Amaziko abameli: umgaqo, isakhiwo kunye nomyalelo wokuqulunqwa

ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwenkqubo yezomthetho esekwe kweli lizwe, ukubonelela abasemagunyeni. Representative, elawulayo, amaziko lezomthetho ukuphumeza ukwamkelwa kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemithetho. Kwakhona ke zithethwa ukhuselo olwaneleyo amalungelo kunye neemfuno zabemi. Ngokutsho zophando ezininzi, le ephambili kwinkqubo babe mthetho (ummeli) imizimba. Esi sikhundla olubangelwa yokuba la maziko zigutyungelwe kwi ulandelwe imiyalelo eziphambili nkqubo zangaphakathi nangaphandle, nokuqinisekisa ulawulo zomthetho eluntwini. Cinga ngakumbi, yintoni na le nabameli kweli lizwe, kwakunye imisebenzi yabo umyalelo ukubunjwa.

Overview

Umgaqo-siseko yokwahlukana kwamagunya kwimimandla emithathu zikokosiweyo kumGaqo-siseko, owamkelwe ngowama-1993. kubume bayo usendleleni yokuba isebe ngalinye babelwa imiba ethile, ekusekeni isakhelo bolwazi oluphucukayo, ngaphakathi apho kunokuthi uzisombulule. Ingakumbi, le isisombululo seengxabano, nesokuvuma unconstitutionality kwamaxwebhu athile asemthethweni, kumba yenkundla yokugweba umthambo igunya loluntu. amaziko ummeli aqulunqe ze aphuhlise imigaqo, iyamkele ibhajethi njalo njalo. Le miba luxanduva yeNdibano Federal nezakhiwo zengingqi.

ephalamende

Esisebenza ngayo njengoko Ephakamileyo-ekwenziweni komthetho iziko kweli lizwe. INdibano Federal siquka: i-Russian State Koti kunye neBhunga Federation. Ukuma lokuqala uwugcinayo uphuhliso, thethwano kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemigangatho. Kwezinye iimeko, uxwebhu osemthethweni othawuziswayo kwiKhansile Federation. Lo wokugqibela ukwala iprojekthi evunyiweyo. I Federation Council, ke ngoko, izenzo njengeziko lonxibelelaniso yaye zisongamela. imisebenzi yayo ziyimfuneko ukunciphisa umahluko kwezopolitiko, ukwamkelwa nenguqulelo ngokupheleleyo umthetho ocetywayo.

ukubunjwa

Ukwenziwa kwamaziko nabameli yenzelwa phezu kwetafise qho ekunokukhethwa kulo. Unyulo zamasekela kwenzeka phantsi kwenkqubo umlinganiselo. Ivoti ebandakanya bonke abemi. Ngexesha lokhankaso lolonyulo amaqela ezopolitiko zinika uluhlu zabaviwa. Iindawo e Duma zabiwa ngokungqinelana iziphumo ezisemthethweni lokuvota.

isakhiwo

Iqumrhu aphezulu ummeli ngendlela entsonkothileyo iziko elinye elifumana Federal Mthetho. Ngokutsho kwabo, evunywe yi izixhobo yommandla. Lo msebenzi wabelwa ukuba nabameli kwezi zifundo RF. Nabo ke, ekubhekiswe kuyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Kungaba:

• Kurultais.
• Duma (yengingqi, isixeko, njalo njalo.).
• Khurals.
• Iingcebiso kunye nokunye.

Ukongeza, imizimba esebenza kunye indawo. Kananjalo amandla ukuvuma imigaqo. La maxwebhu ukutyhila undoqo FZ, elawula imiba yolawulo odibeneyo Russian Federation kunye nemimandla, okanye iingxaki eziphathelene kunqulwe kwisakhono ezi zifundo.

