshikov, kuyamangalisa ngokwenene.

Oku kube kanye kuphela kuqinisekiswa kwakhona njengoko umcebisi kukumkani eninzi. Peter Asisoloko ngaphandle Menshikov ngeengcebiso kwimiba zomkhosi. Ngokufuthi, * uKhesare wavakalisa ingcamango, umthetheli asebenza kuyo waza wenza iingcebiso zokuphucula yayo. Enyanisweni, wayedlala indima oyintloko labasebenzi emkhosini, nangona Nngokobuchwepheshe isithuba sengqesho esilolu hlobo wayengekho.

impi Poltava

Enye impumelelo enkulu Menshikov ababhali ngegalelo lakhe lobuqu kuloyiso e Poltava. Phambi kokubhiyozela edabini unit yakhe yafakwa kwi-Vanguard-mkhosi. Menshikov waba phezu kwakhe kuqala kwaye isiqalo ngqo edabini. Ngexesha edabini inkosana wafudukela ephangweni ekhohlo, leyo wenza njengoko ngamandla nangempumelelo. amahashe ezintathu babulawa phantsi kwakhe ...

Kwakhona Menshikov, kunye Golitsyn. intshutshiso ekhokelwa woyisa umkhosi Swedish. Wabamba kunye abasabileyo waza wamnyanzela ukuba anikezele. Ngenxa lo msebenzi ngempumelelo ekuthinjweni aba-15 000 amajoni Swedish, kubandakanywa amagosa adumileyo kunye iinjengele (Lewenhaupt, Kreutz njalo njalo. D.). isidlo esikhulu lanikwa imbeko amabanjwa amanene. Peter I, lowo uhleli etafileni, ngokobuqu babhengeza thowusti imbeko bangi ukulahlekelwa.

Ngokuba amanyathelo asebenzayo yakhe Idabi Poltava Menshikov wawongwa elikwinqanaba Field Marshal. Kwakhona, yena unikwe kwesabelo elandelayo. Prince waba ngumnini abangaphezu kwama-40 amawaka ngamakhoboka, ngokumenza ndoda inamandla yesibini kwelo lizwe. Xa uPetros ngokunzulu waya eMoscow ukubhiyozela uloyiso kwabo, Menshikov eqhuba ngasekunene sokumkani. Yaba enye ingqalelo iinkonzo zakhe kurhulumente.

Nge eMoscow prince idalwe enye into ebalulekileyo ngokwabo. Ngowe-1704 wayalela ukwakha itempile, eyagqitywa ngeminyaka emithathu. Menshikov Tower e Moscow (njengoko yaziwa esi sakhiwo) ngoku isakhiwo indala capital indlela ye Petrine ezimbejembeje.

Prince emafeni

Ngenxa imeko enkulu Prince kwi zebhola ngayo umsebenzi wakhe, ukuba ukwakha ezininzi zokuhlala kulo lonke elo lizwe. Waziwa kakhulu kuba Palace of Menshikov kwi Vasilevsky Island eSt Petersburg. Ekuqaleni lalisetyenziswa njengendawo Manor lobuqu. Noko ke, emva kokuba "umlawuli poluderzhavnogo" kuthunyelwa ekuthinjweni, isakhiwo ngokutsha kwiimfuno angaphathi emkhosini.

Kwenye Oranienbaum Menshikov Palace na isakhiwo mkhulu lomculo wezakhiwo yasekuhlaleni. It iqulathe kwezitiya eziliqela, izindlu nemisele yamanzi. Okunene wona umahluko kuqamba elikhulu kunene, iqaqambileyo, leyo ngonyaka itsala amawaka abakhenkethi.

Ibhotwe e Kronstadt kwayilwa wezakhiwo German Braunstein. Namhlanje, le sakhiwo yenye omdala esixekweni. Yakhiwa izihlandlo eziliqela, ngenxa yento imbonakalo yokuqala yasebhotwe, ngelishwa, iye yalahleka.

Elinye igama ebalulekileyo Prince yaba inqaba Ranenburg kummandla Lipetsk mihla. Ilele yena uPetros, owathi ekuqaleni kobukumkani bakhe bezama ukwakha kumaphondo central nokomelezwa ezininzi yaseYurophu (Dutch) imodeli. Ngowe-1702 umlawuli wabanika le ndawo Menshikov, ababakhe woonongendi apha.

