Ming Dynasty of China. ming Dynasty

Ngenxa yoko, umlimi uphakamo urhulumente Mongolian yabhukuqwayo. Xa indawo i Yuan Dynasty (uhlanga) weza kaMing (1368 -. 1644 gg). Ukususela ekupheleni XIV ngo. China ichuma ngokwezoqoqosho kunye nenkcubeko. Isixeko ubudala ukuphuhlisa, kukho kwakhona ezitsha, nto leyo ilawulwa kurhwebo kunye nokuyenza. Inkqubo nasekusungulweni lizwe exhaswa ukuvela mveliso, apho ukwahlulwa yabasebenzi wenziwa. YiNkundla Imperial umdla izazinzulu ilungileyo, bezakhiwo kunye namagcisa. Eyona nto kujoliswe kuphuhliso lwedolophu.

Chinese Ming Dynasty: inguqu kwinkalo yezoqoqosho

Phantse ngoko nangoko emva kokuza ubukhosi yaqala ukuphumeza amanyathelo ukuphucula imeko abalimi, njengoko bamnceda ukuvelisa utshintsho bamandla. KaMing evuselela inkqubo isabelo North, nto leyo engenalo igunya kwezoqoqosho abane- mihlaba (North China), soyuznyuchavshey ngaphambili Yuanyamm. Nakwelasezantsi, yonke into nto ichazwe kule vesi - yokuhlala iye usindiswe. Ukuphuculwa ingxelo ekhoyo inkqubo yerhafu, kwakunye ingqalelo abasemagunyeni okunkcenkceshela - konke oku kube negalelo ekukhuleni koqoqosho ngokukhawuleza.

Ukhuphela ukukhula koqoqosho ezidolophini, ityala apho - zobungcali lwengingqi (kwimveliso porcelain Jiangxi, wenzela e Guangdong - ingakumbi kaloliwe), ukuvela iindlela ezintsha, ke ingakumbi phakathi apho ukwakhiwa iinqanawa-4-egumbini.

Ngcembe yaye ubudlelwane yorhwebo-mali. Ngomhla njengonozala wezakhono yabarhwebi kukho ukwenziwa zabucala. Central and Southern China uye waba yindawo isahlakalo wobugcisa utyale. Kamva, zenza imvelaphi ekuyilweni imarike obschekitayskogo (inani ubambisene ezisemthethweni uye wacelwa sele 38).

zisasuka

Ngaxeshanye iziganeko ngasentla inkqubela kubekho inani uphazamiseko, ethintela uphuhliso loshishino (oko okufana wonke East). Kwabo ziquka bodwa karhulumente, mveliso karhulumente, apho abantu abangaphezulu kwama-300 lamawaka. Neengcibi gospobory kunye nemisebenzi zorhwebo kunye nokuyenza. Abazange anike uqoqosho ithuba lokuba bafudukele imveliso eyahlukileyo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo angaphandle of the Ming Dynasty

Ngeli xesha lokukhula koqoqosho kunye nokomelezwa kwamandla karhulumente ligcinwe nkqubo ubukhulu becala ekhubekisayo (de 1450 kwathiwa ngokuba "ejongene ulwandle", emva koko waya i "bakhona ubuso-to-").

Lo msitho ubalulekileyo ixesha - ukwandiswa of China, nokwadala imeko yaseMzantsi Seas.

KaMing, ngenxa neemfuno ezikhulayo yokusombulula ingxaki Japanese, IsiTshayina, IsiKorean, SANDF, kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukudala nawa, ababalwayo iinqanawa 3,500. ukukhula koqoqosho Eminye negalelo owayeze kangangoko ezisixhenxe zobuntlola ezahlukeneyo fleet, olukhokelwa ithenwa oyintloko Chzhen yena, eMpuma Afrika. Le umphathi yomkhosi wamanzi apho kulahlwa iinqanawa 60 ezinkulu wazenzela iintente-4, obabufikelela leemitha 47 ubude, babenaso izihloko yimikhuba ezifana "Harmony Sula", "Impumelelo nempumelelo." Kwi ngasinye abasebenzi yabantu 600, kuquka iqela nezifundiswa.

Ngaphandle logbook

Ngokutsho kwabo, ngexesha uhambo ukuya kunxweme eMpuma Afrika, Zheng, Cacisela ulwimi mihla, elwandle wenza ngokuzolileyo kunye ngokuthobeka. Noko ke, maxa wambi abantu basemzini ezincinane abazange bamthobele neenjongo bahanahanisi komlawuli.