Indlu yePalamente

ezimele abe nendawo ephambili isakhiwo izixhobo zolawulo eRashiya. Amaziko ephakamileyo nokulawula imiba enxulumene ekusebenzeni eqhelekileyo kuluntu lonke elizweni. Isimo ngokomthetho ziziNdlu wePalamente omisiweyo-siseko. Le rulemaking, le arhente federal kuqala. Ngelo xesha, ilizwe nga amabango izenzo zomthetho kunye nezinye, kuquka izakhiwo zomthetho kunye nomongameli. Oku, ke, imke amandla kunye nexabiso iziNdlu zePalamente.

bokuqonda

ezimele - ezi namaziko kwakheka kwi intando yabantu. FS waba isimo esinjalo ukususela ngowe-1993 ukuya kowe-1995. Okwangoku ke, edulusele endlwini epalamente kubume bayo akukho iziko ummeli ngamandla. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukuqeshwa eNdlu yeeNgwevu asetyenziswe nguMongameli weli lizwe. Ngaloo ndlela Duma ekunokuthiwa umzimba ummeli inxalenye kuphela. Inyaniso kukuba, umzekelo, xa intlanganiso 6th yokunyulwa neerhuluneli zawo zibe kwizintlu. Ngenxa yoko, abantu zange uvote kuba umviwa ethile, kodwa lonke iqela. Ukwakhiwa otyunjwe ubunye kwezopolitiko, Noko ke, ukuze zingatshintsha emva konyulo yakhe. Ngenxa yoko "yesiqhelo" neerhuluneli. Abanye babo, ndinazisa yena okanye yena, ayibikho, kwaye endaweni yabo omnye, apho abemi musa nokumazi. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingcali, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe umsebenzi mthetho zobuvuvu kuphela Duma. Isibakala sokuba zamasekela banelungelo ukulawula ngokungangqalanga ukusebenza Audit kwiGumbi, usihlalo we-Central Bank. Kananjalo ukuthumela izicelo nomtshutshisi, onyule nomkhomishinari babantu, ukuba intlanganiso solungiselelo. Ezi bokuqonda kuba nefuthe elibonakalayo ulwalamano amasebe kwamandla karhulumente ukusuka kwenye. Ngoko ke, lo eliphezulu yokumisela imigangatho, abasemagunyeni federal babe namandla ebanzi. Zombini izindlu epalamente afakwa nemisebenzi yolawulo elinobuchule kuyo.

abasemagunyeni bendawo

Isimo ngokomthetho kula maziko kwakhona kubekiwe kuMgaqo-siseko. Amagunya umzimba elimele kummandla ibandakanya, ukongeza kumsebenzi eqhelekileyo kwimvisiswano malunga nokumiselwa kunye nezinye izakhiwo, kwakunye esweni ukusebenza kwazo. Ukusebenzisana namanye amasebe maziko wenziwe ngokwahlukileyo kwiyuniti yolawulo lithile lizwe. Kukho umahluko iintlobo lokuququzelela ukwamkelwa kwinkqubo imithetho, iinkqubo ngokutsha kunye nokusombulula iingxaki.

Okukodwa

ezimele Local zivumelekile ukuba zizenzele izigqibo ngemiba ephathelele ulwazi, amalungiselelo, inkxaso yezomthetho, imali kunye lombutho yemisebenzi yabo. Zonke iindleko eziyimfuneko ukuze abacikidekileyo ngaphakathi kumaziko. Iindleko zokubonelela imisebenzi enikwe kwi kwilayini eyahlulweyo lwabiwo-mali lwengingqi.

kwekhono

Phakathi kwemiba engundoqo ukusombulula amaziko ezithili, kufanele kuphawulwe:

• Formation komyalelo, ngokusekelwe apho unyulo luya kuqhutyelwa imizimba self-olawulo, wenziwe imisebenzi yabo kwimida esekwe ngumGaqo-siseko.
• Ukusekwa iimali kunye neerhafu, zihlelwa kwiingingqi ukuqhuba, indlela ukugcinwa zabo ngokungqinelana noMthetho Federal.
• Ukwamkelwa iinkqubo zophuhliso lwentlalo noqoqosho ecetywayo yi-arhente yolawulo.
• Ukwamkelwa nesiphelo kunye nokupheliswa kwezivumelwano kunye nezivumelwano kwinqanaba lengingqi.
• Ukuseka indlela yokulawula nesimilo yomhlaba kummandla phantsi kolawulo lwabo.
• Ukumiselwa kwenkqubo wokuhlangana lokubanjwa referendums.
• Ukuvunywa isicwangciso solawulo ukulungiselela mmandla, ukusekwa ngesakhiwo yeziphathamandla eziphezulu esigqeba esi sifundo.

imizamo imithetho

It has oorhulumente efanelekileyo, epalamente kunye namagosa ezithile. Ilungelo linge elinikwe phantsi kwemiqathango yoMgaqo-siseko kunye noMqulu we mimandla kunye namanye amaziko kunye nemibutho. Phakathi kwabo, ingakumbi, kunokuba imibutho karhulumente kunye nemibutho. Eli lungelo ukufumana abemi abahlala kwindawo ethile.

