Yuan Dynasty. ixesha Mongol kwimbali Chinese. Kublai Khan

Yuan Dynasty enyanisweni ulawulo e China kangangeenkulungwane enye enesiqingatha. Yaba i Mongolian kumafa yayo yobuhlanga, leyo inesandla nabezolawulo emveli ase-China kunye nesakhiwo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko lizwe. Ixesha lokulawula kwakhe kudla kuthathwa ixesha zazimi ngxi ndaweninye, ubukhosi, njengoko ngokuhlaselwa langaphandle ibe nefuthe elibi kakhulu kuphuhliso yayo yangaphakathi.

i Mongols

Kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela China iye yahlangana nabamelwane zayo enkangala, leyo, kwelinye icala, emboleko ukuphumeza kakhulu ummelwane wayo, yaye kwelinye icala, linamandla nzima. Ubukhosi amazwe baphatheka nezolo kwimbali yelizwe. Enye abantu emathafeni lowo wahamba ebhadula kumda Chinese, waba Mongolian. Ekuqaleni Mongols ibe yinxalenye ye aseSiberia AmaTatar, yaye nangona zizakubalulwa yinto kwaye kuhlale kuphela, kodwa ngokobuhlanga ke ukuya kwinkulungwane ye-12 ekugqibeleni ukusekwa na.

ibutho lempi

Le meko iye yatshintsha ekuqaleni kwinkulungwane elandelayo, xa vsemongolskom kurultai Khan enziwe umlawuli jikelele abantu. Uye udale kakuhle, umkhosi abaqeqeshiweyo, leyo, enyanisweni, yaba esiyintsika yale isakhiwo emkhosini-ezopolitiko. yinye engqongqo, ingqeqesho intsimbi ukuba eli qela lincinane uhlanga kukuphumelela nani likhulu uloyiso kummandla Asia nokudala imeko yabo.

China kwiinkulungwane XII-XIII

Yuan Dynasty waqala wobukumkani yayo kwiimeko kunokuba nzima. Isibakala sokuba eli lizwe yahlulwe ngempumelelo baba ziinxalenye ezimbini. Oku kungenxa iinzuzo yesizwe imfazwe le Jurchen, abo babamba inxalenye yayo wasentla. Emzantsi kwakukho Iingoma Dynasty Empire, eqhubekileyo ukusebenza nemigangatho emveli ase-China kunye nezithethe. Enyanisweni, le nxalenye urhulumente iye yaba liziko yenkcubeko, nto leyo nangoku alawulwa ubuConfucius, inkqubo yolawulo njengesiqhelo esekelwe kwinkqubo endala kweemviwo bayamkeleka kwezo nkonzo kwamagosa.

Xa ngasentla kukho Jin uBukhosi, ogama ababusi baye bakwazi ngenqindi phantsi kuwoyisa mmandla osemazantsi. Baye kuphela inani kubo ngohlobo zesilivere kunye silk. Kodwa nangona oku kunokuba nzima ukuba isivumelwano yuzhnosunskogo China kwezi nkalo baqhubeka ukuphuhlisa uqoqosho, inkcubeko, inkqubo yolawulo. Umhambi odumileyo M. Polo waya emazantsi e-China, nto leyo yamenza udumo kakhulu kunye art, ubutyebi, impumelelo yakhe kwezoqoqosho. Ngenxa yoko, sisiseko Jin Dynasty akukho kukhokelele ilishwa lizwe, leyo ikwazile ukulondoloza imilinganiselo zabo zenkcubeko nezithethe.

ukoyisa

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala ye-13, lo Mongols baqalisa amaphulo zabo. L.Gumilev akubabona ungxamile njengenye mpawu ezininzi iphawulekayo drive kwezizwe. Le isizwe impi woyisa kummandla Central Asia, ukusebenza imeko Khorezm shahs, emva koko wafudukela kwilizwe Russian wawabulala manyano wabathetheli. Ngoko ke bambamba urhulumente Chinese. Umzukulwana Genghis Khan wenza zombini iindlela zomkhosi bozakuzo; umzekelo, wafuna ukuba acele inkxaso ye-Song yezikhulu. Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba urhulumente ngezantsi wamelana ixesha elide, iminyaka emashumi mane. abalawuli balo de kutshanje wabamba umgca nxamnye bahlaseli, ukuze kuphela 1289 lonke of China waba phantsi kolawulo lwabo.

