Isakhiwo cellular zonke izinto eziphilayo? Biology: isakhiwo zeselula umzimba

Njengoko yaziwa, isakhiwo yeselula ukuba phantse zonke izinto kwi planethi yethu. Ngokusisiseko, zonke iiseli kufuneka isakhiwo esifanayo. Le yunithi lincinane zesakhiwo olusebenzayo omzimba ophilayo. Iiseli abe imisebenzi ezahlukeneyo, yaye kungeso Umahluko kubume. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuba benze izinto ezizimeleyo. isakhiwo yeselula zizityalo, izilwanyana, nomngundo, iintsholongwane. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iiyantlukwano phakathi kweeyunithi zabo zesakhiwo zisebenza. Kweli nqaku sijonga isakhiwo zeselula. Grade 8 ibandakanya isifundo ngesihloko. Ngoko ke, eli nqaku liza kuba umdla kubafundi, kwakunye nabo nje abanomdla eziphilayo. Le ngxelo iza kuchazwa isakhiwo zeselula, kwiiseli eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo, iimfano neeyantlukwano phakathi kwabo.

Imbali thiyori iseli kobume

Abantu abasoloko uyazi ukuba yintoni loo iqulathe eziphilayo. Into yokuba zonke izicwili kwakheka eziseleni iyaziwa kakhulu kutshanje. Isayensi izifundo kuyo, - Biology. Isakhiwo cellular umzimba lachazwa ekuqaleni zizazinzulu Matthias Schleiden kunye Theodor Schwann. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1838. Ngoko ke imfundiso yeselula isakhiwo akhiwa malungiselelo:

• izilwanyana nezityalo zonke iindidi iiseli kwakheka;

• bekhula ngokwakha iiseli ezintsha;

• iseli - iyunithi lincinci yobomi;

• umzimba - ingqokelela iiseli.

Ithiyori mihla kuquka nezinye izibonelelo eziliqela, yaye kancinane ngakumbi:

• iseli zingenzeka kuphela kwiiseli koomama;

• kokuphilayo multicellular akunalo uthotho lwezintlu ezilula iiseli ukusuka badibanisa izihlunu, amalungu kunye neenkqubo ilungu;

• iiseli zonke izinto zibe isakhiwo efanayo;

• iseli - kwinkqubo eliquka iiyunithi ezincinci esebenza;

• iseli - iyunithi lincinci kwesakhiwo ukuba senze njengesebe elizimeleyo.

isakhiwo cell

Ekubeni isakhiwo cellular ziphantse zonke izinto eziphilayo, kuyimfuneko ukuba siqwalasele iimpawu jikelele isakhiwo loo element. Okokuqala, zonke iiseli zahlulwe zibe prokaryotic kunye eukaryotic. Kwixesha elidlulileyo kukho undoqo ekhusela yemfuza agcinwe DNA. Xa iiseli prokaryotic, oku akufani, kunye DNA ndiyihlanganise ndiyidadise ngokukhululekileyo. Zonke iiseli eukaryotic kokhiwe ngolu hlobo. Zinelungelo iqokobhe - i inwebu plasma, ngokuqhelekileyo ibekwe ngeenxa imfundo eyongezelelweyo zokhuselo. Yonke into kulo; ngaphandle kernel - ukuba kukho icytoplasm. Le ibandakanya hyaloplasm, organelles kunye inclusions. Hyaloplasm - yeyona crystalline into ephambili, nto leyo okusingqongileyo elingaphakathi Wawuzalisa yonke indawo yayo. Organelles - a izakhiwo ezisisigxina ukuba enze imisebenzi ethile, okt ukubonelela imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwiiseli ... Inclusions - imfundo non-abasisigxina, nabo badlala indima, kodwa benza njalo okwethutyana.

Isakhiwo yeselula ye eziphilayo

Ngoku bhala organelles ezifanayo ukuba iiseli zonke izidalwa eziphilayo emhlabeni, ngaphandle lwegciwane. It mitochondria, ribosomes, izixhobo Golgi, reticulum endoplasmic, lysosomes, cytoskeleton. Kuba iintsholongwane uphawu olunye kuphela kwezi organelles - ribosomes. Kwaye ngoku khangela isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi organelle ngasinye ngokwahlukeneyo.

mitochondria

Zinika uphefumlayo intracellular. Mitochondria isebenze njenge ndlela uhlobo "amandla", ukuvelisa amandla oyimfuneko ukuze umsebenzi iseli, ukuba idlule leyo okanye ezinye ekudibaneni kwemichiza ngayo. Ba organelles dvumembrannym, oko baye benza ezimbini - amazwe kunye zasekhaya. Ngezantsi kubo matrix - efanayo hyaloplasm kwiseli. Phakathi inwebu nomphandle wocango bakha cristae. Le ngomphetho ngaphakathi kuzo enzymes. Ezi izinto ziyafuneka ukwenzela ukuba babe nako ukwenza abasabela yemichiza uyakhululwa ngawo amandla, iseli kuyimfuneko.

