Ukuguqulwa kukaStolin, inzame yokulwa neengxaki

Imbali yabalimi baseRussia yokuqala yekhulu lama-20. Ndololoko ndikhangela ingqwalaselo ekufutshane yabalwazi nabaphandi. Oku akuyona ingozi, kuba iRashiya ngokokuqala yayiyinxalenye yelizwe legrarian. Ngokubalo lwabantu base-1897, abalimi bebalinganiselwa kuma-76% ebantwini belizwe kwaye bavelisa i-92% yemveliso yelizwe ngokubanzi, ngelixa abanikazi bezindlu be-8% kuphela, ngaphezu koko, abalimi nabo bathatha inxaxheba ngqo kwi-umninimzi wezoqoqosho.

Ngasekupheleni kweXIX-yokuqala ye-XX yeenkulungwane. Umbuzo wezilwanyana ube ngumnye wezona zinto ziphezulu. Uninzi lwezopolitiko kunye namaqela afakwe kwiiprogram zabo kwinqanaba lokuxazulula umbuzo wezilwanyana, kunye neenkqubo zabo zolimo. Phakathi kwaBolsheviks, omnye wabalobi beprogram yegrama yayinguVL. ULenin, i-Socialist-Revolutionaries-V.M. I-Chernov, iiCadet zi-AA. UKaufman, abadumileyo - VP Vorontsov, njl.

Umxholo weengxabano phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo yi-uluntu, iifom zobunini kunye nobunikazi bomhlaba, uhlobo lobume bezoqoqosho kunye neendlela zokuphuhliswa kwayo. Ukuqala kwekhulu lama-XX. Kwakhona kwakukho ukuguqulwa kombuso ngokwawo, owawufuna inkxaso eninzi yabemi kunye nokuzama ukuqinisa inkxaso yezenhlalakahle ezonakaliswe emva kokuguqulwa.

Ngaloo ndlela, phambi kweP.A. Stolypin, emva kokuqeshwa kwakhe ngo-Apreli 26, 1906 ukuya kwithuba likaMphathiswa weMicimbi yangaphakathi, wayexanduva lokulandela inkqubo entsha yezopolitiko zasekhaya, enye yeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kunye nexesha elifanayo kunzima kumgaqo-nkqubo wegranti kubalimi. Ngandlela-thile, kwenzelwa ukuzama ukuphelisa ukungaphumeleli koqoqosho lwamafama oluthatyathwa yimimiselo yama-archaic yindlela yokuphila yoluntu.

Inyathelo ebalulekileyo ekunqobeni inkathazo kwizolimo yayikukhutshwa komyalelo kwi-Senate kaRhulumente ekudibaniseni imimiselo ethile yomthetho okhoyo ngokumalunga nobunini bomhlaba abasemhlabeni kunye nobunini bomhlaba "kaNovemba 9, 1906. Ukuguqulwa kwegrori yase-Stolypin yayisekelwe ngokusisiseko kulo myalelo.

Ummiselo, njengolu tshintsho lonke lweStolypin, lujolise ekuphunyezweni uluhlu oluninzi lweendlela zokutshabalalisa umhlaba ohlala kwindawo yasemaphandleni kunye nokwakha iklasi labahlali - abanini-mhlaba abanamalungelo.

Icandelo lokuqala lommiselo kaNovemba 9, 1906 ngamanqaku angama-18 ezongezelelweyo kwiSiqendu 12 soMthetho oyiNgcaciso ngokuPhezulu kwabalimi. Enye yezinto eziphambili zomthetho wonke ngumhlathi 1 wecandelo I, umlimi unelungelo lokufumana umhlaba wezabelo kwintsimi yoluntu ngobunini, kuquka ilungelo lokuthenga umhlaba ogqithisiweyo kumaxabiso angama-1861 (u-3.) Ngokutsho kweCandelo 2, ukuba ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-24 Kwakukho ukubuyiswa ngokubanzi, ke ukuhlawulwa kwemali engaphezulu kunyanzelwanga. Iziqendu 4-11 zicacisa kuphela iinkcukacha zokudluliselwa komhlaba kwipropati yomuntu. ISigqibo se-12 sibeka ithuba lokuba i-paysers ifune, endaweni yeziqhelo zomhlaba, apho kunokwenzeka khona endaweni enye.

