Oothixo yamaMaya: amagama kunye nembali

impucuko ezilahlekileyo yamandulo inzala Maya washiya inani elikhulu iiphazili iimfihlelo. Ezi izizwe, owaba ulwazi olunzulu ngeenkwenkwezi, izibalo kunye ngokuma, yaba aphuhlileyo kakhulu kweli lizwekazi lonke South American. Kodwa ngenkuthalo awayebingelela kwabantu, noothixo yamaMaya nangoku amelwe sisazinzulu kakhulu inkqubo entsonkothileyo iinkolelo kunye neengcamango malunga iphela. Ngelishwa, imithombo ezibhaliweyo ezininzi kwalelo xesha sele ufekethe litshatyalaliswa conquistadors. Ngoko ke, amagama oothixo yamaMaya wafikelela abaphandi ekwimo engaphelelanga, abaninzi kubo amashumi ezininzi ukufumene iinguqu ezinkulu ngabefundisi yamaKatolika. Nabanye zitshone zisabonakala, yaye ngaphandle kokuxela ucweyo lwayo izazinzulu. Ngaphandle koku oothixo Aztec kunye yamaMaya, naqubuda kubo ngokudumisa baqhubeke ngeliso elibukhali zize kusimangalise abaphandi yokusebenza kwalo.

Ihlabathi kwi imbonakaliso South American Indians

Ngaphambi ngokutyhila kela aba bantu, umele uqonde ukuba akuveli izimvo zabo malunga ihlabathi. Ngapha koko, oothixo komhlaba Aztec kwaye yamaMaya baba yoko ngqo zamaNdiya.

Biggest mngeni eenzululwazi abafunda ubomi amaMaya, linani elikhulu ngoothixo yaye ulwalamano lwabo ngohlobo lwazo, kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo. Maya eyaziyo, ngamandla kaThixo nje kuphela ngendalo, kodwa imizimba yasezulwini, iintlobo izityalo kunye nezilwanyana.

South American amaNdiya kulo elimiweyo moya eziziingxande, kungqameko kuzo imithi engumqondiso amanqaku iimpawu. Ngamnye kubo umbala yabo, yaye embindini kwakukho umthi ibalulekileyo eluhlaza. Utyhutyha kuzo zonke ngemihlaba ubaqhagamshelanisa kunye. Maya ibango ukuba amazulu luqulathe siyibambe ezilishumi ezahlukileyo, nganye eyayihlala izithixo kwaye Oyena Thixo Uphakamileyo. sphere Underground, kakhulu, ngokutsho kubameli yimpucuko yamandulo, waba amanqanaba eziliqela. Imihlaba ezisithoba umiwe yi oothixo ukufa, ngubani walungelelanisa imiphefumlo kwabafileyo ngxaki zakhe ezimbi. Awadlulisele nako yonke imiphefumlo kwi esibuhlungu ngonaphakade bahlala kummandla lobumnyama lusizi.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, imvelaphi kwehlabathi, ngokunjalo nesakhiwo sayo, amaMaya ukutolika eziliqela. Umzekelo, abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuba iimbombo zehlabathi asingabo imithi, kunye Bacab - oothixo ezine, ebambelele emagxeni akhe imihlaba basezulwini. Kwakhona waba imibala eyahlukileyo. Umzekelo, kwi empumalanga Bacab oko zipeyintwe ngombala obomvu, nakwelasezantsi - in yellow. Centre of the Umhlaba usoloko utshatise umbala oluhlaza.

I Mayas wayenesimo sengqondo yinqobo kakhulu ekufeni. Yena njengento ukwandiswa yendalo ubomi, enika iinkcukacha omkhulu kubonakala kuzo zonke sizifihla yayo. Okumangalisayo kukuba, oko kulapho abantu emva uhambo emhlabeni, kwakuxhomekeke wayeza kufa ngayo. Umzekelo, abasetyhini wafa zokubeleka, kunye namadoda onke awela uhlobo eparadesi. Kodwa ke ukufa kwemvelo umphefumlo endala ubudala bagwetyelwe azule kummandla lobumnyama. Kukho elinde uvavanyo yakhe enkulu, emva kokuba unokuze ahlale ngaphakathi oothixo ndidakumbe ukufa. Ukuzibulala asithathwa phakathi South American amaIndiya, yaye ubuthathaka into esalelweyo. Ngaphandle kwezibakala - lowo ubeke phezu kwakhe, wavuka waya koothixo kwelanga, yaye nahlala nonwabile kokufa yakhe entsha.

