Imbali yophuhliso lwekhompyutheni yekhompyutha

Izixhobo zokuqala zekhompyutha zaziyiminwe yabantu. Xa le mali yayingenakwanela, amatye, iintonga, iigobols zisetyenzisiwe. Ngokubethelwa okunjalo kwiindawo ezininzi, kwaye emva kwamakhulu, umntu ufunde ukubala nokusebenzisa iindlela zokulinganisa amanani. Kwakunamacwecwe kunye neengqungquthela ukuba imbali yophuhliso lwekhompyutheni yekhompyutheni yaqala. Ukwandisa kubo kwiikholam ezahlukeneyo (bits) kunye nokongeza okanye ukususa inani elifanelekileyo lamatyeba, kwakunokwenzeka ukongeza nokukhupha amanani amaninzi. Ngeenongezelo ezininzi, kwakunokwenzeka ukwenza loo nto isinyanzelo njengokuphindaphinda.

Emva koko imbali yokuphuhliswa kwezixhobo zekhompyutha iqala . Iindlela zokuqala zokubala ziye zaqalwa kwi-akhawunti yaseRashiya. Kulo manani aphulwe kwiininzi ngokuncedisa izikhokelo ezingenanto kunye namathambo. Baba ngumncedisi obaluleke kakhulu kubahwebi, amagosa, amabhala kunye nabaphathi. Aba bantu babeyazi ukusebenzisa iakhawunti ngokukhawuleza. Kwixesha elizayo eso sixhobo esibalulekileyo singene eYurophu.

Isixhobo sokuqala sokubhala, esazi imbali yokuphuhliswa kwethempyutheni yekhompyutheni, yayingumatshini wokubala, okwakhiwa ngo-1642 ngumsululwazi ovelele waseFransi uBlaise Pascal. "Ikhompyutheni" yakhe yomatshini inokuvelisa izenzo ezinjengokungezelela nokukhupha. Le moto yayibizwa ngokuba yi "Pascalina" yaye yayineenkcukacha ezinzima apho iivili ezinama-0 ukuya ku-9 zibekwe ngokuzenzekelayo. Inani lamavili lizimisele inani lenani lekhompyutha. Ukuba ifake iivili ezinhlanu, iyakwazi ukuqhuba ukusebenza ngamanani amaninzi ukuya ku-99999.

Emva koko ngowe-1673 isiGermany iMathematiki uLebibniz wadala isixhobo esingenakukukhupha kuphela kwaye siphume, kodwa sahlukanise kwaye sande. Ngokungafani nomshini wePascal, iivili zazingatshitshi kwaye zinezintlu ezilithoba ezahlukeneyo zezinyo, ezanikezela ngezenzo ezintle "ezinzima" ngokuphindaphinda nokuhlukana. Imbali yokuphuhliswa kwethempyutheni yekhompyutheni inamagama amaninzi, kodwa igama elinye liyaziwa nakwezinye iingcali. Lo ngumfundi weziNgesi uCharles Babbage. Ubizwa ngokuba nguyise wabo bonke ubugcisa bekhompyutha. Nguye onengcamango yokuba ikhompyutha idinga ifowuni eya kugcina amanani. Kwaye le fowuni ayifanele igcine kuphela iinombolo, kodwa iphinde inike imiyalelo kwikhompyutheni, yintoni okumele iyenze ngala manani.

Ingcamango yeBabbage yayisiseko sokuyila nokuphuhliswa kwazo zonke iikhomputha zanamhla. Ibloko ekhompyutheni ibizwa ngokuba ngumprosesa. Nangona kunjalo, usosayensi akazange ashiye nayiphi imidwebo kunye nenkcazo yomatshini owawuthileyo. Oku kwenziwa ngumnye wabafundi bakhe kwinqaku, ebhala ngesiFrentshi. Le nqaku yafundwa ngu-Countess Ada Augusta Lovelace, intombi yesibongo esidumileyo uGeorge Byron, owaguqulela kwisiNgesi waza wavelisa iinkqubo zakhe zalo mshini. Ngombulelo kwimbali yakhe yokuphuhlisa iteknoloji yekhompyutheni sele ifumene enye yeelwimi eziphambili kwiilwimi-ADA.

Inkulungwane yeshumi leminyaka yanikela umphumo omtsha ekuphuhliseni iteknoloji yekhompuyutha ehambelana nombane. Kwakhiwa idivaysi yecomputer ekhumbuza iimpawu zombane - isithangeleko sotsha. Iikhomputha zokuqala ezidalwe nayo zingabalwa ngamawaka ngamaxesha ngokukhawuleza kunokuba iikhompyutheni zinkcenkceshe kakhulu, kodwa zisenzima kakhulu. Iikhomputha zokuqala zilinganise iitoni ezingama-30 kwaye zahlala kwigumbi elinkulu kuneemitha ezili-100 zecra. Amitha. Uphuhliso olongezelelweyo lweekhompyutheni luye lwaphunyezwa ngokuza kwezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu - umtshintshi. Iindlela ezifanelekileyo kunye neendlela zanamhlanje zeekhompyutheni zingenakwenzeka ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwe-microprocessor - ubunzima obuhlanganisiweyo be-microcircuit eziphuhlisiwe ngoJuni, 1971. Le yembali imfutshane yophuhliso lwekhompyutheni yekhompyutha. Iimpumelelo zanamhlanje zesayensi kunye nezobuchwepheshe ziye zaphakamisa izinga lamakhompyutheni anamhlanje kwindawo ephakame ngaphambili.