Yintoni ekuthiwa umzimba? Ephilayo: Inkcazo

Into ebizwa ngokuba umzimba, nendlela yohlukile kwezinye izinto kwindalo? Phantsi le mbono ukuqonda umzimba ophilileyo, nto leyo iba ezininzi iipropati ezahlukeneyo. Bona ukwahlula eziphilayo entweni ezingaphiliyo. Iguqulwe ukusuka organismus Latin lithetha "ukwazisa look neyi," "amalungiselelo". Igama kanye ithetha isakhiwo ethile nawuphi na ephilayo. Olu phando ojongana biology didi. eziphilayo bagwayimbile ngeyantlukwano yabo. Njengoko abanye abantu zibandakanywa ukwakhiwa yezilwanyana kunye nabantu. Ngamanye amazwi - yinto iyunithi noshowo zomgangatho othile wokuphila. Ukuze uqonde into ebizwa emzimbeni, kufuneka zibonwe kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo.

yokwahlukanisa jikelele

Eziphilayo njengoko kuchaziwe kakhulu ukuchaza ngokupheleleyo kubume bayo, lenziwa iiseli. Iingcali ukuchonga iindidi vnesistematicheskie ezinjalo bezinto:

• eyodwa;

• multicellular.

Xa iqela elahlukileyo angawodwa intermediate therebetween uhlobo njengoko nwe kwiseli enye. isabelo sawo ngengqiqo jikelele kwi non-nuclear kwakunye nuclear. Kuba lula zonke ezi zinto zisasazwe amaqela ezininzi. Ngenxa kule ukwahlulwa ngokweendidi zezinto eziphilayo (biology class 6) ishwankathelwe olunzulu kwinkqubo eziphilayo yokuhlela.

Iseli Ingcamango

Inkcazo "ephilayo" sele zahlanganiswa linxibelelene iindidi ezifana esiseleni. Yeyona unit esisiseko yobomi. Ukuba iseli ke yenethiwekhi yokwenene zonke iimpawu esiphilayo. Endalweni iintsholongwane kuphela ezo fomu non-cellular, musa ukuba nabo nesakhiwo sayo. Le yunithi esisiseko yobomi kunye nolwakhiwo eziphilayo ilifa zizo zonke iimpawu kunye indlela ukutya. Iseli iyakwazi ubukho ozimeleyo, kunye nophuhliso self-yokuzala.

Ingcamango a esiphilayo kulula ukuba yanele endaweni iintsholongwane ezininzi lenyama, ezo eyodwa enye kunye nomngundo multicellular, izityalo, izilwanyana, equka nobuninzi zezi yunithi zobomi. iiseli ezahlukeneyo babe ubume babo. Ngenxa yoko, sisincoko iquka organelle prokaryotic ezifana capsule, plasmalemma, iseli eludongeni, ribosomes, kukho icytoplasm, plasmid nucleoid, msila, ukusela. Xa eukaryotes, kukho organelles zilandelayo: isiqalo, inwebu zenyukliya, ribosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, izixhobo Golgi, vacuoles, vesicles, iseli ndizayo.

Inkcazo yezinto eziphilayo "ephilayo" liphonononga yonke ingxenye kwale nzululwazi. Ubume kunye neenkqubo yobomi babo benza cytology. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuye rhoqo ngokuba yiseli biology.

elilodwa

Le mbono "eyodwa-ezineseli 'ukuthini kudidi non-zenkqubo izinto, apho umzimba iseli enye kuphela. Oku kuquka:

• prokaryotes ukuba musa ukuba ngokusesikweni ngumongo iseli kunye nezinye organelles zangaphakathi kunye nemisipha. Abanalo ndizayo yenyukliya. Baye osmotrofny kunye nohlobo autotrophic lokutya (photosynthesis kunye chemosynthesis).

• eukaryotes, ezo iseli equlethe core.