Ming Dynasty: Imbali

Ugxininiso Zhu Yuanzhang (kuqala Chinese uMlawuli) ngo 70-80. Ndenza phezu ukugxothwa yokugqibela Mongols evela kwilizwe labo, lo kwezithandani amalinge kuqhankqalazo lwentlalo phakathi abalimi Chinese ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo sokubuyisela uqoqosho anganomeleza ngamandla akhe zobuqu. iingxaki ezinjalo isonjululwe ngokwandisa umkhosi, ukomeleza yinye, ukusetyenziswa ezona ndlela enzima, nto leyo eyabangela ukunganeliseki kuwo onke amacandelo oluntu.

Ngelo xesha umda amagunya oomasipala loMlawuli wathembela nomndeni, kamva waba abalawuli - ezimotweni (title) fiefdoms into yokuba, ngokwembono yakhe, ethembeke uninzi abantwana kunye nabazukulwana.

Vanstva kuye kulo lonke ilizwe; malunga kwimida ukuba benza umsebenzi ngoyaba nxamnye isisongelo evela ngaphandle, kunye nakumbindi wenza nje alungise ukuya separatism kunye ukuhlaselwa ngabavukeli.

Ngowe-1398, wafa umlawuli Zhu Yuanzhang, emva koko camarilla inkundla, ancamisayo iindlalifa yayo ngqo, esihlalweni Zhu Yunvenya - omnye kubazukulwana bakhe.

Board Zhu Yunvenya

Yena kuqala wabeka amehlo kwisistim ezindaweni wadala umkhulu wakhe. Oku unobangela imfazwe Tszinnan (1398 -. 1402 gg). Le ngeziqu yaphela lokufakwa ikomkhulu kubukhosi umlawuli Nanjing Beijing - unyana omdala Zhu Yuanzhang, Chzhu Di. Oku wazitshisa ngomlilo kunye nommangaleli yakhe.

Lo mlawuli yesithathu Ming Dynasty

Zhu Di waqhubeka nkqubo uyise lonke likarhulumente, kwangaxeshanye engafuni vanstv inkqubo ezikhoyo (ngo-1426 yaye zicinezelwa ukuvukela akanelisekanga Vanir). Yena ayingqinga E bawazi yaye balomeleza ukubaluleka kwibhotwe iinkonzo ngokufihlakeleyo kwinkqubo yolawulo.

Xa ekugqibeleni wagqiba umba ngokunxulumene kwikomkhulu Chinese, nto leyo eyabangela kakhulu ubunzima kwezopolitiko eMzantsi kunye North. Ngenxa yoko, elibambeleyo yokugqibela njengoko nelaye lasisiseko senkcubeko Chinese, ulahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwayo III - kwiinkulungwane V. bakhetha wokuqala ngenxa isisongelo lomgadi mbuya. Ezi iindawo zeli lizwe - abathwali izithethe ngokwesiseko ezahlukeneyo, neengqiqo: southerners - umxakatho, zingakhathaliyo, kwaye Northerners - nomelele, nzima, abe onesikhundla ekuhlaleni - "Han-jen." Konke oku kusekelwe iiyantlukwano ezikhoyo ngolwimi (ngengqiqo).

Yuan and Sawang abaye bakhetha isiseko zezopolitiko North, kodwa kaMing, kwelinye icala, i-South. Le nto eyabenza ukuba aphumelele.

Ngowe-1403 lo mlawuli entsha ekhoyo Beypin (eliguqulelwa ngokuthi "kudalwa of the North"), igama Beytszin ( "Northern Capital"). Ngoko ke de 1421, China waba izixeko ezinkulu ezimbini - Imperial apha ngasentla kunye norhulumente-mthetho sama ezantsi. Chzhu Di oko, lahlani yempembelelo kunye nakumazantsi ngoxa ukubandezana ukuzimela ngokugqithiseleyo sama southern (Nanjing).

Ngowe-1421 kwafika nokudityaniswa lokugqibela eyinkunzi kwi North. Kulo mba, kaMing ulungiselele ngokwayo kunye nenkxaso yabemi kumantla Chinese Wazomeleza ukuziphendulela eli lizwe.

Le amakhosi Ming

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, oku indlu walawula eTshayina ukusuka 1368 ukuya kwiminyaka 1644. Min indawo Yuan Mongolian kwindawo kwimvukelo ethandwayo. Ezilishumi amakhosi yalo indlu walawula iminyaka 276. Ukunenzela lula, ookumkani kaMing zidweliswe kule theyibhile ingezantsi.

