Yintoni polymerization organic chemistry

Polymerization - inkqubo yokufumana ukusuka kwenye uhlobo ukuqala monomers iimolekyuli ezinkulu. Le Polymer eliphuma a macromolecule entlantlu inani elaneleyo leeyunithi abaphinda.

Eyona eziphambili ze polymerization

Ukuphendula umbuzo malunga yintoni chemistry polymerization, siphawula ukuba le indlela lwenzeka phambi ngumnxibelelanisi (inkqubo namafutha).

Homopolymer - compound eliphezulu eziphilayo, nto leyo ifunyenwe yokunxulumana monomers yokuqala ezifanayo.

Heteropolymer - imveliso abasabela ngayo intsebenziswano izinto yokuqala ezahlukeneyo.

Ubume Polymer

Sisazi ukuba polymerization - imbaxa imichiza, ubunzima molecule ye Polymer eziveliswa unokuba rate eyahlukileyo. Imichiza eliphezulu-ezinto i "amaqela ukuphela" ezahlukileyo ukuphindaphinda units. loo maqela eziqulethwe kwisakhiwo Polymer kwi imali encinci, ngoko ungawuqwalaseli uhlobo uhlalutyo iipropati chemical nangokwenyama onesiphumo kweziyobisi polymeric.

polymerization cationic

Yintoni na uhlobo polymerization cationic? Le nkqubo iqhutywa ngaphantsi impembelelo acid Lewis (umxube -aluminiyam chloride, boron fluoride, acid) yi indlela ezifana inkqubo zokudibanisa electrophilic ukuya kabini iibhondi (kabini).

Ngelo kwinqanaba lokuqala, kongezwe Proton ukuya alkenes, ngaloo ndlela bakha carbocation.

Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa yonxibelelwano ngekhompyutha, ekuthe qatha qhagamshelana omnye molecule i alkene, ngenxa yoko a carbocation yakheke ukuba kwikhonkco elide.

Ukuphindaphinda yenkqubo lwenzeka, ngaloo ndlela bakha carbocation kokuba ubunzima eliphezulu eziphilayo.

A Amathuba eliphezulu yokusilela kwiziko cationic, leyo kuxhokonxwa kwahlulwe ukusuka Proton kwemolekyuli.

izibonelo

Makhe sihlolisise umbuzo wokuba yintoni chemistry polymerization. Imizekelo yale nkqubo zinikwe zisekelwe polymerization isobutylene. Le nqubo wabe nge indlela cationic, ekubeni electron-mali phambi iqela alkyl le.

Formation polyisobutylene chain kwenzeka, ukuze ukuba siya kwenziwa ekupheleni carbocation ubuninzi izinzile. Ngenxa yoko, kukho nokudliwa "intloko nomsila" ngocwangco.

Ekuqhubeni intsebenziswano imichiza, phantse ngaphandle kobukho amanzi, kukho ukubunjwa Polymer kokuba chain elide.

Yintoni polymerization kwiklasi elimele of hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo? Ukuba yoguquko ekhethiweyo , sulphuric acid kanzulu, yabonwa emva lokusekwa polymerization umxube dimers ezimbini. Emva kokuba ezihlangene yi iimolekyuli ezimbini isobutylene, kwenzeka isekethe evulekileyo. Kule entsonkothileyo intermediate (carbo) unika amanzi alo Proton phambi kokuba Aye intsebenziswano kunye nenye molecule i alkene unsaturated.

Le polymerization anionic

Yintoni na polymerization anionic kwezinto eziphilayo? Le ndlela ibandakanya polymerization alkene kwelinye ekupheleni iqhina ezininzi. Polymerization kunokwenzeka ekuhlaseleni i molecule alkene wezenzi ezithile nucleophilic.

Umzekelo, amide-anion idityaniswe akrilonitratom ngokuzikhanyeza kabini, leyo carbanion abunjwe apho intlawulo ezimbi yenzelwe phakathi benqanda kunye carbon atom. Ukuba isakhiwo uzinzile ifunyenwe, oko liyasetyenziswa kwemolekyuli ukulawula alkene elandelayo.

Breakage kunokwenzeka ekukhuleni ukusabela chain ekhokelela ekupheliseni lesiphelo kwi isigxina esibi chain carbon.

Free polymerization olukhulu

Inkqubo ye ethylene polymerization kungathatha indawo phambi peroxides (ngamandla okwandileyo kwaye iqondo lobushushu eliphezulu). Chain ukupheliswa ikhuthaza recombination okanye disproportionation radicals.

Le hydrocarbon nomxokelelwane polyethylene yi ethylene iiyunithi eziliqela zesakhiwo. Yiyo le sakhiwo ubonakalise iimpawu ezixabisekileyo imichiza eziphakamileyo ubunzima molekyuli igalelo isicelo walo ekwenziweni yandile mveliso ukuphakheja film. Ngaphezu koko, polyethylene kufuneka ukudala bezinto sukube, kunye eyahlulayo.

Kwimeko iintlobo ezinkulu simahla polymerization ekhulayo ekupheleni alkene engalungelelananga oko kuya kwenziwa ngendlela ezinkulu isitali, kwaye inkqubo bubonakaliswe uhlobo 'intloko nomsila ".

Xa isobutylene kunye propylene polymerization akukho yindlela free olukhulu. Zonke Iipholima eziveliswa kwishishini kwemichiza ke, zisetyenziswa kwamasebe ezahlukeneyo zobunjineli, ekhemisti kunye namayeza. Eyona Iipholima zixhaphakileyo olulungiswe ethylene series hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo zezi polyethylene ngokwayo, kwakunye homologue wayo - propylene.