War Peloponnesian: oonobangela kwembambano phakathi Athene Sparta

I Peloponnesian War - impixano zomkhosi, zibe nemiphumela emibi, phakathi uBukhosi Athens, eyaziwa ngokuba Delian kaSymmachus, kwaye Peloponnesian League ikhokelwa yi Sparta. Kuyo kukho ubungqina ezininzi yembali ababephila, kodwa umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwabo i "Imbali" Thucydides. Uninzi zikwenza kubonakale ngathi ka Aristophanes, bahlekwa apho ezithile Iinjengele kunye iziganeko zabhalwa ngeli thuba.

Athene Sparta - enamandla isixeko-amazwe amabini - babehlangene ngexesha Wars lwamaGrike-Persian (iminyaka 499-449 BC.). Emva kokurhoxa yamaPersi, Athens bandisa impembelelo yabo kuphela Aegean kunye yoLwandle Black, kodwa zazifuna kuzo zonke Greece.

Ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba Imfazwe Peloponnesian imfazwe ngenxa yokoyika Sparta ukuba ukwanda ngamandla aseAtene, agqithiseleyo angawodwa ngakumbi okhuphisana zabo. Zombini ezi meko zazinamandla kwaye ngoyaba imithetho emidala elihamba yokulwa. Ezixhaswayo phantse 200,000 helots abasebenza ezifama kunye Massena Laconia yiSparta wabeka hoplites ithile uqeqesho kakhulu emkhosini. Bona babedume kakuhle ngenkalipho, izakhono mu lupwa engaxhobanga kunye nesicwangciso ezikhubekisayo ye fyabo, ebizwa ukuma yokuhlasela. Esi sicwangciso ezintsha iye yaba nempumelelo kakhulu ngexesha Idabi Marathon ngo-490 BC kunye Plataea ngo-479 BC, emva koko imfazwe yamandulo yamaGrike yaphela ngumnqobi phezu namaPersi.

Emva kokurhoxa wasePersi, Athens akukhange bayeka ukusebenzisa yetrireme, phezu koko, baye banda kakhulu imikhumbi yabo. Ndakhulela uviko ingumbuso isixeko-ithi akhiwe kwiziqithi kunye kunxweme kuLwandle iAegean, le nkqubo iye yaba uhlobo 'amapolisa elungileyo ", umcimbi baphantsi kwabo namahlakani. Kule minyaka ilishumi elandelayo abeyiqwebile nempembelelo enkulu umbutho (okanye Delian kaSymmachus njengoko umzimba lolawulo ibalulekileyo kwisiqithi Delos).

Amanye amazwe asaxakeke nenkqubo Union, ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo eAtene, kwaye umda kuphela iminikelo imali. Ngokuthe ngcembe ube ubuncwane eqhelekileyo ziphanzile kuphela iiprojekthi baseAthene kunokuba kwi nokukhuselwa Corinth kunye neelwandle weAegean kubahlaseli ezinokwenzeka ebusweni iipirate namaPersi efanayo. Pericles ngokubanzi ubunzima ubuncwane ukusuka Delos eAthene, le mali yaqala ukuba kusetyenziswa imali zokwakha olubanzi kwenziwa ngabo, ingakumbi, iParthenon.

Sparta ngomdla wabukela njengoko urhulumente, Confederated, ulahlekelwe ulawulo izithuthi zabo, eAthene yaba ubukhosi olwandle. Ukwandisa amandla abo, bakwazi nokucela umngeni Lacedaemonians, eyaziwa ngokuba yiSparta, inkokeli omnye manyano, nto leyo eye wahlala kudala amandla enkulu wamajoni eGrisi. Sparta kunye namahlakani ayo, ngaphandle waseKorinte, wakwazi ukulwa imikhosi emhlabeni. Kodwa ngokwenene umkhosi gidi. Ngenxa yoko, amagunya ezimbini alinako ukumgcina kwidabi kwaye iphele imbambano "ngenye imini."

I Peloponnesian war waqala ngenxa iqela lamanyathelo ezithile kwicala aseAthene, ngenxa apho babehlangene Sparta ubunzima. izithuthi ubomvu nqanda eKorinte benza ithanga e neCorfu, ukongeza, ubukhosi uthathe ukwayo kwezoqoqosho Megara, nenokuthi kungqineka yintlekele kubo.

I Peloponnesian War, eyaqala ngo-431 BC, eyathatha ewonke engama-27, kunye isgqibo iminyaka emithandathu kwindawo ethile phakathi ngeli xesha, yaye baphela emuva Athens 404 BC. Omnye wonobangela ixesha elide ngokoyiswa amandla ekubhekiswa kuwo ukuqhambuka esingalindelekanga isibetho 430, yabulala Pericles hayi ngaphantsi kwekota abemi. Phantse engamashumi amathathu yomzabalazo rhoqo kwakhokelela ekubeni imilinganiselo ye ubukhosi, imikhosi wawuphelelwe ngamandla kwaye abatyhafileyo.

Imfazwe Peloponnesian zaphela ukupheliswa ubukho ngamandla Athene aselwandle. Sparta kunye namahlakani ayo baye babhenela Pan-Hellenic enforcers umbutho yonke ulawulo oligarchic.