Icebreaker "Chelyuskin": imbali nokwenzeka

Le icebreaker "Chelyuskin" idumileyo yakhiwa ngo-1933 eDenmark ngokomyalelo ngurhulumente waseSoviet. Okokuqala, isitya omtsha obizwa "Lena" (kukuba ibiya ukuhamba phakathi Vladivostok kunye umlomo Lena River). I "Chelyuskin" sathiywa kwi olwandulela kwiphulo odumileyo ezibandayo. Steamboat ithobelene nayo yonke imigangatho mihla ngexesha lakhe. ukubana yayo wayelingana 7.5 kweetoni eziliwaka.

mission unique

ezibalaseleyo ezahlula icebreaker "Chelyuskin", kwatsala ingqalelo umkhenkethi Soviet polar Otto Schmidt. Le esiphambili sezibalo waphupha uboyisa Route Sea Northern - indlela ekhokelela kwi-Pacific Ocean kunxweme osemantla Eurasia. Schmidt wayekulungele ukwenza nantoni na ukuze icebo lakhe. Ngowe-1932, waba phezu inqanawa "uAleksandr Sibiryakov" baboyisa ngendlela yoLwandle White ukuya kuLwandle Barents.

Icebreaker "Chelyuskin" le ungumzondeleli iye yaba yindlela ukuphuhlisa impumelelo yabo yophando. Schmidt bacenga Jikelele iCandelo loMlawuli woLwandle Northern Route ukusebenzisa yenqanawa uhambo lwayo ezintsha zovavanyo. Ingxaki yaba kukuba, nangona modernity wayo, "Chelyuskin" ngokuyintloko inqanawa impahla. Abayili akaphenduli kuye nethuba kakhulu ngokusebenzisa Imikhenkce ekumiselwe kuyo incam ezibandayo. Oku kwakhokelela ilahleko elizayo le nqanawa.

Ukulungiselela Uhambo lwakho

Enesibindi injongo becela icebreaker "Chelyuskin" siphefumlelwe abathanda abaninzi abaye banikezela ukuphila kwabo ekufundweni North. Noko ke, phakathi ngolangazelelo amazwi ndamgocagoca imibuzo esemthethweni malunga nokufaneleka wenqanawa ukuba uhambo elizayo. Omnye abagxeki waba obenegunya sikhephe, Vladimir Voronin. Emva kokufunda "Chelyuskin", wathi phambi umyalelo osemthethweni eziliqela iimpazamo zoyilo. I-Northern Sea Route, Noko ke, ingqalelo ihlawulwa kubo.

Icebreaker "Chelyuskin" uhambo Agasti 2, 1933. Nohambo enqanaweni kwakukho abantu 112 ukusuka Murmansk. Abanye babo abazange ezinxulumene ngqo hambo. Ngenxa yoko, omnye abahloli wathabatha ebhodini iqabane abakhulelweyo. Inqanawa ngokwayo kakhulu lexinene njengoko ababekhwele kubeka umthwalo ezongezelelweyo, kwesimo sendiza kunye nezindlu olwalusele ukuba zokuhlala kwi Wrangel Island.

In the Sea Kara

Abaphumelela Strait Matochkin icebreaker "Semyon Chelyuskin" waba kuLwandle Kara, apho elinde ice floes yokuqala ezoyikekayo. Ezi imiqobo wababuleweyo iphenyane ngaphandle naziphi na iingxaki. Nangona kunjalo, le elide hambo waya, ihlamvu abasebenzi kwafuneka ukuba aqhubeke nohambo.

KuLwandle Kara, inqanawa wabona entlango isiqithi enkulu, hayi kuluhlu nakweyiphi kwimephu. Izifundo ziye zathi le ukuqondana ongaziwa. Isiqithi "omtsha" yaba ube kwisiqithi wedwa. Kuye kwavulwa ngenkulungwane XIX babuyela ngowe-1915, awaya Otto Sverdrupa. Kwacaca ukuba isiqhithi iimephu ezifihlile yaba kangangoko 50 weekhilomitha ukuya ngasempuma indawo yayo. Mistake kwakunokwenzeka ukuba ukumisela umsebenzi "Chelyuskin" ngeenkwenkwezi, umcandi Yakov Gakkel.

Okwangoku, intlanganiso ngumkhenkce yingozi kwaqhubeka. Umonakalo yokuqala yaba lokonakala stringer, elandelwa isakhelo wavele. Remov injineli weza uyilo ngempumelelo ngezinto yamaplanga, ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezonakeleyo enesiphako, kodwa oko akuthethi ukutshintsha into yokuba "Chelyuskin" awunaku ukuya Arctic entlango yedwa.

