Russian complex ngumatshini ukwakha

Machine-kwezakhiwo yiseti oluthile amashishini, iimveliso ezo oomatshini ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela. Ngaphezu koko, oko luphawulwa ukuyilwa ulwalamano sinzima kunene.

Machine complex kabani isakhiwo ebanzi, iquka ubunjineli ngqo zomatshini kunye ngensimbi. Products yale sakhiwo idlala indima enkulu ekuphumezeni kwimpumelelo zakutshanje bezenzululwazi kunye nobugcisa. Kwaye oku kuyinyaniso kuzo zonke iinkalo kuqoqosho.

Ubume lobunjineli sphere

Le mveliso kwisakhiwo esikhulu inika zonke izixhobo uqoqosho kweli lizwe kunye nezixhobo. Kuba sabantu uvelisa iintlobo zorhwebo. Eli bhotwe Umatshini-isakhiwo kuquka nokulungiswa kwezixhobo noomatshini, ngokunjalo metal. Uphawu ngaye kukuyenza mandundu zobungcali kwimveliso kunye nokwandiswa lomgadi ububanzi imisebenzi.

Ubume bomashini-kwezakhiwo ibandakanya phezu amasebe asixhenxe. Zonke ezo yenziwe amaqela ngaqela ngokungqinelana khona imveliso, ukufana iinkqubo kunye iintlobo zempahla ekrwada ezisetyenzisiweyo.

Ubume bomashini-kwezakhiwo ibandakanya:

1. Power kunye noshishino enzima. Ezi ziquka ukuveliswa lwamandla, izinto yokuphatha kwemigodi, ushicilelo izixhobo zenyukliya, inqwelo, turbino- kunye nokwakha kaloliwe.
2. Machine, unoxanduva ukuvelisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zezixhobo machine.
3. engineering Transport, equka mboni kwimveliso iimoto kunye neenqanawa, kwakunye enxulumene ngenqwelomoya entsimini aerospace.
4. Tractor kunye umatshini efama.
5. Lezixhobo, zobunjineli bombane kunye elektroniki imveliso, ekukholelwa ukuba ubunjineli ezichanekileyo zomatshini.
6. Ukukhutshwa oomatshini kunye nezixhobo ukutya kunye noshishino ukukhanya.

Ngaphandle iiyunithi ngasentla ziquka minor yokunyibilikisa isinyithi esimbaxa zobunjineli, imveliso nomnombo libandakanywe ngentsimbi. Le nkqubo oluqhutywa Foundries. Le mimandla imi umatshini okanye amashishini ezikhethekileyo. Ikhupha bexhentsa, bephosa, sifuna weldments.

zobunjineli elisindayo

Zonke izityalo zibandakanyiwe kule industry, ebonakala ukusetyenziswa eliphezulu yesinyithi. Ngelo xesha linye zinika oomatshini eziyimfuneko kunye nezixhobo lweshishini enxulumene lwemigodi imichiza, kwemigodi, amafutha kunye namandla kunye nezakhiwo metallurgical.

izityalo oomatshini Heavy amacandelo, izahlulo (umzekelo, rolls for kaloliwe zokusila), kwakunye nezixhobo esele zenziwe (turbines, boilers, abembi, izixhobo imigodi). Njengenxalenye shishino kukho amacandelwana ezilishumi. Phakathi kwabo, yokuphatha, uhambo, atom, ushicilelo, ezemigodi kunye zobunjineli metallurgical, kwakunye dizele-, inqwelo, umbane kunye nokwakhiwa Boiler.

Ixabiso eliphezulu imveliso kwishishini koomatshini abanzima avelise imveliso kwezixhobo metallurgical. Bona baxhotyiswa electric kunyityilikiswa kunye udubulo yamaziko, kwaye kananjalo izityalo sinter. Ixabiso eliphezulu kunye nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo ityumza yaye isila kunye kaloliwe imveliso.

Products lwamashishini oomatshini imigodi lasi ezisetyenziselwa ukuhlola kunye nemveliso (ngendlela eselubala kwaye ezivaliweyo), nokusebenzisa kunye neeminerali ukuthena ukuba isakhiwo esiqinileyo. Ezi ziquka unyango amanzi kunye udityanisiwe kwemigodi, ehamba kunye ukumbiwa emele-wheel. izixhobo ezifana nazo ezisetyenziswa kwi non-ayoni kunye ayoni yokunyibilikisa isinyithi, amashishini amalahle kunye imichiza kwakunye ekwenziweni izinto zokwakha.

ukubaluleka kwezoqoqosho Great kuqoqosho lwesizwe uye imveliso eyenziweyo yi zobunjineli up-and-zothutho. Ngapha koko, kunye izixhobo malunga nezigidi ezintlanu zabantu abasebenza eRashiya. Le-kwicandelo lenkqubo zavelisa milenge zombane kunye projektha, yokuthutha kunye zokuthutha zokubhala, kwakunye nezixhobo ukuba oomatshini olubanzi nendawo yokugcina.