Iimpawu ze oothixo yamaMaya

Koothixo yamaMaya hit oosonzululwazi zakhe ezininzi. Ngokutsho kwabanye, lwabo ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini. Yaye ngamnye kubo incarnations eziliqela kwaye obalulwe iifomu ubuncinane ezine ezahlukeneyo. Abaninzi kubo umfazi, naye omnye embodiments. Le ezimbini ingalandwa phakathi koothixo ubuHindu nobuBhuda. Akwaziwa nguwuphi iinkonzo yaba zamabanga nempembelelo kwabanye, kodwa izazinzulu siyazi ukuba yinxalenye oothixo yamaMaya ezithathwe kwinkcubeko ngakumbi zamandulo, malunga apho phantse akukho eyaziwa namhlanje.

Sothuke xa sidibana kuqala yonk 'oothixo, kunye nento yokuba uninzi lwazo ofayo. Oku kungqinwa ngamabali isetyenziswayo kunye nemifanekiso oothixo. Kwakunzima eqhelekileyo ukumela kubo ngamaxesha ukukhula ezahlukeneyo, kunye ebudaleni kunye nokuguga wabonakalisa ukuba buthathaka, kodwa ubulumko. Zenza kube thixo kubingelela, kuba igazi amaxhoba wabanika elide kunye namandla.

Oothixo imizimba yasezulwini kunokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba afe, naphambi reappearance wezulu, bamele ukuba ibe uphila entsha, ehla ummandla kwabafileyo. Ngoko kwakhona kokuvulwa salo, wabuyela kwindawo ekhethwe kubo.

oothixo yamaMaya kubonisiwe kwi-BAS-imikrolo betempile kunye iiphiramidi, lo kuqala ndoyika izazinzulu imbonakalo lwabo nendlela abayibona ngayo ngobunzima. Inyaniso yeyoba, e-inkcubeko yoMzantsi American amaIndiya babesele olube ngokomfanekiso nganye utyalo intsingiselo ekhethekileyo. Amaxesha amaninzi oothixo kwakukhangeleka izidalwa neenzipho zezilwanyana ndiwawole iinyoka endaweni amehlo kunye laphela. Kodwa ukuvela kwazo zange zokoyikisa Maya, babona kule zinentsingiselo ekhethekileyo, yaye yonke into ezandleni unkulunkulu isuti kwakwenzelwe ukuba ukubethelela amandla akhe phezu kwabantu.

Ikhalenda yamaMaya

Phantse wonke umntu namhlanje eyaziwa ikhalenda yamaMaya, ukuqikelela isiphelo sehlabathi ngo-2012. Yena wenza lukhulu yempikiswano yeengcinga zenzululwazi, kodwa eneneni nje olunye uhlobo lwe maxesha, amaMaya, njengoko etha kwi amavo, bafunde koothixo. oothixo yamaMaya wabafundisa ukubala engu njengoko kwexesha ubuncinane malunga amahlanu amawaka amabini anamakhulu iminyaka. Kunye nabameli le mpucuko twisiseka baqiniseka ukuba ihlabathi yayihlala kwaye wafa ngaphambili. oothixo yamaMaya bababikela ababingeleli ukuba ihlabathi ngoku ufumana kokufa yesine. Kokuba edale ngaphambili baza bafa. Impucuko yokuqala yabantu yalahleka ukusuka ilanga, ngexesha yesibini neyesithathu - ukusuka umoya namanzi. Ixesha yesine, ukutshatyalaliswa esongela ihlabathi Jaguar likaThixo, nto leyo eya kusinda ukusuka kummandla kwabafileyo ekutshabalaliseni bonke ubomi emhlabeni. Kodwa amabhodlo ihlabathi elitsha ngokutsha, otrinuvshego bonke ububi Mercantile. Maya waziva umyalelo indalo ukuze izinto yaye musa bade bacinge malunga nokuba ungayinqanda njani ukutshatyalaliswa uluntu.

