Hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo: alkenes, iimpawu chemical kunye nesicelo

Alkenes - hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo ogama iimolekyuli phakathi athom carbon ababini, omnye bond kabini. Ngokufuthi zibizwa ngokuba hydrocarbon ethylene series, kuba ethylene elula ummeli NC2 = CH2. olefins Ngamanye amaxesha ezi hydrocarbon zibizwa ngokuba alkenes sukube zakudibana bromine okanye chlorine ukwenza iikhompawundi olunamafutha ezingekho enyibilikayo emanzini. Igama elithi "alkenes" IUPAC nokuhlelwa livela elithi "alkanes", apho Isimamva iphindwe ithathwa yi--ene nesimamva, nto leyo ibonisa ubukho kwi molecule osisiqu iqhina kabini.

hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo - alkenes: isakhiwo

Zonke alkenes ingqalelo yezabelo ethylene okanye ethene - C2H4.

Kwemolekyuli ethylene iqulethe athom carbon ezimbini athom ezine hydrogen, i-atom carbon unsaturated. Ngalinye carbon unsaturated atom hybridizes uthenge enye ezimbini pi-orbitals, kunye iintsalela omnye pi Orbital kwi "ifomu olunyulu", ebonelela umgama lobuninzi orbitals hybridized elektroniki. zabo nezamazembe ifomu 120 °. Oku kukwadala iimeko kangangoko ukuba ukungqubana orbitals electron. Ezintathu orbitals enjalo athom carbon ukwenza iibhondi ezintathu sigma (ezimbini C-H, C-C a). Ngenxa yoko, kwemolekyuli ethylene iye iibhondi sigma ezintlanu leyo abekiwe kwi indiza, ukwakha phakathi kwabo-engile ° 120. P-elektroni eseleyo kwi "olunyulu" simise elinye umanyano phakathi athom ezimbini carbon. Wachaza Isakhiwo esekhompyutheni iimolekyuli ethylene ngokuqhelekileyo alkenes. hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo ziza kuthathwa ngokuba avela ethylene.

Kuba alkene luphawulwa iintlobo 2 isomerism - zejometri beemeko.

isomers noshowo alkenes iqala butene C4H8. Ukwahlula ezahlukeneyo - chain isomerism (okanye carbon skeleton) kunye isomers nokufakwa iqhina kabini kwisiphaluka enjalo.

isomerism Geometric ngenxa nokubekwa ngokungalinganiyo substituents hydrogen kwi molecule ye ethylene kuthelekiswa womgca iqhina kabini. hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo ezi cis- kwaye kwelentshona ye-isomers.

Alkenes kwilizwe free kunqabile kakhulu kwindalo. Baye kuhlelwe kusetyenziswa iinkqubo zoshishino kunye elabhoratri.

Iipropati lwemichiza hydrocarbon: alkenes

Bona kubangelwa ngokuzikhanyeza kabini phakathi athom ezimbini kwekhabhoni molecule i alkene.

Le hydrogenation asabela

Alkenes basabela lula kuthinjwe hydrogen. Oku kwenzeka phambi ehlanganisa okanye ukufudumeza:

CH2 = CH2 = H2 H3C CH3

ngokujoyina halides

Efunyenweyo basabela i Markovnikov ulawulo, ngamanye ngokuhlanganisa a halide hydrogen kunye iimolekyuli yezi alkenes hydrogen kongezwa kwindawo kwasendaweni ye iqhina kabini ekukhethwa ukuya carbon atom elilandelayo apho kukho hydrogen athom ezininzi, i-atom halogen - ukuya carbon atom elilandelayo ukuze lona loluncinane athom hydrogen okanye ngokupheleleyo ukuba azikho:

CH3-CH = CH2 + HC1-CH3-CH3-CHC1.

Ukusetyenziswa hydrocarbon

Ethene - igesi enyibilikayo kakuhle kotywala kakuhle enyibilikayo emanzini, Uyadubula.

Bazizityebi kule iigesi ng (ukuya kwi-20% sobunzima iyonke) kunye coke negesi eziko (malunga ne-5%). Kule ndlela kwilebhu emzimbeni ethylene walungisa dehydrogenation ye-methane kunye ethanol. Isicelo ukufumana ethylene ethyl utywala, IVinyl chloride, ethylbenzyl, polyethylene, iiarhente isinqandi (ziimveliso ukunciphisa eli qhwa yamanzi kwinjini) kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo. Xa abantu neyeza lemfuyo, ethylene isetyenziswa njenge kuqulunqo iziyobisi yezityalo - ekukhawuleziseni lokuvuthwa kweziqhamo (iitumato, lemons, kunye like).

Propylene ifunyenwe kunye ethylene kwi pyrolysis futhi ng lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo feedstock petroleum. Propylene - isisahlulo amafutha motor. Isetyenziswa njengento feedstock ngenxa ezinepolypropylene, isopropylbenzyl, utywala isopropyl. Nge isopropanol, acetone, kunye isopropylbenzyl - acetone kunye phenol. Propylene lisetyenziswa iziyobisi ezidakumbisayo ngenxa synthesizing acrylonitrile, cumene, butanol, njl