Amaxesha Historical ukuze. Era kwezobugcisa ukuze

periodization Historical - into zilahleka kwinzululwazi kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Kukho namathuba athile ukuba agubungele ixesha elithile. Amagama abo yasungulwa kutshanje nje, emva kokuba umntu unako ukubona, xa ndibukisisa kakuhle, ukuhlola yaze yahlulwa-hlulwa amanqanaba iziganeko ezidlulileyo. Ngoku sijonga yonke iminyaka ukuze, ufumanise ukuba kutheni ayebizwa ngaloo ndlela nendlela zisingathwa.

Kutheni kukho maxesha yembali?

Le ndlela saphuhliswa yi abaphandi kunye beneentshukumisa ezimbi. Okokuqala, ixesha ngamnye luphawulwa kwiindawo ezithile zenkcubeko. Kuba era nganye uthambekele ihlabathi zabo, fashion, ubume eluntwini, ukwakha uhlobo lweshishini, kwaye ngaphezulu. Ukuqwalasela ubudala komyalelo boluntu, sinako ndozikhelela ingqalelo into yokuba ngamnye kubo luphawulwa ziintlobo ezithile zobugcisa. Le umculo, ukupeyinta, kunye noncwadi. Okwesibini, umthetho omtsha abewumisile ngokwenene babebizwa njalo-amanqaku ekujikeni, xa ukuziphatha litshintshile kakhulu kwimbali yoluntu. Kakade ke, ibange utshintsho ozikhethayo, ezibe kuboniswa zobugcisa. Olunjalo utshintsho zingabuchaphazela revolution, iimfazwe, ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu, iimfundiso zobulumko enkulu kunye neenkokeli zecawa. Ke ngoku, phambi kokuba sijonga onke amaxesha embali ukuze, kuqatshelwe ukuba inguqu olukhulu ezinjalo kuluntu lwethu kuphunyeziwe kutshanje. inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye netheknoloji wajika ngokupheleleyo iimbono zethu ngonxibelelwano, imithombo yolwazi, kwaye besebenza. Isizathu soku ke Internet, ngaphandle apho elishumi eyadlulayo zonke sivana, yaye namhlanje yinxalenye yobomi wonke umntu.

xesha ngezinto zakudala

Imbali yoluntu nobu-, thina zishiya njenge ideology olunye ngelo xesha, inkolo, okanye ubuncinane inkqubo yokubhala yayingekabikho. Ngoko ke, xa ucinga ixesha ukuze babantu, iqala kunye nexesha yamandulo, kuba ngelo xesha kwakukho urhulumente yokuqala, imithetho yokuqala kunye nokuziphatha, kwakunye bokuzoba, nto leyo sibe igqunyiwe kude. Ixesha yaqala emhlabeni ekupheleni BC 8. e. yaye waqhubeka kwaze kunyaka 456 - umhla ukuwa uBukhosi baseRoma. Ngelo xesha, kwakukho unqulo polytheistic nje kuphela nitrogen ecacileyo bonke oothixo, kodwa inkqubo ngokubhala - isiGrike kunye nesiLatini. Kwakhona kule xesha yavela eYurophu ikho into yobukhoboka.

abanemvume

Naxa isikolo ithathwa ixesha ucwangco, anikele ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ekufundweni kumaXesha Aphakathi. Ixesha yaqala ekupheleni kwenkulungwane 5, kodwa umhla kokuphumelela kwakhe, ubuncinane kalukhuni, ayikho. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba yaphela ngenkulungwane ye-15, lo gama abanye bakholelwa ukuba Ages Aphakathi waze kwenkulungwane ye-17. Ixesha luphawulwa zanda omkhulu ubuKristu. Leyo yobu mkhulu kwenzeka ngaloo minyaka. Kunye nabo wazalwa Kwamacala, leyo ndazinqumla zonke iintshaba zebandla. KumaXesha Aphakathi kwakukho uhlobo lobukhoboka, feudalism, apho yayikhona ehlabathini kwiinkulungwane ezininzi kamva.