Imibingelelo imbeko koothixo

Oothixo amaMaya amandulo babefuna imibingelelo rhoqo, kwaye kaninzi baba ngabantu. Ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba phantse zonke inkonzo isithixo sakhatshwa lulwandle igazi. Kuxhomekeka isixa oothixo balo akusikelele okanye ukohlwaya abantu. Yaye umnikelo amasiko owenziwa yi ababingeleli automatism, maxa wambi hlukile inkohlakalo kakhulu kwaye hit yaseYurophu.

Amantombazana aselula kakhulu elihle nyaka ngamnye amisiweyo oomolokazana uthixo wenzala - isidudu Restaurants. Emva sisithethe esithile ubagungxule ndibuqonde ilitye elinzulu ngegolide nejeyidi, apho kufa kancinane kwaye kabuhlungu.

Kwenye isiko, indoda ebotshelelwe sculpture unkulunkulu, yaye umbingeleli wazikrazula isisu sakhe ngemela okhethekileyo. Yonke idol yayizele igazi, yaye ngoko umzimba yexhoba ipeyintiweyo oluhlaza oqaqambileyo. White lasebenza kummandla wentliziyo, apho amalungu ukutola esizweni. Akukho isiko kangako olunegazi kwaye eziqwenga intliziyo ngaphandle komnye umntu ophilayo. On top of umbingeleli yephiramidi wambhinqisa esibingelelweni waza wamsa phantsi, etyhilwe amehlo. Omnye umfundisi intshukumo ambalwa wazikrazula esifubeni, wazikrazula nezandla zakhe emana intliziyo ngaphandle komzimba. Umzimba ke Bawuyeka phantsi isihlwele ukugquma in mangala.

Enye indlela imbeko oothixo kwakukho umdlalo ibhola izithethe. Ekupheleni komdlalo oothixo yamaMaya ngokuyimfuneko kufumana ixhoba azo athandwayo. site Kudla apho amaqela amabini idabi, ibekwe ngendlela efakwe evela kumacala onke uxande. Wall na inxalenye iiphiramidi zetempile. Onke amalungu eqela yokulahlekelwa zibulawe skewer nabo imikhonto kwindawo ekhethekileyo yokakayi.

Ukondla oothixo babo phakathi umbingelelo ezinkulu isiko, imihla ababingeleli Maya yavumela igazi, ukunkcenkceshelwa isibingelelo sayo. Amaxesha aliqela imini, Ugqobhoze iindlebe zabo, ulwimi kunye namanye amalungu omzimba. ngokuhlonipha kuba oothixo kufuneka ibekwe esizweni wokugqibela ndibanike nempumelelo.

Umphathi uthixo amaMaya, umdali zonke izinto eziphilayo

UThixo Itzamna waba isithixo ubalulekileyo oothixo yamaMaya. Ngokuqhelekileyo uchazwa indoda endala kunye impumlo enkulu kunye izinyo elinye emlonyeni. Yena ezinxulumene licilikishe okanye noxam kwaye kuye kuboniswe engqongwe yi ezi zidalwa.