Ukuqwalaselwa projekthi icetywayo

yimithehto enikwa ngabantu abahlala izikhundla eziphezulu kule ngingqi efundwayo njengeyona nto iphambili. Ukuqwalaselwa iindleko, nto leyo enika ukutyabeka iindleko okuthiwa ukwenza izifundo mali lwenziwa kangangeeveki ezi-2 (iintsuku ezili-14).

Inkqubo sokuvunywa izenzo

Inkqubo sigqibo esekwe ngokuhambelana nomthetho osebenzayo. Le nkqubo iye ezichaphazela yayo. Ngokukodwa:

1. Ukwamkelwa Charter of ngesihloko eso, kwaye izilungiso ezenziwe yivoti yesininzi kuye. Kulo mzekelo, kufuneka ungabi ngaphantsi kwe 2/3 yenani lilonke zamasekela.
2. EYilwayo zithathwa ufundo ubuncinane 2. Xa ukwamkela okanye ukwala isenzo iyilelwe ukwenza efanelekileyo isigqibo.
3. Ukuvunywa imithetho ngingqi luninzi inani elipheleleyo namasekela esekwe kunye nezigqibo - inani nabanyuliweyo.
4. Njengoko ummiselo ebalulekileyo esiza kuqala ukusebenza ubabalo lokubhengezwa yayo (kuphunyezo) abantu kwizikhundla eziphezulu.
5. Kwimeko ukwaliwa oyilwayo nga azo weyisayo ezininzi, ezo ke ngaphantsi kwe 2/3 iseti yonke laMalungu.

Imimiselo Imithetho aqala ukusebenza ngoko nangoko emva kokupapashwa kwi imithombo esemthethweni. Imithetho, imimiselo enxulumene yokuvikela inkululeko namalungelo, sanikwa amandla omthetho ngaphambi kweentsuku ezili-10 emva kokupapashwa.

isimo ngokomthetho

yenqila amagunya UMthetho-ngokwenza (local) amaziko ngokusisigxina. Benza njengendlela enye nesakhiwo iyunithi yolawulo, apho umntu unelungelo lokuthabatha izenzo zomthetho esesikweni. Imisebenzi Iziko kuqukwa nommiselo esemthethweni kulawulo kuphela mmandla, kwakunye kolawulo kunye nomzimba liphezulu emele lizwe. Ubume be-units lolawulo babe amalungelo amaqumrhu asemthethweni banezitampu esemthethweni. Igama komzimba elimele kwisifundo ngasinye, isakhiwo yayo yangaphakathi azimisele ngokungqinelana nale Tshatha (siseko), ngokomthetho wesizwe, zembali kunye nezinye izithethe.

Ezi nkcukacha ngokhetho

Le FZ № 184 isakhiwo ecacisiweyo iindlela ngokuhambelana apho olumisiweyo lendawo kwakhiwa. amasekela Ukukhetha oyakuguqula abahlala ngaphakathi iyunithi yolawulo. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kweli phulo, kufuneka siphiwe nomthetho uyakhetha (iyasebenza). Njengoko umviwa akakwazi ukuthetha ummi Russian oye wafikelela kwiminyaka ethile. Yena, ngokomthetho, kufuneka ukuba onyulwe ilungelo kwisixando sokwenziwa. Unyulo ziqhutywe ngendlela efihlakeleyo yebhalothi. Status of yamaSekela, ubude kwexesha le-ofisi, indlela ngokuhambelana apho alungiswa kuphunyezwa lokhankaso lolonyulo, ezivunyiweyo mthetho federal, i Charter (siseko) kunye nezinye izixhobo zomthetho kule ngingqi. Iintlanganiso kusesidlangalaleni, kodwa wavumela iintlanganiso zabucala. Umyalelo we intlanganiso lokugqibela enikwe kule mithetho, apho wavuma umzimba nommeli wakho wengingqi okanye kamasipala.

