Egypt yamandulo: i periodization wembali

History of Egypt yaMandulo yathatha zeminyaka emininzi. Ngeli xesha, urhulumente likwazile ukuqhekeza izihlandlo ezininzi, ukuba singamanyana utshintshe izenzo zenkcubeko yabo. Kungenxa yoko le nto kwimbali yamandulo baseYiputa unalo periodization esekwe kakuhle, nto leyo eza kunceda ufumane uluvo jikelele imbali ezo ziganeko zamandulo.

Prehistory

Kwavela Impucuko ngasechwebeni loMnayile, oko mhlawumbi kakhulu ehlabathini. Noko ke, ngaphambi ekwakhiweni kwayo ngasemntla abantu babehlala eAfrika. Yaba inkcubeko Upper Paleolithic, eyaqala kwiminyaka engamawaka-40 eyadlulayo. Common periodization imbali yaseYiputa yamandulo iqala kule ngongoma. Yokuqala inkcubeko zakudala - ateriyskaya kunye hormusanskaya. zakudala zabo ezinxulumene wafumana zinqabile yaye zale ncwadi.

Ngu sites Mesolithic yinkcubeko halfanskoy. Oku kufanele ukuba zigcinwe kuphela eYiputa kodwa Nubia. Le nkcubeko Neolithic wabonakala babethwele Fayum A, bafika e-Afrika ne-Middle East. Iintsalela zokuhlala kwabo, kuquka zokusonjululwa El-Omari kunye nenkcubeko Merimde.

izizwe ezininzi watsala Egypt Ancient. Periodization ibonisa rhoqo kangakanani abantu ngamaxesha ababephila phambi kokubhalwa kwembali zitshintshile apha. IYiputa kummandla transit - borderland phakathi Asia and Afrika. Ngasekupheleni Neolithic elalisekwe apho Tasiyskoye, Badarian kunye nenkcubeko gerzeyskaya zakudala. Lowo yokugqibela indawo ngu zero ubukhosi.

pre-dynastic Egypt

Malunga namawaka amahlanu eminyaka BC ubumbe iYiputa yamandulo pre-dynastic. Periodization imbali ibonisa ukuba kwakunjalo ngoko aqala ukwanda yonxulumano yezizwe ziphelelwe lixesha. Oko yaqala ukuvela Company, nto leyo wayesele iiklasi yayo emida. Kwakukho ulwalamano amakhoboka, yaye emva kwabo - lithi khoboka.

Akukho Egypt single zange kodwa ayikho. Ukudityaniswa zifuna ixesha. Negalelo kuphuhliso kwezolimo kunye nokwakhiwa kweendawo zokuhlala ngeendonga ezinqatyisiweyo. Nokubethelela abemi kuhlala eJiputa. Kwakukho iimveliso zesinyithi: izikhonkwane, iinaliti, izivatho zegolide.

Yezizathu kunyaka 3200 kwakukho zero Dynasty BC. Oku iingcali gama ukubonakalisa inani wabalawuli zaseYiputa, owayelawula e Lower kunye Upper Egypt. Awade ezinxulumene, kodwa nje ababephila. Yeyona yinkqubo yokumanya lizwe yaqala kwixesha Naqada III.

umbuso ekuqaleni

Ngenxa ukuvela kwe-Early zoBukumkani waqalisa ukulawula uFaro yokuqala Menes, ziphantsi I yaka. Ekugqibeleni munye Upper kunye nezikumkani asezantsi zibe enobunye eYiputa. Ikomkhulu yombuso yamandulo Makofi. Ngelo xesha waqalisa ukukhokela ukwakhiwa emangcwabeni Adobe Asiyindawo yezidwangube ababamba ababengaphambi iiphiramidi dumeke.