Ukunqulwa Itzamna uphakathi endala kakhulu, mhlawumbi, kwathi xa Maya nangoku ayeze izilwanyana totem. Ntulo kwi inkcubeko yoMzantsi American amaIndiya ingqalelo izidalwa ezingcwele, nto leyo nangaphambi kokuba oothixo baqhubeka nasemisileni yawo esibhakabhakeni. Maya wathi Itzamna wadala ihlabathi, nabantu, oothixo yonke indalo. Wafundisa abantu ukuba bakholwe wokuwusebenza umhlaba waza wabonisa iinkwenkwezi ezibalulekileyo isibhakabhaka ebusuku. Phantse yonke into wayekwazi ukwenza abantu, wezisa kubo uthixo oyintloko amaMaya. Waye ngaxeshanye uthixo yimvula, izityalo kunye nomhlaba.

umngane Itzamna

Akukho ngaphantsi idunyiswe phakathi amaMaya waye umfazi Itzamna - yothixokazi ix banga-. Yena waye isithixokazi inyanga ngelo xesha, umnyama kunye nonina ezinye zonke nezithixo oothixo yamaMaya. Kukholelwa ukuba bonke oothixo wehla kwesi sibini, ngoko ix banga- ngaxeshanye sikhusela abafazi, amantombazana, abantwana kunye noomama abakhulelweyo. Isenganceda ekumitheni, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha kuthatha umbingelelo iintsana kuzalwa. Yenza yamaMaya khona lisiko ekuthe okokuqala abafazi abakhulelweyo kwathunyelwa yedwa ukuya siqithi Kosmel. Apho ke ukungxengxeza isithixokazi amaxhoba ezahlukeneyo ekuzalweni wahamba kakuhle, kwaye usana wazalwa ephile qete yaye womelele.

Kukho banentsomi ukuba isiqhithi idla amadini iintombi eziseziintombi kunye neentsana. Okumangalisayo kukuba, nkqu patroness yabafazi, apho bekumele ukuba nibasekele nokuthantamisa, waqonda imibingelelo abantu badla negazi fresh, njengabanye amaMaya unkulunkulu.

Kukulkan, uthixo yamaMaya

Enye oothixo edume kakhulu futhi iziqu amaMaya waba Kukulkan. yehlelo yakhe ngokubanzi kulo lonke Yucatán. kanye igama likaThixo eliguqulelwe ngokuthi "inyoka ngeentlobo" yaye ngokufuthi wabonakala phambi kwabantu bakhe incarnations ezahlukeneyo. Amaninzi ovezwa njengesidalwa efana inyoka ezinamaphiko intloko zabantu. Ngomhla ezinye BAS-imikrolo, wakhangela ngathi uthixo nentloko intaka kunye nomzimba inyoka leyo. Kukulcan walawula izinto ezine kwaye isoloko lufuziselwa umlilo.

Enyanisweni, uthixo ibalulekileyo Maya sinxulumana naziphi na izinto, kodwa wakwazi ngobuchule ngawo, esebenzisa njengesipho okhethekileyo. Ababingeleli izithethe zaye ingqalelo izyavitelyami ezinkulu ziya Kukulkan, bayakwazi ukunxibelelana ngqo noThixo uyakwazi ukuthanda kwakhe. Ngokukodwa ekubeni waluthethelela ohlanga kwaye uye wema ngenxa inzuzo yabo.

Behlonipha Kukulkan yayakhiwe iphiramidi kunayo kwi Yucatán. Oku kwenziwa Akumangalisi ukuze ikhweyitha ihlobo isithunzi izakhiwo kuthatha uhlobo inyoka ezinamaphiko. Libonakalisa zokuza kaThixo kubantu bakhe. Abaninzi bathi le bephiramidi umsindo ezizodwa kakhulu - nkqu cwaka ngokupheleleyo kubonakala ukuba kwenye indawo ekufutshane zimemeza iintaka.

Abanobubi yonk 'into ekuthiwa sisithixo yamaMaya

uthixo yamaMaya ukufa, Awu Puch, waye inganga kwenqanaba esezantsi kwelabafileyo. Yena weza imiphefumlo ezilahlekileyo iimvavanyo zegazi kubi badla wayethanda ukubukela umdlalo idini lomdlalo phakathi imiphefumlo amaIndiya noothixo zobukumkani kwabafileyo. Kukho ezininzi eziqhele uchazwa amathambo okanye zigqunywe namabala amnyama izidumbu.

