Siberian AmaTatar, inkcubeko kunye namasiko. AmaTatar e Russia

Sonke mhlawumbi sivile ukuba AmaTatar - Siberian, Kazan kunye iCrimea - Njengohlanga kudala kakhulu abalihlali ummandla kwilizwe lethu enkulukazi. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, abanye babo yayingeyonxalenye, kwaye ngoku kakhulu kunzima ukwahlula ukusuka nokuxubana, kodwa kukho abo, nangona zonke, qhubeka unyanisekile izithethe nenkcubeko wooyise.

Eli nqaku lijonge ukunika njenge abalinganiswa echanileyo ngakumbi ummeli enjalo abantu ngamazwe Russian, njengoko Russian Tatar. Umfundi uza kufunda ulwazi oluninzi ezintsha, kwaye maxa wambi nkqu yayahlukile aba bantu. Eli nqaku liza kuba umdla kakhulu kwaye nzinyana. Akukho nto ngenxa yokuba amasiko namhlanje Tatar zithathwa omnye omdala kwaye engaqhelekanga kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu.

ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga nabantu

AmaTatar eRashiya olu uhlanga esinabantu bazalise umbindi Yurophu kwilizwe lethu, kwakunye Urals, kwingingqi iVolga, eSiberia nakwiMpuma Ekude. Ngaphandle lizwe, behlangana Kazakhstan kunye Central Asia.

Ngokutsho ethnographers izazinzulu senani ekhoyo okwangoku 5523 amawaka. Abantu. Ukuthetha ngokubanzi malunga abantu, nangezinto, kufanele kuphawulwe, ingahlulwa ethno-ndawo nesiseko sayo ngokwezintlu ezithathu eziphambili: iVolga-phambene, Siberian kunye Astrakhan.

Nevuthisayo ngexesha yena, bakholisa ukuba bazibize sibirtatarlarami okanye sibirtarami. Kuphela eRashiya, bahlala malunga 190 lamawaka. Abantu, kwaye malunga nama-20 amawaka. Ingafumaneka kwamanye amazwe Central Asia and Kazakhstan.

Siberian nangezinto. izizwe

Phakathi kolu hlanga kukho ezi zilandelayo iintlanga :

• Tobol-Irtysh eziquka kurdaksko-Sargatskoe, Tyumen, Tara kunye yaskolbinskih Tatar;
• Barabinsk, ebandakanya Barabinsk-turazhskie, tereninsko-Choya kunye lyubeysko-tunusskie AmaTatar;
• Tomsk, equka Kalmyks, eushtintsev zevidiyo.

Ukufundwa nolwimi

Ngokwahlukileyo inkolelo ethandwayo, ngokwemigaqo yabantu AmaTatar ingqalelo owahlukeneyo kakhulu.

Eyona nto kukuba, yithi, i Siberian AmaTatar imbonakalo yabo iyafana kakhulu loo nto ibizwa ngokuba yinkqubela-uhlobo South-eSiberia, ukubayinxalenye enkulu uhlanga Mongoloid. Nangezinto, njalo abahlala eSiberia, kwakunye nabo bahlala Urals kunye nemimandla iVolga, bathetha ulwimi lwabo Tatar, lalo i Kipchak iqelana le zamaTurkic eqhelekileyo kakhulu (sase iilwimi).

ulwimi lwabo nokubhala kanye kwakheka kwi isiseko iziyelelane ekuthiwa eliphakathi. Ngokutsho kweengcali, ukubhala, ekuthiwa runes zamaTurkic, oko kunganxulunyaniswa omnye omdala kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu.

Siberian AmaTatar neNkcubeko kunye izinto ngubo kazwelonke

Asinguye wonke umntu uyazi ukuba ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela zokuhlala abantu balapha Tatar akazange anxibe impahla. Izimvo ngalo mba AmaTatar Russian yaye eyahlukileyo kakhulu enye kwenye. Yangaphantsi impahla ngcamango ibhulukhwe banzi kakhulu kwaye yabipa. Omabini la madoda namabhinqa babenxiba phezu beshmets zesizwe, ezo zangaphantsi ebanzi kakhulu enemikhono emide.

Kwakhona ethandwa kakhulu iibhatyi, abo njengoko enemikhono okanye ngaphandle kwazo. kuqala eyodwa inikwa ixesha elide ezizodwa ingubo Chapanov yasekuhlaleni. abafazi babo Tatar zazenziwe homespun olomeleleyo. Ukususela ebanda iingubo yasebusika, Kakade, nisindiswe, ngoko ke ixesha ebandayo komboko ufumana naziphi na iingubo ezifudumeleyo iihempe ezinoboya ezibizwa kwi local ngolwimi okanye neethowuni tunami ngokulandelelanayo.