Isiphumo of War the Abalimi '

Yaba yena owabangela ukuwa Ming Dynasty. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba imfazwe umlimi, ngokwahlukileyo ukuya mvukelo, hayi kuninzi kuphela, kodwa kuchaphazela inxalenye ezahlukeneyo yabemi. Kuyinto kakhulu ebanzi, kuyaqhubeka, kakuhle, bohlwaywe ngenxa yokuba ubukho nokufumaneka ideology iziko steering.

Kuyinto ukuqonda esi siganeko ngokweenkcukacha, ukuqonda indlela kwenzeka into efanayo ukuwa Ming Dynasty.

I Inqanaba lokuqala intshukumo yamahlwempu yaqala ngo-1628 kwaye lathatha iminyaka eli-11. 100 izilonda akuphumelelanga ukuhlanganisa, ngenxa ezithe livunyelwe. Inqanaba lesibini weza 1641 yaye lweminyaka-3 kuphela. Koko wabubhekisa imikhosi united inkumanda efanelekileyo oyintloko Lee Tszychen. Ukwazile abaninzi umbhodamo ezivela kumaqela ezikhoyo zenze umkhosi umlimi, nto leyo eyahlukileyo ingqeqesho, waba qhinga ecacileyo amaqhinga.

Lee phambili ngokukhawuleza phantsi ngamazwi aqhelekileyo phakathi kwinginginya malunga ukubhukuqwa kaMing. Wakhuthaza ukulingana jikelele, wanika isithembiso malunga khomiwa kwerhafu ekupheleni kwemfazwe.

Njengokuba ke oko kwazeka, kusasa ekuqaleni 26.04.1644 kwi intsimbi, nto leyo ebizwa ukuba abalungiseleli ukuba eze umlawuli Chong zhen kubaphulaphuli, oko kwafika mntu. Wandula ke wathi oko kukuphela, neqembu yakhe, waqala sob. UKumkanikazi Ndagqibela wajika umyeni wakhe wamxelela ukuba iminyaka 18 enikelwe kuyo, kodwa akazange ukhathazwa ukuphulaphula kuye, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ezinjalo. Emva koko, uKumkanikazi exhonywe ebhantini lakhe.

I koMlawuli yayingekho enye, nendlela ukuthantamisa ukubulala intombi neshweshwe layo ikrele, wawuxhoma phezu bhanti ecacileyo. Emva umlawuli, ngokwesiko ngelo xesha, wasweleka zonke amawaka 80. Officers. Ngokutsho kuguqulelo mnye, * uKhesare Great ushiye kwiphetshana isilika, esibhekiswa Lee Tszychenu. Kuyo wathi ukuba onke amagosa - abancethezi, ngenxa apho ifanelwe kukufa, mababulawe bafe. Umlawuli sigwetyelwe ngokuhamba kwakhe ubomi nokungafuni kubopheleleka ukuba wokugqibela kakhulu, kukudelwa kwizifundo zakhe. Emva kokuba libuya kweeyure ezimbalwa abathunywa ndasibuyisayo umzimba kaKesare lo úndiphileyo, waza wambeka etyeyeni, leyo yayinenjongo kumahlwempu.

Engcwabeni omkhulu Ming Dynasty

Okunye ncam, engcwabeni, njengokuba kwintsimi sisikhumbuzo edumileyo kwamangcwaba amakhosi anamathathu aza kukhululwa ngokumiselwa ubukhosi. Ingcwaba Ming akunika macala 40. km. Oku isendaweni-50 km ukusuka eBeijing (ngentla) emazantsi zeentaba omkhulu wamazulu ixesha elide. Lingcwaba kaMing kuluhlu lwe-UNESCO World Heritage Site. Abantu abaninzi beza eBeijing nje ukumbona.

isiphelo

SesiManchu idyokhwe osanda-Qing Dynasty, kunokuthiwa, oko zamiselwa kweli lizwe ngexesha yaseYurophu neziphithiphithi yoohlohlesakhe, ngecala China nge-268 kweminyaka yokudodobala zopolitiko ezentlalo nezoqoqosho phambi ekhula ukwanda yobukoloniyali kwicala Europe.

Ababini amakhosi zinamandla - kaMing kunye Qing. Kodwa ke umahluko phakathi kwazo Makhulu: eyokuqala wabonisa abantu ithuba lokuba ufake ngendlela entsha, inkqubela, makabe khululeka kunye nentsingiselo. Okwesibini Watshabalalisa konke wadalwa iminyaka emininzi ukwaphuka, wenza karhulumente reclusive.