Ukuqhubeka the Great Northern War

Emva kokuba Idabi Poltava phulo qhinga emfazweni bafudukela eRashiya. Menshikov kule minyaka mine izayo wakhokela imikhosi kumaphondo eBaltic: Pomeranian, Kurland kunye Holstein. sizana yaseYurophu Peter (Denmark ne-Prussia) zanikwa amabhaso yayo kazwelonke layo (i-Order of the Elephant kunye Order of the Black Eagle, ngokulandelelanayo).

Ngowe-1714 Governor General bade babuyela eSt Petersburg, apho benza nokucwangciswa Interior. Lunoxanduva ukuba inkoliso yobuncwane mzi, apho imali sasivela kwilizwe. Kwanasebudeni ubomi uPetros, kukho amarhe okuba mali abaninzi bachitha ezinye iinjongo. Abaninzi babekholelwa ukuba imali yemka Menshikov. Yintoni awayenzayo uPetros, ukuphendula kula marhe? Ngokubanzi - nantoni kwakufuneka yinkosana, wathanda kakhulu kunene, ngenxa yoko ayenayo iqashiso nilahlwe kunye naloo mswane.

UMongameli Collegium Military

Nangona kakubi yayo Menshikov ngo-1719 waqondisa College entsha Military. I-arhente weza ngenxa nguqulelo karhulumente enkulu uPetros. Ukumkani wala imiyalelo omdala kakuhle, kwaye endaweni kumiselwa iBhodi - AMAGQABAZA ▸ zezinkonzo mihla. Kwezi zakhiwo, kwabakho ukwehla ecacileyo, leyo ukutshatisa Table omtsha sezikhundla. UMongameli Military Collegium of Menshikov yaba esemthethweni esilolu hlobo lokuqala.

Emva kokuba isikhulu wabandakanyeka kumsebenzi ngqo yolawulo, akusekho abekuhambisa imikhosi kwi edabini. Noko ke, kwaba umthetho Alexander Danilovich wakhokela imikhosi ubomi kwinqanaba lokugqibela phaya kuMntla War. Ngowe-1721, iSivumelwano Nystad watyikitywa, elathi laseka yokoyisa ezintsha kwi kwiBaltic kunxweme Russia. Ukususela ngoko eli lizwe phambili kwezopolitiko eliphezulu yaseYurophu. Imbeko uloyiso, uPetros sele inikezelwe nabo eliqela kunye namagosa ababekunye naye kula mashumi mabini. Menshikov wafumana elikwinqanaba Vice Admiral.

Ukufa uPetros Catherine ibhodi

uhluleka nakumawexuwexu uPetros isizathu sokuba uMlawuli akazange ukuxhathisa izimali yakhe luqikelelo. Ngowe-1724, Menshikov Ndixuthwe inkoliso kwizikhundla zabo; isithuba ngumengameli we Military Collegium, irhuluneli-jikelele St. Petersburg. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva uPetros wagula kakhulu waza wafa. On lokufa, usuke wabaxolela umhlobo wakhe omdala waza wenza kuye Menshikov.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje ubomi bokumkani yondele yaba umbuzo ngokulandelelana. Ngalo mzuzu wokugqibela * uKhesare wagqiba ukuya kunikezela amandla umfazi wakhe, Catherine, nangona nje ngaphambi kokuba enetyala lokungcatsha. Menshikov wayesondele umphathi omtsha. Kunye Yabalindi, yena zicinezelwa nayiphi na inkcaso kwamacala. Kodwa uloyiso analo lifutshane.

Exile nokufa

UCatherine wafa ngesiquphe ngowama-1727. indawo yayo yathathwa yi Umzukulwana Peter I Pet II. Lo mlawuli omtsha ebemncinane, akazange athathe izigqibo ezizimeleyo. Emva kwakhe kumi iqela wabanumzana, ngubani wayengenakukunyamezela "nkosi poluderzhavnogo." Alexander Danilovich wabanjwa wabekwa izimali.

Urhulumente omtsha isaziso isigwebo. Link Menshikov bekufanele ukuya emntla. Lowo wathunyelwa ezinde elikude. Nangona ihlazo, ekuthinjweni bavunyelwa ukuba kumakhaya abo. indlu Menshikov yakhiwe ngezandla zakhe. Apho wafa 1729.