Kwafa Ekuveleni kwenkulungwane udumile Russian inoboya, beneengubo ezinoboya, beneengubo lwegusha kunye ingubo yakhe. Sinxiba abantu. Kodwa abafazi ayethanda ukuba banxibe phezulu a iipateni intsomi ilokhwe ngokobutyebi zinokuhonjiswa. Hi ndlela leyi, kukholelwa ukuba Kazan AmaTatar kufakwe kunokuba eSiberia. Ubuncinane ngoku yokuqala ngokwemiqathango isinxibo neze ezahlukeneyo ukusuka nokuxubana zomthonyama, ngeli lixa zigcinwe ngendlela ngaphandle, kwaye nendlela kusenjalo nangoku abo babambelela izithethe zesizwe.

Njani yokuhlala yemveli yabantu

Okumangalisayo kukuba, nangezinto Russian kunye, kwicala elide wahlala ecaleni, ive eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo ukwakhiwa ekuthiwa ekhaya. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, nemizi yazo lokugqibela ngokuba Iiyurt kunye auls. Ezi iilali, kwiimeko ezininzi ibekwe kunxweme amachibi kunye nemilambo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba noSodolophu zasekuhlaleni akulahle ngenyameko esweni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ezitrato zonke, nokuba isixeko okanye kwiilali obulula, ibekwe imigca ethe ngqo phambana ngqo kwi engile. Kazan AmaTatar, ngasendleleni, lo mgaqo akaze ithotyelwe. Bona embindini welali yaba isangqa phantse iphelele ibonakala kuzo zonke iindlela, izitrato-reyi.

House of AmaTatar abahlala eSiberia, kusesemini kumacala omabini endlela, yaye kuphela kwezinye iimeko, umzekelo ichibi, kukho uphuhliso elinye macala. Odaka zazenziwe ngomthi, kodwa mosque, ngokuqhelekileyo eyakhiwe ngezitena.

Ngokuchasene imvelaphi jikelele wema izikhululo yeposi, izikolo, iivenkile kunye noovimba, ngokunjalo Eziko.

Tatar yokuhlala lunqabe ezihonjiswe naziphi na iipateni. Kuphela ngamanye amaxesha uyakwazi ukufumana iimilo zejiyometri isicelo kwizakhelo window, wophahla izindlu okanye lonke emasangweni wezindlu. Kwaye oku akukho ngozi. Ebonisa izilwanyana, iintaka, okanye nangaphezulu ke umntu kungavunyelwa Islam.

Ke nohombisoa zangaphakathi, le nto ngoku AmaTatar Moscow mihla, eSt Petersburg kunye nezinye izixeko ezikhulu kwilizwe lethu rhoqo bahombise izindlu zabo zokuhlala phakathi neetafile ezisezantsi yemilenze kunye iikhabhathi ezintsonkothileyo.

umsebenzi yezoqoqosho

Ngawo onke amaxesha, umsebenzi yemveli eli qela AmaTatar ezolimo. Kuvela phambi kokufika izithethe Russian yabantu. iimpawu zayo nangoku emiselwe sendawo ndawo ahlala kuyo. Umzekelo, kwi emazantsi eSiberia likhule advantageously amazimba, ingqolowa, i-oats kunye rye. Kwi mimandla kumantla ngokomrhumo kuye kwaye eqhubeka edikeni nokuloba umlambo.

Namadlelo bangaqheliswa kwimimandla ehlathini-emathafeni okanye solonetz emathafeni, leyo ebesoloko odume zengca zabo. Ukuba kuyavumeleka nomhlaba, kunye nezihluma lo mmandla zasendle kangako, Siberian AmaTatar, ngokwahlukileyo ukuya Tatar enye, njalo yabola, amahashe kunye neenkomo.

Ukuthetha malunga kubugcisa bezandla, singasathethi ke ishishini kwezikhumba, mveliso iintambo eziphakamileyo-amandla, eyenziwe i Linden bast okhethekileyo, iingobozi eziethe, iminatha anganithi kwaye phantse ngobuninzi eziveliswa iimfuno kunye ngotshintshiselwano impahla ezinde amaxolo, izikhephe, iinqwelo, nasemkhenkceni kunye sleds.

Iinkolelo abameli esi sizwe

Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-18 kwi-Russian eSiberia uninzi AmaTatar ngamaSilamsi Cartoon, yaye namhlanje iziko yabo yonqulo ise kwisixeko Ufa. Leeholide zibalulekileyo ngokubanzi yagubha babonwa Eid al-Adha kunye Eid al-Ramadan.

Phantse nangoko emva kokufika inxalenye Russian efunekayo AmaTatar kubuKristu waza waqalisa ukwenza Orthodox. Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ezi abameli zesizwe, njengoko umthetho, wonqanyulwa, angabikho kumaqela abo lwembali nobuhlanga waqhubeka ukubandakanywa nabantu Russian.

Nokuba malunga Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19 kwiidolophana endle kwakukho ngabalungiseleli zamahlelo ahlukeneyo bamandulo yobuhedeni, nemimoya unamathupha na, namagqira basekuhlaleni ngayo izigulane. Wadibana kunye idini, ngexesha apho igubu kwaye asetyenziswe ngendlela ngamaphiko siqhuqha okhethekileyo.

Phela, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba iishaman kungaba amadoda kwanabafazi.