Elishumi yokuqala ukubusa

New Yuan ubukhosi ekuqaleni ukuqala ngokuqatha ukujongana nayo. Yaqala ekubulaweni kwenqwaba nokubulalana, abantu abaninzi ngamakhoboka. Emva komzuzwana kwagqitywa ekubeni atshabalalise abameli kwisizukulwana kakhulu Chinese kunye neentsapho. Kwihholo abantu ukutshatyalaliswa basindiswe yokuba abalawuli omtsha ingqalelo ukuba kutshiphu ukugcina isambuku kubarhafi kwi-Ofisi kaNondyebo. Ukongeza, abahlaseli babefuna zabasebenzi ezikumgangatho ophezulu ngenxa ulawulo kweli lizwe enkulu. Enye Abacebisi kidanskih wacebisa umlawuli omtsha ukugcina amandla wengingqi ukulawula. Yuan ubukhosi wathatha malunga kwinkulungwane nesiqingatha kunye elishumi wokuqala wobukumkani bakhe waniphawula yi ntlekele kwezoqoqosho kweli lizwe, ukwehla waya edolophini, urhwebo, ezolimo, kunye njengento ebalulekileyo inkqubo yokunkcenkceshela. lwalusabiwa nokuba Abantu abaninzi zitshatyalaliswe okanye ngamakhoboka, okanye kwi abahlelelekileyo, isikhundla oluhlelelekileyo. Noko ke, emva kweminyaka engamashumi amabini okanye amathathu, eli lizwe waqalisa kwakhona kancinane ukusuka kuvuthelwa ezehlela naye.

I wokuqala Emperor

Ngunozala indlu entsha Kublai Khan. Ekubeni bahlula lizwe, yena yabamba iqela iinguqu ukuze ngandlela ukuziqhelanisa kubaphathi babo ubukhosi. Wababela ilizwe libe ngamaphondo elinambini, wazisa kulawulo namanye amaqela amaninzi iintlanga neenkolo. Ngoko ke, xa inkundla lakhe nesikhundla ngokwanelisayo eliphezulu ekwakusetyenzwa yomthengisi yelo kunye umhambi Marco Polo, apho urhulumente umzinzisile abafowunelwa kunye baseYurophu. Ukongeza, wazifinyezela kwimeko yakhe, amaKristu nje kuphela, kodwa amaSilamsi, amaBhuda. Kublai Khan axhasa abameli unqulo iyiyimbi saa ngokukhawuleza kulo lonke elo lizwe. Ukongezelela kwimicimbi karhulumente, yena eganiweyo kuluncwadi, umzekelo, kuyaziwa ukuba wabhala umbongo, Noko ke, apho, omnye kuphela abasindayo.

gap yenkcubeko

I koMlawuli Lokuqala kwakhona waqinisekisa ukuba bangene ulwimi Mongolian embhalweni ushishino olusemthethweni. On imiyalelo yakhe, umBhuda indela ebekwe malunga oonobumba okhethekileyo, nto leyo yenza isiseko oonobumba ekuthiwa-isikwere, wangena isigama kawonke-zolawulo. Le ndlela yokulinganisa kungachazwa yokuba nabameli ubukhosi ezintsha kwindawo nzima ngenxa njengomqobo yenkcubeko phakathi kwabo kunye kwabantu bomthonyama. Kakuhle kuzinza, nto leyo yasebenza kangangeenkulungwane benkqubo loluntu kunye bezopolitiko ubukhosi, ngokusekelwe kwi-ubuConfucius zemveli, yayintsha ngokupheleleyo kumoya zabahlaseli. zange akwazile ukuvala ukuba umsantsa, nangona abanye baye bathatha amanyathelo ukwenza njalo. Noko ke, imigudu yabo iphambili, ingakumbi ebukumkanini okokuqala, zazakhiwe ukubeka amaTshayina kwindawo oxhomekeke. Okokuqala ulwimi Mongolian uye wafumana iwonga kurhulumente, ngoko ke inkqubo yeemviwo yemveli kwapheliswa, ebonelela ngendlela yolawulo. Onke la manyathelo ibe nefuthe elibi kakhulu kwi Empire zasekhaya isimo.