Ukuveliswa iinqwelwana, isakhiwo kaloliwe yenzelwe ukubonelela sphere zothutho ngololiwe ayimfuneko kuyo. Le miba sub-candelo kunye amalungiselelo okuhamba ayimfuneko iwelding kaloliwe, ukupheyiva, ukususwa ikhephu kunye neminye imisebenzi.

Ke ukuba kwakhiwe turbine, njongo yayo iphambili kukuxhobisa izixhobo eziyimfuneko kwicandelo amandla ezoqoqosho. Mills yale lingaphantsi neendibano ezikhoyo kubunzulu baphantsi komhlaba kunye enyukliya, izityalo amandla thermal kunye yerhasi. Yena unoxanduva izixhobo imboni zegesi eziphambili kunye isitofu supply, ucinezelo nokurisayikilisha yesixa asetyenziswe petroleum kunye imichiza mveliso, kwakunye yokunyibilikisa isinyithi ahle and non-ayoni.

izityalo zobunjineli enyukliya ukugxininisa ekuvelisweni ezahlukeneyo izixhobo izityalo amandla enyukliya. Olu luhlu luquka kunye zamandla netanki.
Umthamo Ubuncinane yemveliso yohlukile oomatshini bokushicilela. amashishini alo ukuvelisa zokuthutha babashicileli, oomatshini bokushicilela, njalo njalo. D.

ukwakhiwa machine-isixhobo

Ishishini velisa ezintsonkothileyo kumatshini-ukwakha:

- isixhobo ngensimbi;
- izixhobo cofa-nokwakhiwa;
- izixhobo kumatshini;
- ngokhuni oomatshini.

Ukongeza imveliso kweemveliso ezigqityiweyo, le industry ikwanoxanduva wokulungisa ndawonye leeyunithi, esetyenziselwa metal.

zokuhamba engineering

Enye amasebe zayo kushishino lweenqwelo lo. Lokuvelisa iimveliso usebenzisa imathiriyeli kunye iintlobo kwezixhobo eziveliswa kule amashishini phantse onke amasebe ngezobunjineli. Kwi-mveliso kushishino lweenqwelo ababandakanyekayo iinjineli abanezakhono eziphezulu kunye nabasebenzi ezivelisa iimpahla kunye yafakwa umkhweli. Ngezi iinkampani hamba zokuthutha kunye ntaka zokuguqulwa ezahlukeneyo.

Ukuveliswa rocket kunye nendawo mboni ngexabiso Orbital kunye neenqanawa alawulwayo uhlobo umthwalo. Kwezi izithuthi, ihlanganisa ngokupheleleyo iteknoloji ophezulu kunye nangokudibana kwamacandelo imveliso ebanzi nehlangeneyo.

kushishino imikhumbi ezisetyenziswa imveliso yawo isixa esikhulu ngentsimbi. Kodwa ke, nangona oku, ukubekwa oluqhutywa kwiindawo apho isisekelo esikhulu metallurgical. Oku kungenxa kobunzima okukhulu yokuhamba izithuthi ugqibile. kushishino imikhumbi nabanobuntu amaninzi sentsebenziswano mveliso namacandelo ezininzi zoqoqosho. Oku kuvumela phezu uthutho lwamanzi kuthetha ufakelo izixhobo ezahlukeneyo.

Ishishini inkulu umatshini-isakhiwo lushishino ngomatshini. Makube uvelise ifumana isicelo yalo onke amacandelo loqoqosho lwesizwe. Iimoto zifunwa kurhwebo neevenkile.

umatshini itrektara ifama

Olu shishino luphawulwa izifundo kwiindawo. Kwinkqubo wokwenziwa iimveliso zayo ababandakanyekayo inani elincinane zezityalo ukuvelisa iinxalenye neendibano ngoba izigaba ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo.

Itrektara noomatshini yezolimo abavuni eyenziweyo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Ezi ziquka lnouborochnye kunye udityanisiwe, abavuni umqhaphu kunye Umbona, itapile kunye nezinye oomatshini. Iveliswe kwi mveliso kushishino kunye utshintsho ezahlukeneyo iitrektara ezinamavili yaye kulandelelwa.

Isixhobo and Industry Electrical

Iimveliso elalenziwe amashishini kula masebe, iyahluka namandla kunye nentabalala yezinto eziphathekayo. Noko ke, ukukhululwa bayinxalenye yalo, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukhethe abasebenzi abanezakhono kunye nabasebenzi bophando.