Ukuze ukufaka amalungu amatsha, abaqhubi wazikhulula emboniselweni isaphetha (igcina carbon). Lo msebenzi onzima kwafuneka ukuba benze yonke into: isitya izazinzulu, Noomateloshe, abakhi kunye abalawuli zoshishino. Amalungu uhambo zaye zohlulwa amaqela kunye nexesha anyamezela wamkela ngayo umsebenzi. Kamva, ebusika kwi ngumkhenkce, umgaqo lombutho kwabasebenzi sibe luncedo kwakhona Chelyuskintsev.

amabanjwa ice

NgoSeptemba 23, loo nqanawa ijike iye ngaphandle emayivalwe ngokupheleleyo. ice Solid Amngqonga waza wamkhonkxa malunga kwindawo enye apho unyaka phambi kokuba wayeka inqanawa "uAleksandr Sibiryakov."

Ukuze sifikelele njongo phulo, i Wrangel Island, Schmidt abakwazanga. Ngoku icebreaker "Chelyuskin" uhambo yaqhubeka kwindawo entsha ngokupheleleyo. Inqanawa lihamba ukuya ngasempumalanga, kunye begcina-zeminyaka emininzi ngumkhenkce. NgoNovemba 4 wangena amanzi wethu Strait. I ice wawusondela ukubhitya, kwaye amanzi ndimsulwa abaqhubi wabahlula indlela iikhilomitha eziliqela. Kwakubonakala ukuba ukuhlangulwa ekhuselekileyo ayinakuphepheka.

Hayi kude ukusuka 'Chelyuskin "waba icebreaker" Litke ". induna wakhe ukunceda inqanawa ukubaleka baphume ice entolongweni. Kodwa Otto Schmidt wala ukuxhasa ithemba inqanawa ngokwayo iya kukhululeka. Ngeli xesha, ISAZINZULU wenza impazamo esibulalayo, apho ekugqibeleni kunomvuzo yonke crew le icebreaker "Chelyuskin".

Eguquguqukayo aqhele watshintsha kwawo waza wathumela iphenyane kwicala elijongene nalo Arctic entlango. Waqonda gaffe wakhe Schmidt sele ngokuzibonela ngokwayo, acele uncedo "Litke", kodwa kakhulu emva kwexesha. Ngoku ke Abasebenzi kulindeleke ubusika kule ice ezilahlekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, polar bahlabe umkhosi - akukho mntu .Asikwazi nokhuseleko yenqanawa iimeko esibi Far North. 13 Februwari 1934 inqanawa ezintsha ngokwenene waya ezantsi. Unobangela yesitalato ukufa icebreaker "Chelyuskin" yaba uxinzelelo enamandla ngumkhenkce, ukutyhoboza ngecala lasekhohlo.

Zishiye isitya

A kwiiyure ezimbalwa phambi kokuba utyhilo, xa kwacaca ukuba inqanawa kuya ezantsi, waqalisa ngobungxamo ucaphula zabantu. Iqela likwazile lokutshintshela umkhenkce kwayijikeleza izixhobo kunye nezixhobo. Ezi zinto ngokwaneleyo ukudala kwiinkampu ubuncinane ezithile okwethutyana. Xa umntu omnye, efela ngexesha ngobungxamo. Naye ingozi embi batyumkileyo eziguqukayo imithwalo.

Icebreaker "Chelyuskin", imbali ogama luphele ngentsimbi yesihlanu ngokuhlwa kunye ekhohlo kwi ice abantu 104. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho abantwana ababini, kuquka intombi usana kwenye abahloli. Ukuhlaselwa omnye umntu hlabathi abangenabubele polar, eli qela ngosuku lwesibini Agqitha elikomkhulu umyalezo yentlekele. Unxibelelwano Chelyuskinites esekwe phantsi kweliso umqhubi radio esiphezulu Krenkel. Kakhulu kufutshane, e-Cape Wellen, isikhululo unxweme yokuhlangana noThixo, leyo wadlulisela umyalezo. Xa Otto Schmidt, unyaka phambi esibe likaxakeka "Sibiryakov", yena wazifumana kwimeko efanayo. Izikhululo Coastal kwakukho akunjalo, kwaye uqhagamshelwano sele obusekwe Crabber kuLwandle Okhotsk.

kwinkampu

Ukufumana ngaphaya kwe ice floe, yalila wazikhulula baphume emkhombeni ungalali kuphela iintente iingxowa, kodwa izinto zokwakha. Xa esengozini yokufa wabonisa ukubumbana iqela nentlangano, ukuze enkampini yakwazi ukuseka kakhulu impilo engcono. yakhiwa Barrack, nekhitshi nenqaba uphawu.