kwingxaki yolawulo

Kublai Khan, umzukulwana Genghis Khan, zandiswa urhulumente kwade eziliqela kwimimandla angabamelwane. Noko ke, kuhambo lwakhe ilizwe Japanese kunye Vietnamese akuphumelelanga. Wayesele kwiminyaka wokuqala wobukumkani bakhe, uthabathe inani amanyathelo ukufezekisa ulawulo kweli lizwe. Noko ke, ebudeni Mongol ukongamela ulawulo yaseTshayina owayekwimeko kunokuba nzima yaye kunzima ngenxa yokuba Izilumko zikaConfucius bavalelwa ngaphandle ekwenzeni ushishino: zonke enkulu izithuba zikarhulumente kunye zomkhosi ahlala abameli yezikhulu entsha, abangakwazanga ukuba ziziqhelanise nenkcubeko kunye nezithethe zabantu oyiswe. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni yintoni na ngokwenene phantsi kwegunya ngqo Mongols baba kwisithili eyinkunzi odibana imimandla yomntla-mpuma, ngoxa kwezinye iindawo kwakufuneka bathembele kwabasemagunyeni, amagunya, nakuba kunjalo, yayigcina kuphela elikomkhulu ngamagosa wathumela ukusuka kwiziko.

Isahlulo sabantu

Yuan Dynasty e China wayengekho elinomthetho wokuqala angaphandle kweli lizwe. Noko ke, ukuba abanye baye bakwazi ukuziqhelanisa izithethe beli lizwe, ukufunda ulwimi, inkcubeko, yaye ekugqibeleni hlanganisa ngokupheleleyo nabantu basekuhlaleni, i Mongols akazange ukuphatha ukuyenza loo nto. Mhlawumbi oku kubangelwa yokuba (ingakumbi ekuqaleni) amaTshayina Babesoblwaya, angavumeli ukuba ulawulo. Ukongeza, ukuba yahlulwe ngokusesikweni labemi ngokwamaqela ezine ngokusekelwe kwimigca yonqulo nobuhlanga. Ubukhulu becala, umaleko nelungelo kwakukho Mongols, kwakunye nangabameli beSebe yakutya, ezibe yinxalenye-mkhosi yawo. Ubuninzi labemi wahlala ukungalingani, kunye nabemi ezantsi ngokubanzi ziye azezi isidanga lisezantsi. Konke oku nempembelelo elibuhlungu kakhulu kulawulo, ethe yalahleka abasebenzi okusemandleni alo. Ukongeza, abameli Mongol ubukhosi ndanahlula ngamandla southerners kunye northerners, phakathi kunye umahluko omkhulu ngoko waphawula. Kwakhona, urhulumente kubhangise inkqubo iimviwo, wavala IsiTshayina ndifunde ubugcisa imfazwe, ukuba bafunde iilwimi zasemzini.