Izityalo zenza setup lezixhobo kunye nokufakelwa kwezixhobo esizisebenzelayo. imisebenzi zabo ziquka uphuhliso software, uyilo kunye nokuveliswa zonyango izixhobo, iiwotshi, izixhobo ze-ofisi lezixhobo. iimveliso Ezo technology ophezulu yaye kusetyenziswa iindlela zolawulo nkqubo kunye nolwazi oluzenzekelayo.

Xa izityalo Russian ezibandakanywe kwicandelo lobunjineli yombane, okwangoku luvelisa ngaphezu kwesinye ikhulu lamawaka amagama iimveliso ezahlukeneyo.

Ezi mveliso ukufumana isicelo yabo phantse onke amacandelo loqoqosho lwesizwe. Umthamo imveliso eyenziweyo kolu shishino wombane, kuko inani iimveliso ezenziwe ngabo onke amacandelo zobunjineli elisindayo aggregate. Uluhlu ezisisiseko iimveliso ezifana limelwe benkunkuma eya, irhasi kunye umphunga turbines kubunzulu baphantsi komhlaba kunye Motors, oomatshini zombane, abaguquli kunye converters, electrothermal, electrofusion kunye nezixhobo izibane.

zobunjineli Mechanical kwishishini ukutya kwaye ukukhanya

Kwesi sigaba imveliso ibandakanya amacandelwana ezivelisa izixhobo anganithi kunye nemiqhaphu, izihlangu nezambatho, uboya neemfele, indawo ukutya yoqoqosho. Indawo Geographical izityalo ezifana kuxhomekeke kufutshane kubathengi.

Indima kuqoqosho lwesizwe

Ixabiso kushishino lomatshini-isakhiwo zibalulekile. Ngapha koko, eli shishini yenye elihamba phambili Russian enzima. Xa amashishini eli candelo kudala ubunzima ephambili kakhulu-asethi ezisisigxina, eziquka izixhobo. Ukongeza, i-complex umatshini-ukwakha inefuthe ebalulekileyo kwicala nesantya yophuhliso inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe, ngokubaluleka kokukhula yimveliso yabasebenzi, kwakunye neminye imibandela emininzi ezichaphazela ukusebenza kwimveliso.

Lonke umthamo iimveliso ezenziwe Russian ezintsonkothileyo ngumatshini-ukwakha, kuba ngaphezu kwesinye kwisithathu sabo bonke imveliso yorhwebo eveliswa kweli lizwe. Xa amashishini eli candelo loqoqosho usebenzisa 2/5 we abasebenzi bebonke kwemveliso yoshishino. Kwakhona efakwe phantse ikota yonke ezingahambisekiyo yendalo mveliso ezikhoyo kweli lizwe.

Kubalulekile ukuba sibuxabise ezimbaxa zobunjineli kubomi kwiindawo ezinkulu eRashiya. Ngaphezu koko, inqanaba lophuhliso ezi kwamashishini kuxhomekeke kuphuhliso onke amacandelo loqoqosho lwesizwe. Indima ngezobunjineli kunye nokuqinisekisa amandla wokhuselo eRashiya.

Iimpawu ezichaphazela ukwabiwa kwamashishini

Russian complex umatshini-ukwakha uye ebanzi unxibelelwano phakathi kwamacandelo. Kodwa ngaphaya koko, le ukubunjwa lineqela neempawu ezizodwa. Kufuneka igcinwe engqondweni xa ubeke amashishini ezahlukeneyo kummandla othile.

Kuqala kwinto zonke, ishishini obunjineli boomatshini baye basungula lokufunda izifundo ezikhethiweyo. Ngamanye amazwi, amashishini bazo buzinze kwimveliso omnye okanye, maxa amaninzi, ngeentlobo ezimbalwa iimveliso. Ngelo xesha kukho a xi eliphezulu. Lo ngumba ngezobunjineli, ukuveliswa kweemveliso ezigqityiweyo xa wenza kwiinkampani ezininzi ngexesha elinye. Ngokomzekelo, isityalo imoto. iimveliso zayo kuphela iindlela zothutho.

Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuveliswa kwezithuthi okanye iinxalenye zesityalo enjalo ifumana ukutya eyenziwe kwamanye amashishini, inani elinokuphinda elikhulu kakhulu. Lo mba inempembelelo ebalulekileyo likhuphe zakhiwo umatshini-ukwakha, nto kubalulekile ukuba unxibelelwano kwizithuthi. Kungenxa yoko le nto abaninzi shishino kweli candelo lezoqoqosho zikummandla iVolga kunye Central Russia. Enyanisweni, kule ndawo kukho uthungelwano zokuhamba ephuhliswe kakuhle.

