Organic kanye ngezigaba zabo

Ulwahlulo isekelwe phezu kwithiyori iikhompawundi organic, ubume eekhemikhali A. M. Butlerova. Ukuhlelwa ngendlela - isiseko nokuhlelwa zenzululwazi. Ngenxa yakhe, kwaba lula ukunika igama ngalinye le nto eziphilayo ngaphambili eyaziwa kwaye amatsha, esebenzisa ezikhoyo ifomula noshowo.

Iiklasi ze-oganikhi khompawundi

izinto eziphilayo zihlelwe ngeempawu ezimbini eziphambili: kwasendaweni kunye nenani amaqela ezisebenzayo kwi molecule kunye carbon samathambo.

Carbon skeleton imele moiety ukuba uzinzile ngokwaneleyo ngayo ezahlukeneyo kwemichiza. organic bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amakhulu, lo gama kuthathelwa ingqalelo kubume molecule kwezinto eziphilayo.

iikhompawundi Acyclic (biosoedineniya okunamafutha okanye compound aliphatic). Ezi organic kubume molecule ziquka ngqo okanye branched carboxylic chain.

umchiza Carbocyclic - into ngemixokelelwane evalekileyo carboxylic - mijikelo. Ezi biosoedineniya yahlulwe ngamaqela: ibhedolaki alicyclic.

Heterocyclic organic yendalo - izinto kwi isakhiwo iimolekyuli leyo abe isangqa kuyilwa-athom carbon kunye atom ezinye imichiza (Oxygen, nitrogen, Isalfure) heteroatoms.

Zithako of kumqolo ngamnye (group) zahlulwe kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo oganikhi khompawundi. izinto eziphilayo ilungu iklasi ethile umiselwa phambi kwesi molecule ayo amaqela athile ezisebenzayo. Ngokomzekelo, iindidi hydrocarbon (kwiklasi kuphela iikhompawundi eziphilayo apho abanazo amaqela asebenzayo), amine, aldehydes, phenols, acids carboxylic, ketones, alkoholi, njl

Ukuze ubone ulungelelwaniso sokubandakanyeka inombolo eklasini kukhutshwe skeleton carbon okanye nomxokelelwane carboxylic (uxhulumaniso acyclic), yomtya (compound carbocyclic) okanye isiqalo (heterocyclic iikhompawundi). Kamva ukukhangela ubukho kwi molecule namanye amaqela izinto eziphilayo atomic (functional), umz, hydroxyl - OH, carboxyl - COOH, acid, imino, iqela sulfgidridnoy - SH, njl Iqela esebenza okanye amaqela ukuchaza biosoedineniya abangabakhe kwiklasi ethile, iimpahla zazo eziphambili emzimbeni imichiza. Kufuneka ke ukuba iqela ngalinye ezisebenzayo ibonisa kuphela ezi zakhiwo, kodwa ichaphazela nabanye atom okanye amaqela atomic, uvavanyo ngaxeshanye kunye nempembelelo yawo.

Kufakwe kwi molecule acyclic kunye hydrocarbon elibujikele okanye heterocyclic eqhola Iperoksayidi atom kwi kumaqela ahlukeneyo ezisebenzayo walungisa oganikhi khompawundi ziphantsi kwiklasi ethile. Nazi ezinye ezisebenzayo ezibonakalisa ubulungu organic ezimbaxa ukuya iklasi ethile: hydrocarbon RH, hydrocarbon halogenated - R-Hal, aldehydes - R-Coh, ketones - R1-NGEZE-R2, alkoholi kunye phenols R-OH, carboxylic acid - R-COOH , glycol - R1-O-R2, asidi galogenoangidridy carboxylic R-COHal, esters R-COOR, nitro - R-NO2, sulfonic -R-SO3H, iikhompawundi organometallic - R-Me, mercaptans R-SH.

organic ukuba kubume molecule iqela ezisebenzayo, nezaziwa oganikhi khompawundi nemisebenzi ezilula, amabini okanye nangaphezulu - iikhompawundi kunye nemisebenzi exutyiweyo. Imizekelo organic kunye nemisebenzi elula kuba hydrocarbon, alkoholi, ketones, aldehydes, amine, acids carboxylic, iikhompawundi nitro, njl Imizekelo iikhompawundi kunye nemisebenzi ezixubeneyo inokuba hydroxy, nee, njl

Ekhethekileyo ebalulekileyo iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo bioorganic: iiproteni, proteid, lipids, nucleic, iikhabhohayidrethi, iimolekyuli apho kukho inani elikhulu kumaqela ahlukeneyo ezisebenzayo.