OoFaro okuqala kwi imfazwe kumaBedou neehambo nemibutho ukuya Nubia eselumelwaneni. Periodization kunye nobalo na ezimbalini zeJiputa yamandulo ithi kwisithuba wezikumkani yokuqala lunempumelelo yamandulo zenzululwazi kumaYiputa (kwimihlaba ngeenkwenkwezi kunye nejiyometri). I xxviii BC asahlumayo urhwebo lwaselwandle kunye nezixeko Levantine kwi kwiMeditera.

Yi ubukumkani Early bakuko kwaye II labalawuli. Xa era kwabo kwakukho script kunye irekhodi lokuqala. Kwakukho polytheism - inkolelo e oothixo abaninzi, obumntwisiweyo amandla endalo, ubomi, ukufa, njl zokunkcenkceshela elawulwa karhulumente isebenza ngasechwebeni loMnayile ...

umbuso wamandulo

Abaphandi bathi umda phakathi ekuqaleni kunye nobukumkani yamandulo ukuya XXVII BC leminyaka. e. Owasungula le urhulumente omtsha waba uFaro Sanakht. ubukumkani Ancient iquka III-VI Dynasty. Ngeli xesha, i angazange ngoko zenkcubeko, yomkhosi ezopolitiko ukukhula koqoqosho, ihlabathi ngayo impucuko zaseYiputa.

Kwakukho iiphiramidi, owathatha Mastaba. Kuba kwakhiwa kwezi ezikhumbuzo wezakhiwo omkhulukazi saqhutywa amagcisa, abalimi kunye namakhoboka. Le uhulumeni emibonweni ndawonye nokuba ngumthombo amandla ukuhlanganisa labemi ngokokubona kwayo. Egypt yamandulo, periodization leyo ubunjwe zakudala mbali bale mihla, phantsi uFaro Pepi mna ndiloyisile emazantsi Aram. Xa BC ngenkulungwane XXIV. e. zobubingeleli yokubhala lula wahlukana obhalwe njengesiqhelo. Ngokutsho yemicimbi yemihla, omnye ooFaro izikumkani yamandulo Pepi II walawula iminyaka 94, oko kukuthi luhlobo irekhodi yembali.

nabunye

Emva kokuwa Endala zobukumkani eYiputa, ixesha eqhekekileyo. Oku kuquka VII-X ubukhosi. Ngeli xesha, ilizwe elaqala nentshabalalo. Enyanisweni, ooFaro akazange abe namandla yaye kuphela yayibhalwe. Periodization yembali karhulumente eYiputa yamandulo kukuba ngexesha eqhekekileyo impembelelo yokwenene nomarhi ezisetyenzisiweyo, nganye ilawula isixeko okanye iphondo.

Ukuwa urhulumente yakhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni inkqubo elidityanisiweyo emila, ibangela impanziso nokunyuka nendlala. gang amaninzi inkunzi kwamangcwaba neetempile. Egypt yamandulo, periodization, inkqubo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko iyaqhubeka kufundwa ziingcali abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo, ngelo xesha ubunzima kakhulu ukusuka iyangena mbuya angabamelwane.

The Middle umbuso

ixesha uqhekeko phezu, xa kukho imikhosi emibini ukuba ungaphinda-yokuhlanganisa eYiputa. Kumzabalazo igunya babesilwa ubukumkani Heracleopolis Magna kunye saseNo. Impixano yathatha amashumi eziliqela phakathi kwabo. Ekugqibeleni IThebes oyisiwe, kwaye umphathi isixeko Mentuhotep II waseka XI yaka.