Esimi kumatshini zakhiwo of Russia, kukhokelwa okukhutshwa iimveliso kakhulu entsonkothileyo ezintsha (elektroniki nobunjineli unomathotholo), ezinxulumene amandla uphando factor. Kungenxa yoko le mveliso ifumaneka eMoscow, eSt Petersburg, naseNovosibirsk, njalo njalo. D. Oko kummandla iindawo apho isiseko lwenzululwazi yenziwe kakuhle.

kushishino lomatshini-isakhiwo, ogama iimveliso zinxulunyaniswa umba emkhosini-qhinga, njengoko umthetho, xa kwizixeko "closed". It Snezhinsk, Novouralsk, Sarov, kunye nabanye. Ngamanye amaxesha imveliso ibekwe kufuphi iziseko zomkhosi.

Lo matshini-ukwakha izinto ezintsonkothileyo eziphembelela uphuhliso wayo, kwaye kuquka kukho inani elikhulu kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo. Ngoko ke, amashishini yemisebenzi-olunzulu zithathwa umatshini-isixhobo kunye isixhobo. Kungenxa yoko le nto loo yimveliso zibekwe kwiingingqi kunye xiyimiso eliphezulu labantu, oko kukuthi e Moscow, Voronezh, Penza, Ryazan, njalo-njalo. D.

Ngexesha nokwakhiwa kwamashishini zobunjineli enzima accounted for ukutyiwa yayo eziphathekayo. Kuba abagqibayo ezi mveliso zifuna eninzi yesinyithi. Kuphela xa kunokwenzeka ukuba akhuphe stock metallurgical kunye nezixhobo namandla. ezi nkampani ibekwe Urals (Ekaterinburg), aseSiberia (Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk). Oku kungenxa ekhoyo kule mimandla isiseko esikhulu metallurgical. Maxa wambi enzima yobunjineli lweshishini ojolise kwimathiriyeli amazwe ekrwada. Zikhona eSt Petersburg.

Kukho ezinye iintlobo ezahlukileyo zeenqwelo, imfuno leyo abaneengxaki iingingqi kuphela nje ezimbalwa. Oku kusebenza, umzekelo, iitrektara zothunyelo ngamaplanga begusha neflakisi nabavuni. Loo ndlela akukho lula kwizithuthi, kwaye ke ngoko, oko kwenziwa kakuhle apho kukho imfuneko khona.

yobunzima

Uphuhliso bomashini-kwezakhiwo ne-imi- 90 kwinkulungwane edluleyo, liye lathotywa kakhulu zabo irhafu. Ezinye zezi nkampani nje ivaliwe, ngoxa abanye kunciphise kakhulu imithamo yemveliso. Ingakumbi ukuhla kwamanani imveliso kwi mveliso ukuvelisa oomatshini, izixhobo zolimo, kwakunye iimveliso ngendlela zobunjineli. Yintoni i sizathu siphambili kule nkqubo? Ayelele nomgangatho ophantsi iimveliso zethu, ezingenakulinganiswa akhuphisane iimveliso kwamanye amazwe. Ukongeza, emva eSoviet Union kwakukho ikhefu ubudlelwane kwezoshishino ngaphambili ezazikho phakathi republic eli lizwe.

Iingxaki ngezobunjineli zigutyungelwe wear ngakumbi iinyembezi kwezixhobo. Ngokutsho manani, lufikelela phantse-70%. Ezi meko zinje ikhona vertoleto- kunye imikhumbi, ngokunjalo elektroniki. Iminyaka yobudala avareji koomatshini kwi izityalo kumatshini-isakhiwo nama-20 iminyaka. Akwenzeki ukuba ukusebenzisa kwinkqubo yemveliso ubugcisa obutsha. Namhlanje, amasebe ezininzi zobunjineli kufuna yotshintsho olukhulu kwesi sixhobo. Kuphela kulo mzekelo, iimveliso zabo ziya kuba ukukhuphisana ezivenkileni.

Ukuba negalelo ukuqhubela phambili kwale meko, iinkampani ezininzi amazwe. Gaze market wethu, loo iinkampani ngokuphawulekayo ukwandisa umgangatho wokhuphiswano.

Enye ingxaki enkulu kukuba kukunqongophala kwabasebenzi kwicandelo noomatshini. Ukuba inkqubo yoqeqesho lokuSetyenziswa kwaMandla oLuntu, apho yayikhona USSR, satshatyalaliswa nje. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iminyaka abasebenzi abanezakhono sele ukuya umhlalaphantsi. Ngenxa yokunqongophala nokoyika kwabasebenzi abatsha ophazamisa kakhulu inkqubo yotshintsho imveliso umatshini-ukwakha. Kodwa le meko luyaphucuka kancinci ngenxa iiprojekthi zotyalo-mali. Yakhiwe kwaye sele kwakhiwe nezityalo ezitsha, babathwalela ngaphandle kuvuselelwa amashishini ezindala, ukuphuhlisa ezintsha wambuyisela ubudlelwane zemveliso-ekhoyo pre.