Renaissance

Eli xesha ngokuqhelekileyo zizakubalulwa njenge eyahlukileyo, kodwa mbali abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba Renaissance - oko kukuthi, kwicala yehlabathi zamaXesha Aphakathi. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-14, abantu waqala ukudanduluka kuluntu. Wabuyisela eminye imithetho zamandulo yokuziphatha, Kwamacala ngcembe zizaku kwizikhundla zabo. Oku wabonakaliswa kwimizobo, kunye nokuziphatha ekuhlaleni. Abantu baqala ukutyelela zemiboniso, kwakukho into efana lomdaniso yehlabathi. Renaissance njengoko Antiquity, wazalelwa e-Italy, yaye namhlanje ubungqina ukuba ezi ezikhumbuzo ezininzi izakhiwo kunye nobugcisa.

sobuciko

Xa siqwalasela ngqo ixesha yembali yabantu ukuze, iRoma, nangona ixesha elide sasithatha, wathabatha nawasezincotsheni ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso zobugcisa. Ngezantsi apha siza kujonga kuyo iinkcukacha ngakumbi, kodwa ngoku uqaphele le miba ilandelayo. Eli xesha luvuthondaba ubhalo le Renaissance. Sinokuthi njengokufuna kwiziyolo zehlabathi kunye ubuhle sele bebaninzi ayikholeleki. Bekukho isimbo zokwakha igama elifanayo, nto leyo pomposity bokuhlala kunye pretentiousness. A intsingiselo efanayo kwabonakala umculo, kwaye kulo mzobo, kwaye nkqu yokuziphatha kwabantu. era yobuciko ngangosuku-16 ukuya kwele-17.

classicism

Kwisiqingatha sesibini kwenkulungwane ye-17, abantu sele ligqibe ukuba kude ukusuka sobuvila ezinhle. Society, kunye nokuzoba ukuba kudala, laye lamiselwa nezifanele imithetho ngqo. Classicism kwabonakala kuyilo kwezakhiwo kunye ngaphakathi. Ngo-engile vogue sokunene, imigca ethe ngqo, lo, ilifinyeze zazingekho. Yeqonga nomculo, abathe bona baba kwi kwincopho inkcubeko yabo, nazo ngokuxhomekeke iinguqulelo ezintsha. Kukho iindlela ezithile zithunyelwa umbhali kule okanye kwelo cala. Ezantsi sicinga era kwimizobo ukuze kwaye ungafunda kabanzi okwenza classicism.

period romantic

Ngenkulungwane ye-18, bantu babebonakala ukuba ukubanjwa kwalo mkhuba ngobuhle ekuseni kunye neengcinga ezimnandi. Eli xesha ithathwa eyimfihlakalo kakhulu kwimbali yoluntu, engasoze kunye yokuqala. kukho umkhwa eluntwini, njengako apho wonke umntu - ubuntu ngokomoya yaye creative olunye, kunye nehlabathi yabo ngaphakathi, amava kunye novuyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, xa ngembali era yenkcubeko ngokulandelelana, omnye izihlalo ibaluleke kakhulu romanticism nje. Ngeli xesha, olwaqhubeka kwaze ngenkulungwane ye-19 kwakukho yobuciko unique umculo (Chopin, Schubert et al.) Izalathisi (eyaziwa French Science) kunye nokupeyinta.

imfundo

Ngokunxuseneyo kunye romanticism kwimizobo lugqibelele kunye noluntu ngokwayo. Xa uluhlu yonke iminyaka ukuze, njengokuba umthetho, uyibeke imfundo classicism. Kunye kuphuhliso inzululwazi nobugcisa ngenkulungwane ye-17 kuluntu ngesantya enkulu ukuphakama izinga ingqondo. Oku wabonakaliswa kokukhatywa kwemimiselo zonqulo orthodox. Kunokuba ulwazi engcwele weza logic ukukhanya sizathu. Yinto enkulu ukujongela phantsi kwegunya abasebukhosini amakhosi abalawulayo, apho ubukhulu lathembela kakhulu uncedo ibandla. Ukukhanya waye ingongoma imvelaphi a bulumko entsha esekelwe phezu kwimathematika physics. Kwakukho iqela obafunyanwa ngeenkwenkwezi, nto leyo umohlwayileyo nemfundiso ezininzi zonqulo. Ukukhanya ingafiki nje eYurophu kodwa eRashiya nakwiMpuma Ekude, nkqu eMelika. Ngeli xesha, amagunya amaninzi owakubhangisayo okunene serfdom. Kananjalo kubalulekile ukuba siqaphele ukuba kwi 18-19 kwiinkulungwane th okokuqala kwiintlanganiso yenzululwazi kunye nabahlali baqalisa ukwamkela ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabasetyhini.