Icandelo lesibini lommiselo liyizilungiso ezi-4 kwinkqubo yokwahlukana komhlaba olwabiwo olunemihlaba. Icandelo lesithathu liqukethe amanqaku amabini, aphinde anikezele amalungelo abantu abasemaphandleni kwiziqephu zomhlaba wezabelo, eziqukethe impahla yomzi.

Icandelo lesine lichaza utshintsho lwentlalo yonke, bobabini uluntu kunye nokuhlaliswa, ukufumana kwiindawo ezingekho phantsi kwesigqibo ngesigqibo sesibini kwisithathu sevoti yamafama kwintlanganiso. Ngokuqiniswa kobunini bezicwangciso zabanikazi abatsha, ababenelungelo lokusebenzisa umhlaba ongenakulinganiswayo (amahlathi, amadlelo, amahlathi, amazwe aphazamisayo, iindlela) zagcinwa.

Lo myalelo waba ngumthetho emva kokushicilelwa ngomhla we-14 kuJuni 1910 woMthetho ngokulungiswa kunye nokuxhaswa kwezigqibo ezithile kwiindawo zokuhlala komhlaba. Ngokuqinisekileyo, umthetho okhankanywe ngasentla kunye nomthetho ziyingxenye yenguqu eyenziwa kwilizwe, kodwa kwakungokuphakanyiswa kokuvinjelwa kokushiya uluntu owaba sisiseko se-Stolypin's reforms in the field.

Izizathu eziphambili zokulungiswa kweergrarian kwakuyimbonakaliso enkulu yabantu, ukwanda kwinqanaba elincinci labantu basemaphandleni, ukwanda kweemali emva kwemali, kunye nezinga eliphantsi lokuvelisa.

Ulungiso lwezolimo lufezekise iinjongo zalo kuphela, kodwa iziphumo zazingenako. Indawo ehlonyelwe umhlaba. Kwakukho ukuphindaphinda ngokubanzi umhlaba wezabelo, imizi engaphezulu kwezigidi ezi-2 zafumana izicwangciso ezingatshatanga. Ukususela ekuqalekeni kohlaziyo, ukubonelelwa kwabasimizi kunye nezixhobo kuye kwanda ngamaxesha ama-1.5, iintsimbi zensimbi ngamaxesha angama-2.4. Inani lamanyano abambiswano liye landa.

Emva kokuguqulwa kwegrama, ukuba kuchaneke ngakumbi, ukususela ngo-1901 ukuya ku-1911, Ingeniso evela kwizityalo kunye nezityalo zoshishino zanda ukusuka ku-1.7 ukuya kwi-3.4 yezigidigidi zeeruble, imali engenayo nganye yanda ukusuka kuma-ruble angama-30 ukuya kuma-43. Ngethuba lexesha lokubuyiswa, iifama ziqiniswa kakhulu - 10.3% yazo zonke iimpahla ezihlala ezizimeleyo zithunyelwa kubunikazi bomhlaba wangasese ngendlela yeefama kunye nokwehla.

Ngaloo ndlela, kunokuthiwa ukuba utshintsho lukaStolpin kwintsimi yezolimo, olwenziwa phakathi kuka-1906 no-1911, lwaluyimpembelelo eqhubekayo kwezolimo zaseRashiya. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuphawulwe ukuba ukuguqulwa kunye nokuveliswa akuzange kusombulule zonke iingxaki zedolophana, intlupheko yahlala yinto eqhelekileyo kwidolophana, ubudlelwane phakathi kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo babemi babenelisekile ngokwaneleyo, kubandakanywa nokufikelela ngokungalinganiyo kwi-credit.