Ukuze ufumane ukuphuma kummandla lwabafileyo, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuze siphumelele isithixo, kodwa Maya wathi ngexesha ubukho ngemihlaba kuyenzeka daredevils nje ezimbalwa.

unkulunkulu isibhakabhaka lukhanya

AmaMaya izazi kakhulu, bona ingqalelo enkulu lilanga kunye neNyanga. Emini kwakuxhomekeke kubungakanani apho isivuno iya kuba unyaka. Kodwa nokwakhelwa yenyanga neenkwenkwezi ukuba amaNdiya lokukhokela khalenda ukuphawula imihla kunye izithethe, nemibingelelo kunye nokutyala. Ngoko ayimangalisi into yokuba oothixo imizimba yasezulwini ngomnye kakhulu iziqu.

Sun uThixo Maya wazala igama Kinich Ahau. Yena ngelo xesha, naye ke saint umxhasi amajoni, esifa, igazi lakhe wondliwa uthixo. Maya babekholelwa ukuba ngexesha busuku Kinich Ahau kufuneka ufumane amandla, ngoko ke kufuneka ukuba ukudla kwalo ngegazi ngemihla. Kungenjalo, akayi kuba nako ukuphuma ebumnyameni nokubasa usuku olutsha.

Amaninzi, UThixo wabonakala eseyinkwenkwana ngesikhumba ebomvu. Yena waye enu ehleli phantsi ndawonye disk ilanga ezandleni zakhe. Ngokutsho ikhalenda yamaMaya, kwaba era yakhe yaqala emva 2012. Emva kokuba eziqaphelekayo wesihlanu abanini ngokupheleleyo Kinich Ahau.

unkulunkulu wemvula Chac

Ekubeni Maya ikakhulu abathatha inxaxheba kwezolimo, akumangalisi ukuba oothixo kwelanga kunye nemvula ngayo yonk 'into ephakamileyo oothixo. Chuck wayemoyika uThixo yaye iziqu. Waba ukunika isivuno esihle kwaye ngexesha emikhumbini yamanzi, kwaye ukohlwaya imbalela. Kule minyaka, wafumana amadini, imali amakhulu ubomi babantu. Izibingelelo babengakwazi ukuba yome ukusuka kulwandle igazi ndichithe.

Amaninzi uchazwa Chuck uhlezi uyonqena isikhundla sineselwa laso elikhulu umbingelelo ithanga lakhe. Ngamanye amaxesha kukhangeleke ngathi sisidalwa esibi ngezembe, oko kunokubangela imvula nemibane, ingqalelo Hewana lesivuno elungileyo.

uthixo wenzala

Restaurants Kas kwaba bobabini wenzala uthixo nombona. Ngenxa yokuba le nkcubeko yaba iphambili ebomini amaNdiya, ngoko yi Ungeniselo lwalo kwakuxhomekeke bayahlelwa mzi. UThixo usoloko ngokuchazwa ngabafana entloko evuthelweyo, jikisa indlebe. Ngamanye amaxesha kukhangeleke ngathi kukho ingqolowa ngesigqubuthelo. Ngokutsho legend, umbona wanika oothixo yamaMaya, bazisa nabo imbewu ezulwini yaye bafunda ukuba uhlakulele amasimi umbona. Okumangalisayo kukuba, kude kube ngoku, izazinzulu andifumananga kumntu lasendle zombona, ekufuneka ukuba kwenzeka izinto ezityaliweyo yanamhlanje elolu hlobo ethandwayo namhlanje.

Nantoni na, kodwa ke inkcubeko yabantu yamaMaya kunye neenkolelo zawo zonqulo ziye zenzeka ngokupheleleyo ngabaphengululi mihla. Bakholelwa ukuba efunyenwe ubunzima obukhulu, ulwazi malunga nobomi South American amaIndiya aba nje phezulu yomkhenkce, kodwa impumelelo yokwenene yale mpucuko, leyo bayasilela ukuqonda indlela yakhe ngendlela eyothusayo litshatyalaliswa conquistadors.