It jikelele ukuba eziphilayo olunye-ezineseli na izinto zokuqala abaphila emhlabeni. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba kakhulu kubo archaea neentsholongwane. protists kwiseli enye nazo ekuthethwa - eziphilayo eukaryotic, ezingaqukwanga kwi kudidi nomngundo, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana.

eziphilayo multicellular

eziphilayo Multicellular, inkcazelo oludityaniswe ngokusondeleyo ukuyilwa kwento yonke enobunye unzima kakhulu ngakumbi izinto olunye-elilodwa. Le nkqubo iqulathe umahluko izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, ezibandakanya iiseli, ancedisana amalungu. Ukuyilwa kwento ephilayo multicellular uquka ukwahlulwa kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi ezahlukeneyo ontogeny (ngamnye) kunye phylogeny (uphuhliso historical).

eziphilayo Multicellular iqanjwa iiseli ezininzi, ezininzi zazo kubume kunye nomsebenzi. Ezi ngaphandle nje ke iiseli stem (izilwanyana) kunye neeseli cambium (kwizityalo).

Multicellular and yamakoloniyali

Le eziphilayo eyenza izinto multicellular kunye nwe single-elilodwa. Nangona ukufana ethile ezi eziphilayo, kukho ezahlukene phakathi kwabo:

• eziphilayo multicellular - yinto uluntu iiseli ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ukuba abe isakhiwo zabo kunye nemisebenzi eyodwa. emzimbeni wayo esenziwe amalaphu ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa ephilayo banamanqanaba aphezulu yokuxubana iiseli. Bona zizakubalulwa ezahlukeneyo zabo.

• nwe kwiseli kuquka iiseli efanayo. Sekukancinane nzima ukwahlukanisa kwithishyu.

Umda phakathi bobukoloniyali kunye namabala multicellular. Kwindalo, kukho izinto eziphilayo ezifana Volvox, nto isakhiwo sawo thanga olunye-elilodwa, kodwa babe iiseli somatic kwaye okuvelisa inzala, eziya kwahluka enye kwenye. Kukholelwa ukuba eziphilayo zokuqala multicellular wabonakala kwiplanethi yethu 2.1 kuphela billion. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo.

Iiyantlukwano eziphilayo ezivela imizimba ezingaphiliyo

Umba i "eziphilayo" libhekisela ikhemikali ubume oluntsonkothileyo nto. Iqulethe ngeeproteni nangenucleic acids. Kule ke yohlukile imizimba indalo ezingaphiliyo. Kwakhona ayashiyana zizo zonke iimpawu zayo. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba adalwa umzimba nabo eziliqela iipropati physicochemical, igama elithi "umzimba" iquka iimpawu ezininzi ngakumbi. Bona zahlukahlukene kakhulu ngakumbi.

Ukuze uqonde into ibizwa ngokuba umzimba, kuyimfuneko ukufunda iipropati yayo. Ekubeni neneempawu zilandelayo:

• ukutya, nto leyo equka umbane (ukusetyenziswa kwezondlo), ukukhetha (output kunye neemveliso inkunkuma eyingozi), intshukumo (ukutshintsha indawo emzimbeni okanye inxalenye yalo esithubeni).

• Imbono kunye nokuqhutywa ulwazi, eziquka ukucaphuka namaxhala, uvumela ukuqonda iziganeko zangaphakathi nezangaphandle kunye emane ayiphendule.

• yofuzo, bavumele ukutshintshela zabo imiqondiso inzala, akukho lula, nto leyo umahluko phakathi kwabantu zohlobo olufanayo.

• Uphuhliso (utshintsho ayibuyiseki umva ubomi) ukukhula (ukwanda ubukhulu kunye nobunzima ngenxa biosynthesis), marekhodi (ukudlala ngokwabo).

Classification ngenxa kobume cell

Iingcali ekwabelwana ngazo zonke iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo 2 superkingdom:

• pre-nuclear (prokaryotes) - evolutionarily zamabanga, uhlobo eyona ezilula iiseli. Yaba ukuba ngoobani na iintlobo zokuqala eziphilayo emhlabeni.