Ukususela kwimihla zokuqala sokuhlala kwakho phezu umkhenkce ayikho umsebenzi wophando kuphazamiseka. Yonke hydrologists imini abahloli ukujonga indawo ngqo kweminquba. Siqhele ice zange ayeke, ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuba ukubala rhoqo uququzelelo indawo yakho. Ukulungiselela le njongo theodolite kunye nge. Ngoxa yethu sikumkhenkce abasebenzi asekunene ogula kuphela Otto Schmidt, ngubani eyafunyanwa inyumoniya. Ngenxa isigulo yentloko hambo ke iminquba ibe bakhutshwe phakathi kowokugqibela 76th.

Ukufuna crew

E Moscow, usindiso icebreaker "Chelyuskin", hayi kanye mandithi, kwexeshana lomhlaba abahlali zawo, ubekwe ikhomishini karhulumente, ekhokelwe lilungu abaphezulu lombutho Valerian Kuibyshev. Ngosuku lokuqala emva kokufumana iingxelo amalungu yenkathazo urhulumente athunyelwa iitelegram ngasentla ekhuthazayo. Noko ke, nkqu isiqinisekiso ochwayithileyo zeKomiti Central nje icinyiwe lobunzima yokusebenza.

Abahloli Polar bekunjalo kude ukuba ndlela kuphela ukugcina kwawo ukusebenzisa moya. Ezikhawulezayo Chukotka waya abaqhubi best eSoviet. Ezahlukeneyo usebenzisa inja-ebusika okanye ngeenyawo utshintsho zemka phantse nangoko. Ngenyawo zabo pack ice ngosuku polar ukuba bahambe umgama ngeekhilomitha ezili-10. Xa inguqulelo enjalo Umlawuli Valerian Albanova kwi Franz Josef Land, oko kwenzeka ngo-1914, ukususela neqela lakhe abantu elinesine asinda ababini kuphela.

Ukophula abasebenza ngayo icebreaker "Chelyuskin" yaba umsebenzi ekhethekileyo, ukuba nje ngenxa yokuba loo nto ayizange akukho lweenqwelo Arctic, hayi nje kuphela kweli USSR kodwa naliphi na ilizwe ehlabathini. Phakathi pilot yokuqala siqalile ukukhangela Schmidt kunye namadoda akhe yaba pilot Anatoly Liapidevskii. Phambi kokuba ekugqibeleni ufumane Chelyuskinites, umqhubi wenza 28 azama ukufumana isithuba kuyimfuneko. 29 Kuphela amaxesha,-5 Matshi 1934, Liapidevskii waphawula emazantsi sendiza kuqala, uze emva koko ke abantu ngeenxa zonke kuye.

Ngoku, xa kwafunyaniswa indawo apho icebreaker zitshonile "Chelyuskin", ngobungxamo kwabaviwa wangena phantsi endleleni. UMbovane-4 Lyapidevsky wathabatha ababekhwele bonke abafazi kunye nabantwana (12) bathunyelwa ukuba kwidolophana ekufutshane. Noko ke, emva kokuba impumelelo sokuqala ilandelwe yi-ukusilela lokuqala. Besuka injini moya nokuhlangula, emva koko nokusebenza uyekile ukusebenza.

Ukusetyenziswa moya kule, nangona kunjalo, ayikho umda. Ngasemntla saya airships. Kwakhona wazama ukuba ndimaphule Chelyuskintsev icebreaker "Krasin" kunye ATVs axhasayo. Nakuba kunjalo, lo ngowona moya wenza igalelo elikhulu kwisiphumo ngempumelelo Saga polar. Zonke iinyanga ezimbini ubomi ngumkhenkce abemi kweminquba Sizibandakanye ukuba ukulungele ukuba ukujonga kubo zokuchopha mboni. Yonke imihla, amadoda kwiinguqu msulwa moya, singaphelelwa lithemba ukuba abuyele ekhaya.

kuqhubekayo wophula

Okuwisa Chelyuskinites omkhenkce entolongweni icala April 7. Ngoku ukusebenza ababandakanyekayo ngabaqhubi eziliqela odumileyo. kamva michael Vodopianov ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokuthumela abahloli kwisikhululo iculwa yokuqala "North Pole-1", kunye Nicholas Kamanin abe intloko iqela lokuqala cosmonauts Soviet. Kwaba phakathi nabancedi kunye nezinye nabaqhubi edume: Mauritius horseflies Vasiliy Molokov, Ivan Doronin. Enye pilot, eyathatha Levanevsky, uye waba ingozi - naye ufumene yophula.