Uqhambuko BC ngenkulungwane xxi, ixesha ebizwa eMiddle yoBukumkani. Oku kuquka XI nje kuphela, yaye XII kodwa Dynasty. Ngeli xesha urhulumente yahlukile ngenxa lonke ezibuthathaka despotism yamandulo, kodwa, nakuba kunjalo, azizange zikuthintele impucuko umYiputa ukubenza eMiddle East. Ukusuka Eastern lweMeditera iNayile wanikela isilivere, nobhedu, igolide kunye nezinye iimpahla zexabiso. I-Middle Kingdom Le yayiyimeko izityebi xesha lakhe. Periodization inkcubeko eYiputa mandulo, ithi ukuba ngeli xesha nokugqama noncwadi saseYiputa kazwelonke (ibali idumileyo kuthiwe "Legend of Sinuhe").

ukwehla

Ithuba entsha ekungafuneki yezopolitiko yaqala ngo-1782 BC. e., yaye yaphela ngo-1570 BC. e. Ilizwe yahlulwe kumaphondo ahlukeneyo. Emva koko angenele abasemzini Hyksos. Periodization na ezimbalini zeJiputa yamandulo - ke alternation wempumelelo eli lizwe kunye ukuhla. Ngexesha ekuweni korhulumente omtsha busezingxakini enzulu. Abalawuli ezilawulwa kuphela Nile Delta awaba nako ukumelana amaphondo abo babefuna inkululeko.

Ekugqibeleni, itayitile ooFaro wathabatha iinkokheli Hyksos. Ezi ziquka ulawulo XV kunye XVI Dynasty. Iziko ezingundoqo yokumelana bezinye saseNo. Abalawuli babo namhlanje baza kufakwa kudidi ukuya yaka XVII. Bamgxotha i Hyksos, ubandakanywa ilizwe elijikeleze saseNo. ngokufutshane, ke ngoko periodization imbali eYiputa mandulo, i ezininzi amacandelo ahlukeneyo, iinkcukacha ezidla azaziwa.

umbuso entsha

ZoBukumkani ezintsha yayikhona XVI-XI kwiinkulungwane BC. Eli xesha "Classic". Yiloo nto igcinwe iinkcukacha ezininzi loo. Kweli xesha ulawulo kuquka ulutsha Tutankhamun, ukuvulwa ingcwaba leyo xiendlakalo lexikulu zakudala kwinkulungwane XX.

Kingdom New ushiye ngasemva elinye igama esinzima. UFaro Akhenaton wazama ukuguqula unqulo umYiputa. Wayinikela oothixo endala waza wenza ukuba athandaze ku Thixo mnye. Imizamo Akhenaten bakaThixo lilize. Polytheism lwakhawuleza waphila.

Xa uBukumkani Entsha (elinesibhozo Dynasty, amashumi amabini) kwakuhlala sesihlanu inani labantu kulo mhlaba. Periodization of art samandulo saseYiputa ibhekisa eli xesha nani likhulu ezikhumbuzo eyasindayo ukuba namhlanje. ubukumkani New yawa emva kokuba amandla kwelasezantsi, wathimba nangokodidi lwababingeleli. Lokubola kwakhokelwa "Ngelinye Bronze Age ukuwa," xa eYiputa ngenkulungwane XII BC ahlasela "Abantu Baselwandle" ziye zabangela umonakalo omkhulu kweli lizwe.

bahlukana

Ixesha lokugqibela eqhekekileyo zaseYiputa yaqhubeka XI-VI kwiinkulungwane BC. Ebudeni beli xesha, siye endaweni ubukhosi amabini-kuqala nge amabini anesithandathu. Ngenxa ingxabano waseYiputa uyekile ukuba ibango abakhokelayo Eastern oluKhulu. Power elahlekelwe impahla yayo yokugqibela kuMbindi Mpuma nezaseFenike. NamaLibhiya baqhubeka amazwe Lower laseYiputa. Iinkokeli zezi zizwe zaba yalapha abalawuli polynomials, izidwangube zomthonyama zaseYiputa.