Contemporary

Sele kuluhlu onke amaxesha embali ukuze bafikelele kwinkulungwane yama-20. Eli xesha yaziwa nokugqama ezahlukeneyo trends kwimizobo, babhukuqwa eziliqela kunye lenguquko ngamandla. Ngenxa ukusuka kwindawo yezembali lwembono, le minyaka ibizwa ngokuba ixesha entsha. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, sinokuthi, uluntu iye ngokulinganayo ngokupheleleyo. Neengcambu ubukhoboka ehlabathini lonke, ukuba ukuseka imida ecacileyo yesizwe. Le imeko bume kangangoko ukwenzela uphuhliso kuphela wobuciko kodwa isayensi. Thina Ngoku siphila kweli xesha, ke ngoko, ukuba ukunyamekele iinkcukacha, nje ngokwaneleyo ukuze ubone.

isishwankathelo esifutshane

Emva kokuchaza zonke namathuba yembali yehlabathi ukuze, wazichaza ukuba bafunde indlela uluntu lwethu sele kangangenkulungwane ethile, zinokudluliselwa nasekufundweni ubuhle thina. Ngapha koko, xa ngaxeshanye kunye nophuhliso kwemithetho kunye nemida ithi kwakhiwa bokuzoba, nto leyo kuba abaninzi yeyona nto ephambili ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukwahlulwa imbali yabantu izihlandlo ezahlukeneyo. Ngezantsi sinikela elizibalula kwimizobo ukuze, thina ngaphambili kwaye bakwazi ukunxulumanisa umfanekiso ocacileyo ngendlela ekwakheni uluntu lwethu ukususela ekuqaleni kwexesha. Ukuqala, siya uluhlu ngokubanzi i "kwixesha 'engundoqo, uze uwahlule ube ngamasebe ahlukeneyo kuzo. Akusoloko amaxesha ezifanayo zokuvuma amaxesha iiphiriyodi efanayo uncwadi, bathi, okanye ukupeyinta.

Art: i era ngokulandelelanayo

• ixesha lamandulo. Ukususela elivela kuzo imizobo yokuqala iliwa ophela BC 8. e.
• Kudala - ukususela BC 8. e. ukuya BC ngenkulungwane yesi-6. e.
• Abanemvume: Romanesque kunye Gothic. Imihla zokuqala ukusuka iinkulungwane 6-10 th, kwaye eyesibini - 10-14 kwiinkulungwane th.
• Imvuselelo - adume 14-16 leminyaka th.
• Yobuciko - leminyaka 16-18-th.
• ngenkulungwane ye-18 - yase.
• Classicism. Kwakheka kwi imvelaphi kwezinye iindawo ukusuka kwi-16 ukuya kwele-19.
• Romanticism - kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-19.
• Eclecticism - Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19.
• Kwimpucuko - ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Art Nouveau - ligama eliqhelekileyo ngenxa eli xesha yoyilo. Kumazwe ezahlukeneyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa wambumba flow yayo, achaza ngezantsi.

Yintoni ixelela usiba ... Xa ingcambu lokubhala

Ngoku cinga elithile elizibalula boncwadi, ngokulandelelana: Inqanaba yamandulo (Antiquity and East), bamaXesha Aphakathi, le Renaissance, classicism, sentimentalism, Romanticism, ngokoqobo, kwimpucuko kunye Modernity. yokuqala zoncwadi yaqala ukubonakala eGrisi neRoma, njengoko kunjalo eMpuma. Kuyinto la magunya yeza kuqala ebhaliweyo. Mandulo yaqala ukubonakala iintsomi - malunga uMofokeng, malunga kuZeyus abanye oothixo, Titans, kwaye malunga nentaka omkhulu. Kamva, kwakukho zobulumko yokuqala, iinkcuba kunye nababhali. Oku kaHomer, Sappho, Aeschylus, Horace. Olu hlobo ngoku ekuthiwa amazwi womculo, kodwa amabali ezifana ekubhekiselwe kuwo ukuthembeka ngembali umthombo. Kwihlabathi jikelele East yamandulo idume kuphela imibongo zayo ezakhayo. Kodwa masikhe ukulibala ukuba kule nxalenye yehlabathi kumaxesha amandulo kwakukho le ncwadi ibalulekileyo abasemhlabeni - iBhayibhile.

Middle Ages and Renaissance

umda phakathi kwezi maxesha akunjalo, yaye akukho mfuneko kuyo. Ngapha koko, ngexesha xa iYurophu nje waqalisa ukwenza njengoko kukarhulumente, abantu akukho ixesha art. Wabonakala kuqala zobugcisa kumaXesha Aphakathi ibandla icime. Ngenxa yokuba ilifa boncwadi ukuba ilifa kuloo minyaka - kuphela ibonwe knightly. Kukho ukuze kuthiwe "Wengoma CID," "Ingoma Roland" yaye "INgoma Nibelungs." Kwiinkulungwane eziliqela kamva, kuza wohlaziyeko, yaye ihlabathi babe amagama eyaziwa njenge Shakespeare, wabe, Boccaccio, ingawenzi. amabali abo ingabizwa ezamahala, njengoko kungekho isakhiwo ecacileyo, kwaye umntu kunye neemvakalelo zakhe kwiziko lweziganeko. Olu luphawu ephambili Renaissance.