• Nuclear (eukaryotes), zivela prokaryotes. Oku eliphezulu kakhulu ziintlobo zeeseli abe nucleus. Uninzi eziphilayo kwiplanethi yethu, kuquka abantu, aba eukaryotic.

superkingdom Nuclear, yena, yahlulahlulwe zizikumkani ezine:

• protists (group parafilitiechskaya), ezo ezinyanya kuzo zonke ezinye izinto eziphilayo;

• awafanele;

• izityalo;

• izilwanyana.

Kuba prokaryotes ziquka:

• iintsholongwane kuquka icyanobacteria (ulwelwe blue-eluhlaza);

• archaea.

Iimpawu uphawu kwezi zinto ziphilayo zezi:

• Ukungabikho ekhutshwe ngumongo;

• phambi misila, vacuoles, plasmids;

• phambi kwezakhiwo apho kwenzeka photosynthesis;

• uhlobo yokuzala;

• ubungakanani ribosome.

Nangona yokuba zonke izinto eziphilayo kwahluka kwinani iiseli kunye zobungcali zabo, zonke iiseli eukaryotic luphawulwa ukufana ethile eso sakhiwo. Bona lubonakala ngokuba imvelaphi efanayo, ngoko eli qela le taxon monophyletic abakuluhlu kakhulu. Ngokutsho izazinzulu, eziphilayo eukaryotic ukuvela eMhlabeni malunga 2 million. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa symbiogenesis bavela emele ngokuncedisana phakathi kwiseli kokuba ngumongo kwaye banako phagocytosis, oko wendele neentsholongwane. Bona baba aziwa ezi organelles ezibalulekileyo njengoko chloroplasts kunye mitochondria.

Mezokarioty

Kwindalo, kukho izinto eziphilayo oluphakathi phakathi prokaryotes kunye eukaryotes. Zibizwa ngokuba mezokariotami. Baya ahluke kubo nokucwangciswa apparatus yemfuza. Eli qela eziphilayo ziquka dinoflagellates (dinoflagellates). Zinelungelo inucleus neenkalo, kodwa isakhiwo iiseli ezigcinwe iinkalo primitiveness ukuba ezendeleyo nucleoid. Chwetheza nokucwangciswa izixhobo yemfuza kwezi zinto ziphilayo akuxhomekekanga kuphela kubonwa nje lenguqu, kodwa ibe njengesebe elizimeleyo yophuhliso.

eziphilayo

Amagciwane liqela izibonelelo ophilileyo, ubungakanani encinane kakhulu. Abakwazi kungabonwa ngeliso lenyama. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ubungakanani yabo ngaphantsi kwe-0,1 mm. Eli qela libandakanya:

• prokaryotes anuclear (iintsholongwane kunye archaea);

• eukaryotes (protists, ifungi).

Uninzi ezincinane ezi iseli enye. Ngaphandle koku, kwindalo, kukho elilodwa olunye-ukuba unako lula azabonakala ngaphandle ngemicroscope, umzekelo, polikarion Huge Thiomargarita namibiensis (zaselwandle Igram-negative igciwane). Ixilonga ubomi izinto eziphilayo.

eziphilayo transgenic

Kumaxesha akutshanje eli binza ukuva indlela akhule transgenic. Yintoni na? Kuyinto ephilayo, kwigeno- apho zamntu zaziswa gene enye into ephilayo. Oku kuqhutywa ngendlela kokuyilwayo yemfuza, nto leyo ulandelelwano DNA. Kaninzi iba plasmid yebhaktiriya. Ngokusebenzisa zazo ezinjalo oosonzululwazi eziphilayo ngempahla ngokomgangatho elitsha. Ezi seli bavelisa gene protein ukuba iye yaziswa kwi genome.