Iinkolelo, iintsomi kunye namabali

oothixo akhe amakhulu Siberia AmaTatar bakholwa kudaya kunye Tangri. Kananjalo ke ayekholelwa ukuba bakho nakoomoya abakhohlakeleyo komhlaba Aina, lowo ubaphethe kakubi, ukugula, kunye nokufa.

Iinkolelo ubungqina noomoya ezizodwa izithixo. Baba, ngokutsho legend, kwafuneka ukuba zenziwe ezinde ixolo kunye amasetyana, uze ushiye kwindawo ekhethekileyo emahlathini, ngokufuthi kwimigongxo emithi. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba akwazi ukukhusela ilali yonke lindihlangule embandezelweni.

Ngokufuthi kuyenzeka ukuba oothixo yeplanga loo kwafuneka bambethelela ngokutsha uphahla lwezindlu. Babemele ukukhusela onke amakhaya.

Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba imimoya yabafileyo ihlasela elalini, ngoko bendawo kumaxesha ngamaxesha zazenziwe oonodoli ilaphu ezizodwa Kurchakov. Kwakufuneka makagcinwe iingobozi eziethe phantsi komthi onabileyo kufutshane emangcwabeni.

Iimpawu ze cuisine kazwelonke

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba nkqu namhlanje AmaTatar eMoscow, eSt Petersburg, Kazan kunye Ufa kunye ikratshi elikhulu ukuqhayisa izibiliboco neziyolo neendidi yayo. Yintoni ikhetheke kangaka? Ewe, eneneni, akukho nto ezizodwa, ngaphandle, mhlawumbi, into yokuba phantse yonke into apha ngokwenene mnandi kakhulu.

Xa ukudla kwayo Siberian Tatar ukhetha ukusebenzisa ikakhulu inyama (yehagu, iielk, inyama umvundla neentaka) kunye nobisi (Ira, cream, ibhotolo, itshizi kunye cottage netshizi) iimveliso.

isuphu Huge ethandwayo. Iindwendwe ngoku zokutyela nendlela ngovuyo Tatar wathenga Shurpa okanye mandithi uhlobo yomgubo isuphu, kwakunye izifundo zokuqala wesizwe ukusuka ingqolowa, irayisi okanye intlanzi.

ubisi cereal yesiqhelo esekelwe okanye amanzi zilungiselelwa ngokongeza irhasi okanye oats.

AmaTatar - abathandi adumileyo ukutya okunesitatshi. Xa ithuba lokuqala ixabiso ezama izicumba zabo, ophaya izitya, into akuphuhlanga kakuhle efana enekuku zethu.

Lo mbutho bentlalo Siberia nangezinto

Ebudeni bolawulo i Siberian Khanate kolu hlanga kwakukho ekuthiwa-neentlobano wesizwe kunye izinto ezikhoyo kwindawo abahlala kuyo. Ekuqaleni, le ndawo yaba ezimbini: elalini kukuliphi. ulawulo nkampani lwaqhutywa usebenzisa iindibano lwentando yesininzi. Hi ndlela leyi, sokusebenzisana kolu hlanga - oku asinto ingaqhelekanga, kwaye umyalelo eqhelekileyo yezinto.

Umntu akufuneki silibale malunga ubukho tuguma, obeyindoda iqela lonke iintsapho phakathi amaqhina entsapho. Lo mzimba zolawulo idla kusetyenziswa ukulawula zombini ubuhlobo bomkhaya zasekhaya, kwakunye owayeququzelela ukubulawa iintlobo ngeentlobo intsomi kunye imisitho yonqulo.

Inkqubo Tatar yemfundo lwangoku

Ngokubanzi, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le umba ingqalelo omnye kakhulu embi. Akukho nto ayimangalisi kwinto yokuba aseSiberia AmaTatar benza umgudu omkhulu ukuze aqalise abantwana babo izithethe zesizwe nenkcubeko kwiinkulungwane-ubudala.

Phezu kwako nje oku nokwenziwa yi isephantsi. inxalenye encinane Tartars kuphela onako ukuthumela abantwana babo ehlotyeni elalini olo sana, kwaye ubanika ithuba lokuba zithathe inxaxheba kwimibhiyozo yesizwe okanye ukuziqhelanisa ulwimi. Inxalenye enkulu abafikisayo ukuba bahlale edolophini ixesha elide uthetha kuphela in Russian kwaye nembono emfiliba kakhulu malunga nenkcubeko wooyise.

Kwiindawo ubunzima iindawo AmaTatar, njengoko umthetho, kukho amaphephandaba ngolwimi lwabo, izihlandlo eziliqela ngeveki; zombini radio and umabonakude uthotho lweenkqubo kwi-Tatar. Kwezinye izikolo, Noko ke, ubukhulu becala emaphandleni, wenza izifundo ezizodwa.

Ngelishwa, ukufumana imfundo ephakamileyo ngolwimi Tatar eRashiya akunakwenzeka. Noko ke, ukususela kunyaka ophelileyo elithile omtsha "ulwimi Tatar kunye noncwadi" yaye yaqaliswa ngowe-yunivesithi. Kukholelwa ukuba ootitshala elizayo kokugqiba lo mntu uya kuba nako ukufundisa Tatar ulwimi esikolweni.