ribosomes

Abanoxanduva protein ukutya - ezizezi, kuba Yindibanisela iikhompawundi kule klasi. Ribosomes luqulathe izahlulo ezimbini - subunits, ezinkulu nezincinane. Le inwebu kule organelle engekhoyo. Enganeno of ribosomes oludibeneyo kuphela kwangoko phambi inkqubo protein yokuqaphela, bahlukane kwi lonke ixesha. Izinto apha ezenziwe ngokusekelwe kwiinkcukacha kwi-DNA. Le nkcazelo abalunikelwayo ribosomes usebenzisa tRNA njengoko izithuthi apha DNA lonke ixesha bekuya kuba nzima kakhulu kwaye iyingozi - yaba ibingase phezulu kakhulu umonakalo.

umfanekiso Golgi

Le organelle ubunjwe ifake lamatanki tyaba. Umsebenzi organelle siyifumana yokuba eqokelela ze Kuchaza izinto ezahlukeneyo kwaye sithatha inxaxheba kukwenziwa lysosomes.

reticulum endoplasmic

Yahlulahlulwe yaba egudileyo kunye alatyuzayo. Okokuqala ezakhiwe neetyhubhu flat. Yena unoxanduva imveliso kwiseli steroid kunye lipids. Lirhabaxa kunjalo ibizwa ngokuba ezindongeni inwebu, apho yakhiwa, kukho ribosomes ezininzi. Iqhuba umsebenzi yezothutho. Angala kokudluliselwa iiprotheni ribosome kuhlelwe apho, izixhobo Golgi.

lysosomes

Bamele odnomembrannye organelles eziqulathe enzayim eziyimfuneko ukulungiselela ukuphunyezwa ekudibaneni kwemichiza ezenzeka ngexesha nethe intracellular. Eli nani likhulu lysosomes ezibonakala leucocytes - iiseli ukuba enze umsebenzi omzimba. Oku kuchazwe ngenxa yokuba ukuphumeza phagocytosis kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukugaya neprothini langaphandle, ekufuneka isixa esikhulu enqanda.

cytoskeleton

Nguwo lo organelle wokugqibela, nto leyo eqhelekileyo nomngundo, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Omnye wemisebenzi yayo engundoqo kukugcina imilo cell. Oku kuyilwa kwe microtubules kunye microfilaments. Eyokuqala ityhubhu kosikrobana kwiproteni tubulin. phambi kwawo kukho icytoplasm ezinye organelles ungahambisa ngeenxa zonke ebuhlanti. Ukongeza, ezi microtubules nazo zibandakanya isiliya kunye misila ye kwiseli enye. Ilungu lesibini cytoskeleton - microfilaments - iqulathe iiprothini contractile actin kunye myosin. Ntsholongwane, le organelle kudla engekho. Kodwa abanye kubo luphawulwa ebusweni cytoskeleton, kodwa ibizezamandulo ngakumbi, amalungiselelo kungekhona nzima njengokuba nomngundo, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana.

organelles cell Plant

Isakhiwo cellular izityalo na ezinye izinto awohluke. Ngaphandle kokuba organelles ngasentla kunye vacuoles nazo plastids akhoyo. I yangaphambili zenzelwe ukuqokelelana kuwo kwezinto kuquka ngokungeyomfuneko, njengoko sirhoxe kwiseli ngenxa yobukho inwebu eludongeni ashinyeneyo ngeenxa amaxesha kuba nzima. Kulwelo leyo ngaphakathi vacuole, ekuthiwa iseli incindi. I young plant cells ekuqaleni abe vacuoles ezimbalwa ezincinane, leyo, njengokuba ukwaluphala yayo bahlanganisane ukuze omnye enkulu. Plastids ziye zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezintathu: chromoplasts, leucoplasts kunye chromoplasts. I yangaphambili luphawulwa ubukho kombala obomvu, otyheli okanye-orenji. Chromoplasts kwiimeko ezininzi kufuneka ukutsala umbala oqaqambileyo ezisasaza isinambuzane okanye izilwanyana abandakanyeka ukusasazeka iziqhamo kunye nembewu. Kuyinto ngenxa idatha organelles iintyatyambo neziqhamo ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo imibala. Chromoplasts nga abunjwe evela chloroplasts, leyo ibonakala ekwindla, xa amagqabi zibe nombala tyheli kwaye elibomvu, kwakunye ngexesha lokuvuthwa kweziqhamo, xa ngokuthe ngcembe shwaka eluhlaza ngokupheleleyo. umbono olandelayo plastids - leucoplasts - yenzelwe ukugcina izinto ezifana starch, amafutha kunye neeproteni ezithile. Chloroplasts olwenziwe inkqubo photosynthesis apho izityalo ukufumana ngokwabo izinto eziyimfuneko organic. Kwezi molekyuli ezintandathu carbon dioxide kunye namanzi cell ezininzi kufumana molecule glucose neoksijini ezintandathu, nto leyo yaya kwi-atmosfera. Chloroplasts ezi organelles dvumembrannymi. E matrix yabo iqulethe thylakoids, ngokwamaqela kwi-Grand Prix. Kwezi zakhiwo, kwaye iqulathe yiklorofili, apha iya indlela photosynthesis. Ngaphezu koko, ngo isizalo nazo ribosomes zabo chloroplast, RNA, DNA, enzayim ezizodwa, iinkozo starch kunye zamathontsana lipid. organelles data Matrix ekwabizwa ngokuba stroma.