Le mbono "womuntu"

Njengazo naziphi na ezinye izinto eziphilayo izinto abantu ngokufunda ezenzululwazi kunye eziphilayo. Umzimba womntu ebalulekile, ngokwembali, inkqubo enamandla. Yena uye isakhiwo ethile kunye nophuhliso. Ngaphezu koko, umzimba womntu bahlale kunye nokusingqongileyo. Njengazo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, loo nto iye isakhiwo zeselula. Bakha laphu:

• epithelial, ibekwe phezu komzimba. Yenza isikhumba kunye neendonga igcwele amalungu nomgodi imithambo yegazi ngaphakathi. Kwakhona, ezi kwinyama ezisegumbini nemingxuma okuvala umzimba. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi epithelium: ulusu, izintso, isisu, sokuphefumla. Iiseli ezakha laphu, zisisiseko kwezakhiwo yale mihla efana ezifana nezikhonkwane, iinwele, amazinyo lwawo.

• Muscle kunye iipropati contractility kunye excitability. Ngenxa kule inyama iinkqubo motor zenziwa ngaphakathi emzimbeni kunye nentshukumo yayo esithubeni. Izihlunu yakhiwa iiseli, ezo microfibrils (okuzenzela contractile). Zahlula-hlulwe anencasa striated kwezihlunu.

• Connection, ezibandakanya ithambo, intlala, adipose izicwili ngokunjalo ngegazi, nkovu, nemisipha nemisipha. Zonke iinguqulelo alo imvelaphi efanayo mesodermal, nangona nganye umsebenzi wayo kunye neempawu zesakhiwo.

• thazeke ukuba iifom iiseli ezikhethekileyo - luvo (unit zokusebenza kwaye ziyasebenza) kunye neuroglia. Ahluke kubume. Ngaloo ndlela neuron iquka umzimba 2 kunye neenkqubo: luvo eyayizalwa axons elifutshane elide. I-camera, bakha luvo. Osebenzayo, luvo bohlulwa babe motor (efferent), yovakalelo (afferent), ngokungenelela. Indawo utshintsho ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwelinye kubo kuthiwa synapse. Iimpawu ezingundoqo kule inyama: Uhanjiso kunye excitability.

Into ebizwa umzimba womntu ngengqiqo ngokubanzi? iintlobo ezine amalaphu zenza amalungu (somzimba kunye imilo ethile, isakhiwo kunye function) kunye neenkqubo zabo. ukuba ayenza njani? Ukususela ekuphunyezweni kwemisebenzi ethile omzimba omnye ayikwazi ukumelana, kwizakhiwo zazo kwakheka. Ntoni na ke? Loo inkqubo - indibanisela imizimba eziliqela ukuba abe isakhiwo esifanayo, uphuhliso kunye nomsebenzi. Bonke kuba sisiseko sophuhliso lomzimba womntu. Ezi ziquka nkqubo:

• musculoskeletal (amathambo, izihlunu);

• sokugaya (phecana kunye yesinye);

• zosulele ngokuphefumla (imiphunga, iphecana sokuphefumla);

• sensory amalungu (iindlebe, amehlo, impumlo, umlomo, izixhobo vestibular, isikhumba);

• isini (inkunzi kunye esini obhinqileyo);

• luvo (central, neuropathy);

• kwegazi (intliziyo, imithambo yegazi);

• yonyango (ezidalwe nobubovu);

• integumentary (eluswini);

• womchamo (izintso, eziphumela indlela).

Umzimba womntu, le ukuhluza ukuba zeziphina angamelwa njenge ingqokelela amalungu kunye neenkqubo ezahlukahlukeneyo main (i nokumisela) ekuqaleni - kweejini. Yeyona siseko yemfuza. Ngamanye amazwi - iseti yemfuza bahlala into efunyenwe evela kubazali. Naluphi na uhlobo ezincinane, izityalo, izilwanyana, kukho uphawu lokuba kweejini kuye.