Formation of izinqumo engqongqo

Xa uluhlu umyalelo xesha, ngenkulungwane emva kwenkulungwane, yonke into iwela indawo, ngaphandle Classicism. Wayebonakala khona ngaphandle ixesha, indawo, xa kuthelekiswa kwabanye nokuphuma kwemali. Ukususela ngoko, omabini ezakudala yaba sisiseko ekudalweni ababhali aseYurophu, iqela neepateni ekubhalweni lwemisebenzi yoncwadi. Bona ngokucacileyo ohlulwa aba neentlobo: lo ode, uvuthondaba, yintlekele, comedy, eyindumasi, intsomi. Sinokuthi ukususela ngoko ziye zasekwa imida yokuyila izinto, sisebenzisa namhlanje (qaphela ubuncinane ukwenzela cinema).

Sentimentalism kunye romanticism

Ezi ntsingiselo ezimbili zazibonakala ezisebenzisanayo. Zidume iinoveli bakhe, echaza ngamava yabalinganiswa, isimo sengqondo, izinto ezithandwayo kunye nomdla. Phakathi ababhali zezithandani ngamagama abomvu nehabile amagama afana Balzac, Dickens, Hoffman, uVictor Hugo, oodade Bronte, Mark Tven, W. Scott kunye nabanye abaninzi. Kwiminyaka kamva, siye sasebenza ababhali Romantic ezifana Apocrypha Uayld kunye Edgar Allan Poe. amabali abo sele evinjwa ziimvakalelo, kodwa ezele bulumko enzonzobila.

Okuchithwa kunye kwimpucuko, neencwadi owayephila

Apho kudibana kweyama-19 kunye 20, nentaphane ngemiba uncwadi. Kwilizwe lethu, zibizwa ngokuba Silver Age, kunye nabanye nje abantu igama ngokungqinelana nendlela imveliso ethile. Ethandwa kakhulu okuzekeliswayo kunye decadence. Abameli aba ababhali imiyalelo ngentsimbi ezifana unit Verlaine, Baudelaire, Rambo. ERashiya, ukuba ulonwabele popularity Acmeism enkulu. Eyona ummeli yawo Anna Akhmatova. Ukususela ngoko, i-zincwadi abe sengqiqweni kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Abantu bashiya neemvakalelo zangaphakathi kunye ukukhohlisa. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 ukuya ababhali namhlanje bachaza nasiphi na isiganeko njengendawo yesiqalo esengqiqweni lwembono, kuthathelwa ingqalelo zonke ezasungulwa inkqubela.

ubugcisa Visual

Ngoku lixesha lokuba ingqalelo zonke namathuba yokudweba ukuze. ngokukhawuleza siphawula ukuba okuninzi zabo apha ngakumbi kule ncwadi, ngenxa yokuba ngamnye kubo jika ngokufutshane kwaye ngokufutshane.

• Le mizobo mqolomba.
• Art laseYiputa Ancient kunye noMbindi Mpuma.
• inkcubeko eKrete-zohlobo.
• imizobo antique nokubhala.
• Abanemvume: iconography Gothic kunye nemifanekiso kwimixholo zonqulo.
• Imvuselelo. abameli emikhulu UMichelangelo, da Vinci et al.
• Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-18, ekupeyinteni kubonakala yobuciko. Ngokucacileyo kuchazwe imizobo ka Caravaggio.
• Classicism, leyo kwasekwa arts ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-16, njengoko oko kuqulethwe imisebenzi Poussin kunye Rubens.
• Romanticism wazibonakalisa kwi imizobo ka Goya kunye Delacour.
• Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kwakukho impressionism. Bright kucingwa elimele Van Gogh, Gauguin yaye basebenza kunye naye, Lautrec, Munch kunye nabanye.
• Kwinkulungwane yama-20, ekupeyinteni yahlulwa sotsrealistichnuyu kunye surreal. Ngexesha lokuqala kuphuhliswa kuphela eRashiya. Le yesibini unokuloyisa ihlabathi. It ibonakala ngokucacileyo kwi imizobo ka Salvador Dali, uPablo uPicasso kunye namanye amagcisa kuzo ixesha.