Icebreaker "Chelyuskin", ogama imbali iye lizele loo mabali, bafanelwe esiphambili kwinoveli eshinyeneyo okanye naphaya eninzi screen, waba ngomnye abalinganiswa abaphambili ngexesha lakhe. Eli gama wazihlanganisa nomoya lubuyayo nenkalipho kwabo baye banceda abantu ukuba babuyele ekhaya. Uvaleleke polar crew ice wawela e Vankarem - kwinkampu Chuckchee encinane, elisuke laba ngundoqo ngayo kulo lonke operation awakhulula.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba abantu abaliqela ukususela emkhombeni, esebenzisa sendiza esifa ukufikelela usukelo alithandayo yedwa. Last zokupaka ngasekhohlo captain zingonakalisa ezilahlekileyo Vladimir Voronin. April 13 ngo Vankarem. kwiintsuku zokugqibela ukusebenza kwenzeka kwi imeko kakhulu luvo - Icefield ngokuthe batshatyalaliswe. Ngosuku olulandelayo emva kokuba nokuhlangula Voronin onamandla sichotho watshabalalisa inkampu yethutyana.

Amazing

Ngexesha crew wancedisa ngokwakhe icebreaker "Chelyuskin", nto leyo ezikhuphile ifoto onke amaphephandaba Soviet kwaye abaninzi ehlabathini, kwakukho iziko ingqalelo izigidi zabantu. Ude ugcobe kwi ukuphumelela yedrama yaba kazwelonke ezibandayo. Uyakholiswa ngabantu abaqhelekileyo kuba lula wacacisa: into efanayo kwimbali ngenqwelomoya navigation ihlabathi akukenzeki.

Uthathe inxaxheba ngobungxamo Chelyuskinites yabaqhubi baba Heroes yokuqala eSoviet Union. Le mbasa iphezulu karhulumente yamiselwa ngomhla olwandulela iziganeko kwi Far North. Lowo wamkela Order of uLenin eMerika ezimbini (William Le Verrier kunye Klayd Armsted), abayinyamekelayo-moya ngaphandle, ezinonophelwe ngokukodwa ukophula le nqanawa wabonakala phezu ngohlangothi zokufa. Nxaxheba ice oyindumasi kunye intlanganiso uSathana awayevuya eMoscow. Bonke abadala Chelyuskintsev wasinda ubusika yingozi, makanikwe Red Banner.

wamagama

Ukufa wenqanawa ukuba iinkokheli eSoviet ukutshintsha isimo sabo kuphando polar. Emva kokubuyela eMoscow, Schmidt isaziso eloyisile kuLwandle Northern Route. Noko ke, iingcali ezininzi amazwe ingqalelo iziphumo hambo hayi kamnandi kangaka. Enye indlela okanye omnye, kodwa amava USSR Chelyuskinskaya kokuba sele sifundiwe. Ekubeni igwele waqalisa ukukhula wayenomkhosi icebreakers. Ngoku ke isitya ixesha ngalinye sikhatshwa iinqanawa impahla oqhelekileyo nje ukuba nako ngokuzimeleyo ukwenza indlela yakhe entlango ezibandayo.

iinzame eziliqela ukufumana edume nechibi "Chelyuskin" Ngexesha leSoviet. Ezimbini kwezi zobuntlola uphendlo kwahlelwa 1970. nxaxheba Okuninzi lucky weli phulo ka-2006, nto leyo yanceda ukuqhuba kulawulo Chukotka Ukuzilawula weSithili, ikomkhulu Navy kunye Russian Academy of Sciences. Iingcali bakwazi ukukhulisa ukusuka olwandle kwezinye iindawo le nqanawa. Ezi ezenziwe bathunyelwa Copenhagen, apho kanye yakhiwe kwaye "Chelyuskin". Emva kokuhlolisisa umoya grille, kwafika iingcaphephe wafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba ngokwenene bobabo ngozi.