Indlela ezakhiwe ngayo amaziko ezithili

Uninzi nabameli kwimimandla yi enetsheyimba enye. Amagumbi amabini epalamente zinikwe kuphela kwezinye republic. Formation Amaziko omele kwenziwa inkqubo yonyulo kunye neenkqubo umlinganiselo kunye uninzi. Akukho ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha zamasekela ziya zikhethwe ngokungqinelana wokhetho enye, ngokungqinelana kunye nenani seevoti ezenziweyo ukulungiselela izintlu yonxulumano lonyulo. Inani zamasekela kwindlu yowiso-mthetho wesifundo echazwe kule Tshatha lommandla. Inani ukhetho ziyahluka ukusuka 11 (e Tajmyrsky AO) ukuya 194 (Bashkortostan Republic). Ubude isixhaso ngummi kwimeko MP ezichazwe Charter. Nangona kunjalo, lo gama kuba kwiminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu. Inani lamagosa ekwenzeni imisebenzi yabo rhoqo, kumiselwa nguMthetho zasemthethweni ezifanelekileyo kunokudenda lommandla.

mali

Iindleko, eziyimfuneko ukuze ukusebenza kwenkqubo ye mmeli koogunyaziwe benqila, ngaphandle yodwa ingadityaniswa nezinye iindleko ngokungqinelana ulwahlulohlulo mali ye-Russian Federation. Order ukulawula ukwabiwa kwemali ekuphunyezweni zengeniso nenkcitho izinto ze zamasekela ngamnye okanye amaqela zazo ngokunjalo ngamaziko ngokwenza-mthetho azivumelekanga. Ngelo xesha linye amagunya isakhiwo elimele ummandla ukongamela ulawulo mali mali zingaphelelanga.

Imithetho yebhunga elimele ummandla

izenzo olumisiweyo le hlobo ukusombulula imiba eyahlukeneyo. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, ziquka:

1. Ukwamkelwa mali lwengingqi kunye nengxelo yayo yokusebenza, ezinikwa umntu ephethe ofisi ephezulu.
2. Ukusekwa neenkqubo unyulo yeyunithi self-yolawulo lwengingqi ngaphakathi kwisakhiwo.
3. Ukwamkelwa uphuhliso loqoqosho nentlalo kulo mmandla, inkqubo inika qumrhu ephakamileyo.
4. Ukusekwa imirhumo kunye neerhafu ezinxulumene ekuqhutyweni lolawulo, malunga apho iirhafu.
5. Ukuvunywa mali karhulumente mali indawo extra-mali kunye neengxelo ekuphumezeni zabo.
6. Ukuzimisela kolawulo odolo kunye sengqondo sepropati, kuquka izabelo, izabelo kunye nezinye izabelo ikomkhulu nentsebenziswano kwezoqoqosho, iinkampani kunye namashishini nezinye iintlobo bombutho osemthethweni.
7. Ukuvunywa ngokunqunyanyiswa kunye nesiphelo kwezivumelwano zengingqi.
8. Ukusekwa komyalelo yokulungiselela lokubanjwa referendums.
9. Inkcazelo yesakhiwo yolawulo lwengingqi mmandla kunye nemithetho lutshintsho.
10. Ukuseka ubume kwezinye iindawo Institute.
11. Ukumisela umyalelo yokunyulwa umzimba emele mmandla.

imithetho

koogunyaziwe benqila Representative banelungelo lokuba enze imigaqo enjalo kwimiba eyahlukeneyo yangoku, ukusebenza. Ingakumbi iSigqibo wenziwe:

1. Ukwamkelwa ngemiba standard-setting imimiselo ye-Institute, ekujonganeni ezinxulumene kwimimiselo yangaphakathi umsebenzi.
2. Ukwenza ukudluliselwa kwamagunya aphezulu kwisifundo ngummi yi kamongameli Russia.
3. Ukuqeshwa kunye nokususwa ngayo abasebenzi ngamnye.
4. Ukwenza imvume yokuthumela abantu abathile, ukuba umyalelo esekwe kwi siseko, uMthetho kunye noMqulu lommandla.
5. Ukonyulwa kumhla wonyulo kwiqumrhu elimele kwesi sifundo.
6. Ixesha le zimvo izenzo ezisemthethweni iimeko ngingqi.
7. Ukwenza izigqibo malunga trust / kungathenjwa ncam amagosa aphezulu, kuquka amaqumrhu alawulayo, ukuba ndikumise iziko ummeli inxaxheba.
8. Ukwamkelwa yesivumelwano kwi zolawulo utshintsho lwemida unit.
9. Ukwamkelwa uyilo isivumelwano kwi kulwahlulo kwamagunya.
10. Ukuqeshwa abagwebi abagunyazisiweyo (siseko) inkundla kule ngingqi.
11. Ukwenza ezinye izigqibo ngemiba, ngokutsho siseko kunye nezinye izenzo olumisiweyo ziye kunganxulunyaniswa ukuziphatha umzimba elimele kwesi sifundo.

ukupheliswa Early lwemisebenzi

Amagunya esenza-mthetho bayeke phambi kwexesha elibekiweyo, kwimeko yokuchitheka yayo ngu:

1. Independent kwezigqibo ezilungileyo neerhuluneli.
2. Resolution yentloko mmandla, ukuba entlanganisweni isenzo olumisiweyo yamkelwa ngokuchasene amaxwebhu asemthethweni ukuba amandla aphezulu. Kulo mzekelo, izibakala zokungathotyelwa kufuneka kuzinza ezintendelezweni, umzimba ummeli uyasilela kupheliswe zolwaphulo kutyhilwa kwisithuba seenyanga ezintandathu ukususela kumhla ngempumelelo isigwebo isenzo.

Xa nokonakala yokuqala zonyulo okhethekileyo uya kuqeshwa. Ayekholelwa ungadlulanga owe ngaphezu kweenyanga ezi-6 emva kokuba bangene amandla isigqibo lokuphelisa amagunya umzimba ummeli. nokonakala Early kuvumelekile xa kuthe isigwebo ineligibility we ukwakhiwa kwakalokunje zamasekela. kwenzeka Loo meko, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kwaye ngokudibanisa abameli abakhethiweyo igunya labo.

Kungathenjwa ncam entloko kummandla

Umzimba elimele anikwe ilungelo elinjalo. Nangawathembanga ngayo umntu ohlala-ofisi ephezulu, kubonakaliswa kwezi meko zilandelayo:

1. Ukupapashwa imimiselo ke musa ukuthobela imiqathango ye-Federal uMthetho, uMgaqo-siseko, i-Charter yommandla kunye namanye amaxwebhu omthetho. Xa oku kuyaphikisana kufuneka zisekwe kwinkqubo-sikhokelo kwetyala, njengoko umzimba ephakamileyo esilawulayo inkokeli iye akakhange ayiphelise umehluko ekupheleni kwenyanga ukusukela ngomhla wokungenela ukusebenza komyalelo wenkundla.
2. Ukufanisa enye ephule i-Federal uMthetho, imimiselo yalo mmandla, uMgaqo-siseko kunye namanye amaxwebhu ezilolu hlobo, ukuba oko kwakhokelela ukuhlukunyezwa ngokubanzi inkululeko, amalungelo kunye nomdla abemi iyunithi yolawulo.

Isigqibo singayithembi intloko athi ephakamileyo executive yamkelwe ukuba ifumene 1/3 namasekela wathetha ukusekwa inani lazo xa isindululo inani elifanayo zamasekela. Kwimeko onjalo umyalelo umntu ephethe ofisi iphakamileyo yengingqi, ngoko nangoko wathumela emsebenzini ukuya ukupheliswa umsebenzi zeli ziko, nto leyo iyakwazi. Ngaxeshanye kufuneka ibe kumnika umzimba omtsha olawulayo. Ukuba ayiwenzi, imisebenzi kwiziko elalisakuba de isakhiwo esitsha.