convergence

ixesha Mongol kwimbali yaseTshayina ayikwazanga ambambele kuphela ugonyamelo. It luqondwa umlawuli indlu entsha, emva komzuzwana waqalisa ukufundela umgaqo-nkqubo rapprochement nabantu Chinese. Inyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo kweli cala yaba ekubuyiselweni kwenkqubo yoviwo ukuqesha amagosa enkonzweni. Ukongeza, ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-13 yaqala ukubonakala izikolo zikarhulumente zokuqesha. Academy zibuyisiwe, abagcina iincwadi waza wasebenza oosonzululwazi yuzhnosunskie. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukuchacha ziko loviwo wadibana ukuxhathisa kakhulu komsindo phakathi Mongol wabanumzana, owayefuna ukugcina indawo ephambili kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi kwezentlalo nezopolitiko. Noko ke, eli isiko Chinese iye yaba nefuthe elikhulu ekubhalweni Mongolian zembali. Ababusi, niyaziyo baqalisa ukwenza Chronicle wakhe, kamva yenza isiseko "Yuan Shi".

historiography

Le ngqokelela zembali yaqulunqwa kwimihla yangaphambili kaMing zilandelayo ngenkulungwane ye-14. Ubhala kwathabatha ixesha elininzi, iminyaka emashumi mane ngayo. Le meko yokugqibela wachaza into yokuba ekuqaleni awathunyelwa ungxamile, kodwa akazange ayithande umlawuli omtsha, ngoko ke kwafuneka ukuba redone. Noko ke, nangona ubhukisho, milembelele okanye iimpazamo wokuhlela, umthombo ilitye lesikhumbuzo eyodwa kwimbali Yuan Dynasty. Oku kuxabiseke ngakumbi kuba kuquka ezininzi amaxwebhu entsusa, iingxelo ezibhaliweyo, nemimiselo kunye nemiyalelo yabalawuli. Kuba abathile ngqangi abacwangcisi waze waya Mongolia. Ukongezelela koko, kuye kwatsala Chronicle unikezelo umkhaya imibhalo lengcwaba kunye nemisebenzi zombhali. Ngoko ke, i "Yuan Shi" yenye yezona ezikhumbuzo inomdla kakhulu elo xesha lokuba sesikolweni.

crisis

Kokuwa ubukhosi kungenxa yokuba abaphathi ubukhosi azisekelwanga baye bakwazi ukufunda isiko Chinese, uze ulungise le ndlela zemveli ekulawuleni ilizwe. Ngenxa yokungabikho abaziingqondi zikaConfucius yengingqi imicimbi zephondo ziyatyeshelwa. Lo mlawuli yokugqibela Toyon Temur akazange inxaxheba kulawulo. Xa ngenene onke amandla waba ezandleni Ngqonyela zakhe. Le meko sibi phambili ngenxa yokuba ungquzulwano ukwandisa phakathi Mongol izikhulu. Umfutho ngoko nangoko kukuqhushumba umsindo ethandwayo wakhonza idama intuthuko kwi Yellow River. Umlambo ndiziqhawule kweendonga zayo waphuphuma amasimi, kwafa amashumi amawaka abantu.

Ukuwa Mongol ubunganga

Phantsi kwezi meko, uninzi lwabemi yamahlwempu Uvukile ukulwa bahlaseli. Lasebenza yombutho ofihlakeleyo, nto leyo eneneni wakhokela intshukumo. Yavele kunye shirilos phantsi amazwi zonqulo UbuBhuda, kodwa umongo walo kwaba lesizwe-ubuzwe, njengoko bavukeli bazama ukubhukuqa ukubusa amazwe. Le mvukelo waziwa ngokuba "armbands ebomvu". Ngowe-1368 ubukhosi Mongol zayeka ukubakhona kwi uBukhosi, kunye nomlawuli walo wokugqibela Toyon Temur wabalekela eMongolia, apho wafela kwiminyaka emibini kamva. Esona sizathu siphambili ukuwa ezingxaki enzulu lwangaphakathi, ezivele ngenxa ukungakwazi Mongols ukufunda ulawulo yemveli Chinese. Lo mlawuli omtsha waliseka kaMing waza wayibuyisela ubuConfucius yemveli kweli lizwe. Ngunozala indlu entsha babuyela umyalelo endala kulawulo, ngokusekelwe kwi-siseko yemveli Chinese.