Xa kwincopho ukuqhekezwa eli lizwe yahlulwa izikumkani ezintlanu buthathaka. Periodization yembali waseYiputa yamandulo libunjwa ezininzi amaxesha, kodwa ke ngelo xesha ukuba elona nani likhulu amakhosi neemfazwe zangaphakathi. Ukuqhekeka lizwe rhoqo waba into bundlobongela, Ethiopia emzantsi kumntla waseAsiriya.

kamva umbuso

Ababhali-mbali adibanisa Dynasty XXVII of XXX kwi Ixesha kade Egypt Ancient. sikhokelo kwazo: Iminyaka 525-332 BC. Ukuqhambuka emva kokoyiswa zobukumkani ithathwa ukuba umNayile Valley wasePersi. North-mpuma Afrika kwakujongwa njengeyona ngaphansi yesithandathu uBukhosi Achaemenid. Iziko yolawulo lizwe kwakhona yaba Makofi.

Xa imfazwe phakathi ePersi Greece, amaGrike ahlasela eYiputa, ndithembe ukuba antipersidskoe mvukelo yabantu balapha, kodwa imvukelo ayizange yenzeke. Ixesha lokugqibela ukuzimela libhekisela BC ngenkulungwane IV. KoFaro bazama ukuba akhusele ulongamo yawo, usebenzisa iingxaki ngokucinezelwa yamaPersi. Kunjalo Artaksersk III ngokutsha yoyiswa-Egypt. Umthetho yesibini yamaPersi lweminyaka mabini kuphela.

Aleksandr Makedonsky woyisayo Egypt

Xa BC ngenkulungwane IV, Egypt Ancient, loo maxesha kunye periodization zembali uzele amagophe ezibukhali, yaba yinxalenye ubukhosi Macedonian. Ukuba phambi kwabantu zeNayile yaphuhliswa njengoko impucuko osempuma, kodwa ngoku sele kuyinxalenye isithuba esinye kwamaGrike.

Ekubeni oyisa iPersi, uAleksandr Makedonsky waqalisa ukusasaza kuMbindi Mpuma, inkcubeko zamandulo zamaGrike. Ngo-332 BC ibilithuba laseYiputa, siyinxalenye woyisa Achaemenid ubukhosi. Alexander bahlula ilizwe Afrika yazibeka uFaro. Kwi-Nile Delta, wakha izibuko elitsha, elisuke laba omnye yezixeko ezinkulu zamandulo. Alexandria idume kwithala yayo kwaye ube sisibane (esinye ezisixhenxe ezimangalisayo). Isixeko lazaliswa kwindawo yokungcwaba warlord odumileyo.

period Ptolemaic,

ixesha Ptolemaic - isahluko zakutshanje ezimbalini zeJiputa yamandulo. Got igama layo wokuwonga elaa ubukhosi esekwe igunya layo phezu lizwe emva kokufa ngaphambi lobomi Aleksandra Makedonskogo. sentengo (Diadochi) amandla yahlulwe jikelele balo. Omnye wabo, Ptolemy, waba ngumlawuli waseYiputa.

Nangona lizwe omnye eminyaka amathathu wahlala ezizimeleyo, waba awusekho impucuko elizimeleyo. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, Egypt ubunzima kakhulu ifuthe lenkcubeko yamaGrike. Zonke - ukususela ulwimi unqulo. Alexandria yaba likomkhulu nelawulwa eYiputa yamandulo. Periodization kwimbali yeli lizwe ubonelela ukuba, ngexesha le kaPtolemy kurhulumente fanele nje kuphela Dolina Nila, kodwa ePalestina, naseSipro, inxalenye Syria kunye Asia Minor.

Ngelo xesha, kummandla Italy mihla wakhula bubukhosi enkulu entsha. Ekubeni bahlula kwiMeditera Western, kwiRiphabliki wamaRoma amehlo ayo ukuya ngasempuma. Unozakuzaku Octavian Augustus wathi imfazwe eYiputa, apho Cleopatra imithetho. Eli lizwe yoyiswa 30 BC. Kwangaxeshanye, kwiRiphabliki yaseRoma umbuso. Egypt iye yabizwa enye amaphondo ayo, yaye ekugqibeleni baphulukana geqe.