iimpawu awafanele

isakhiwo yeselula nazo ezi eziphilayo. Kumaxesha amandulo, baye ezidityanisiweyo kobunye ubukumkani ndawonye izityalo kuphela ngokwembonakalo yazo, kodwa nokufika besayensi thuthu ndafumanisa ukuba oku kwenziwe. Okokuqala, amakhowa, ngokungafaniyo izityalo, asiyiyo autotrophs, abakwazi ukuba ukuvelisa izinto eziphilayo, yaye kuphela kudla esele zenziwe. Okwesibini, iiseli ezinzwaneni ezifanayo ngakumbi isilwanyana, noxa ezinye iinkalo kwisityalo. iiseli fungal, kwakunye nezityalo, engqongwe udonga ashinyeneyo, nangona kunjalo akunalo iselulosi kunye ngechitin. Le nto kunzima ukugaya umzimba izilwanyana, ngoko ke amakhowa kwaye zithathwa ukutya enzima. Ukongeza kule organelles ezichazwe ngasentla, leyo ziqhelekile zonke eukaryotes, kukho kwakhona iqela vacuole - lo ngomnye Ukufana ifungi zizityalo. Kodwa ubume plastids kwisisele ezinzwaneni uyabonakala. Phakathi udonga kunye inwebu cytoplasmic na lomasoma, abamisebenzi nabangekafumani ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo. Ke ezinye isakhiwo iseli ezinzwaneni ifana isilwanyana. Koko organelles kwi icytoplasm njengoko ukubandakanywa edadayo ezifana ngamathontsi ezityebileyo, glycogen.

cells animal

Bona luphawulwa zonke organelles ezibe kuchazwe ekuqaleni kweli nqaku. Ngaphezu koko, encotsheni inwebu plasma glycocalyx - iqokobhe equka lipids, polysaccharides kunye glycoproteins. Ibandakanya ukuthuthwa kwezinto phakathi iiseli.

core

Kakade ke, ukongezelela organelles jikelele, izilwanyana, izityalo, iiseli ezinzwaneni abe inucleus. Lukhuselwe nge oonokrwece ezimbini, okuye pores. I matrix iqulethe karyoplasm (SAP enyukliya), apho chromosome edadayo ukuba iinkcukacha zabo njengelifa. Kwakhona kukho nucleolus, athi abenoxanduva ukuze kwakhiwe ribosomes kunye RNA yokuqaphela.

prokaryotes

Ezi ziquka iintsholongwane. Isakhiwo cellular iintsholongwane nto kwakudala ngakumbi. Abanalo inucleus. Le kukho icytoplasm iqulethe organelles ezifana ribosomes. Ehlabathini inwebu plasma udonga iseli ye murein. Uninzi prokaryotes inikezelwa organelles intshukumo - ubukhulu becala misila. philisi uxakaxa - ukuqulatha eyongeziweyo zibekwa lonke udonga iseli ngokunjalo. Ngaphandle molekyuli DNA esisiseko kwi icytoplasm of bacterium plasmids apho ulwazi oluthile lurekhodwa, linoxanduva uxhathiso olwandisiweyo iimeko ezingalunganga.

Ngaba zonke izinto zakhelwe kwiiseli?

Abanye bakholelwa ukuba isakhiwo zeselula zonke izinto eziphilayo. Kodwa oku akuyonyaniso. Kukho ubukumkani eziphilayo ezifana neentsholongwane. Abayi kuba iiseli. Le ephilayo iqulathe capsid - iqokobhe protein. Ngaphakathi le DNA okanye RNA, eyayibhalwe imali encinane ulwazi yemfuza. Ehlabathini protein Shell mhlawumbi ingabekwa lipoprotein ngokuba superkapsidom. Virus Ungaphinda-phinda kuphela ngaphakathi iiseli amazwe. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba ziyakwazi crystallization. Njengoko ubona, nesityholo ukuba ubume zeselula zonke izinto eziphilayo ezingachanekanga.

itheyibhile uthelekiso

Xa esiye sakuphonononga ubume eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo ukushwankathela. Ngenxa yoko, isakhiwo zeselula, le theyibhile:

Apha, mhlawumbi, nabo bonke. Siye sahlolisisa isakhiwo zeselula eziphilayo ezikhona kule planethi.