Umzekelo kune. Pun ngolwimi Russian. Intsingiselo yegama elithi "kune"

ulwimi Russian is ezininzi. Oku kuthetha ukuba, njengamatye semi-anqabileyo ilanga, amanye amagama oko kwenziwa ukuba 'ingoma "lo, shades ezintsha esingalindelekanga intsingiselo. Omnye izixhobo zoncwadi, uvumela ukuba ukutyhila nokuqhama ulwimi, ubuchule bakhe, i kune. Imizekelo yale meko umdla kwaye ezizodwa ziya kuboniswe kweli nqaku.

etymology

Intsingiselo yegama elithi "pun" nangoku ebangela mpikiswano omkhulu. Kukho iinketho ezahlukeneyo kutyunjwa kolu luvo: calembourg, calambour. Oku lisenokuba lithathwe kwigama yaseJamani Kalauer, imvelaphi leyo iphakamisa imibuzo. Kukho ezimbalwa Iimbali ezimfutshane zembali, nto leyo ehambisana ngelizwi "pun" kunye ezahlukeneyo izinto zembali nobuntu:

• Ngokutsho kuguqulelo mnye, kwisixeko German Kalemberge wakha wahlala Weigand von Teben umfundisi, edume iziqhulo yayo nehlekisayo.
• Ngokutsho komnye ithiyori, ubuchule bokufunda nokubhala okuthiwa emva Bala Kalanbera (Kalemberga), owayephila ngexesha lokulawula uLouis XIV e Paris.
• Kukho kwakhona intelekelelo yokuba umqondiso "pun" uhamba emva ibinzana Italian «calamo burlare», gama elo elithetha "joke ipeni."

definition

Kune - isixhobo yoncwadi, ukunika isiphumo ehlekisayo. Oku kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa kwimeko efanayo:

• iintlobo yeentsingiselo belizwi, ezifana: Matter akupheli, kodwa lonke ixesha akwanelanga umntu phezu ibhulukwe lakhe. (Malkin);
• amabinzana efanayo bakubethe kunye amagama aneentsingiselo ezahlukileyo, ezifana: iminyaka engamakhulu ukukhula / nathi ngaphadle (Mayakovsky).

Le nkcazelo ifuna ethile ingcaciso.

Okokuqala, maxa wambi na ngokusekelwe isandi, naphezu kufutshane lwesemantiki amagama kune. Umzekelo ibinzana kusungulwe A. Knyshevym: "Yonke into endlwini nto ibiweyo, nkqu umoya lidala".

Okwesibini, le ndlela ayisoloko akuthethi nemiphumo ehlekisayo. Ngamanye amaxesha isetyenziswa ukwenza isicatshulwa Umbala satirical kabuhlungu. Imizekelo kune ngolwimi Russian, esakhiwa kunye nenjongo efanayo:

Yenza wena

Ongaphumiyo ukubhomboloza abandayo

Ndawonye amaphenyane?

Kwaye musa bawe ukukhathala?

Asizange sasilala bondleke kakuhle kwi ukuwa efudumeleyo? (Khlebnikov).

okanye:

Bendicinga ukuba kukho iqabane,

Nguye kuphela isidalwa vuhlonga (N. Glazkov).

caesura inkcubeko

Pun ngawo onke amaxesha isetyenziswa yokucima i yokuhlolwa ekhoyo baveze iintsingiselo azivumelekanga ngokungqongqo. Kukho iindidi ezine ukusetyenziswa loo reception zoncwadi.

1. Pun wayefuna ukungacaci. Maxa wambi enye yezi neentsingiselo kungamanyala. Umbhali washo wasibeka, sanga efihliweyo emva indibaniselwano yohlobo mazwi, wathi: "? Kwaye apho Oku ulwimi lwethu ukuze bakha '
2. iingxelo esisilumkiso aphume fashion emva kwenkulungwane ye-18. Ukuze kufihlwe ithoni yayisetyenziselwa, kule mihla wayedla amazwi funny. Kwaye apha uncedo esixabiseke enikiweyo kune. Umzekelo ibinzana nehlekisayo yaye uyafundisa ayanceda igama kusungulwe uN Glazkov: Swigevenga kwakhona kukhokelela okulungileyo, kodwa, ngelishwa, ukuba umntu ongamaziyo. umyalo omdala "Uze ungebi" apha uba ukuphakheja silk.
3. Ngamanye amaxesha Iimaski ezingenamsebenzi avuse, amazinyo buthelezi inyaniso. Umzekelo, kwi-joke endala, yasungulwa kwisithuba zazimi ngxi ndaweninye, i wondla entsha ingcamango yokuba abantu naphesheya ngcono kunabo kwi USSR. Abantu bemi emgceni, owasemzini unomdla into bathengise. Baphendula bathi kuye: "izihlangu aphoswe". Emva kokuhlolisisa le iimpahla, Ndingumhlali wase kwelinye ilizwe uyavuma: "Siphinda elahliweyo."
4. Umba phambi kwethu isixhobo boncwadi maxa wambi ukwenza engaqhelekanga, ingcinga maxa wambi lendaba: Kuyasa ngathi umfundi elungileyo, ngaba ukwenza imiso ( "Satyricon" magazini).

iintlobo yokugxininisa

Isiseko pun usoloko ubuxoki "ukudlala ngamagama" ezifanayo ngesandi okanye intsingiselo. Kusengqiqweni ukwahlula iindlela kwendalo kwesi sixhobo zoncwadi ngokwamaqela amakhulu amathathu ukuya uhlobo lobudlelane lwesemantiki phakathi kusetyenziswa kweeyunithi zeelwimi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba kuthiwe "Abamelwane", "Vuvu" yaye "nentsapho."

1. "Isela". Umbhali kungalinganiselwanga summation eziqhelekileyo uyayixabisa amagama ngezandi. Oku kudala pun ezininzi "lokuqala". iindinyana D. Minaev kaThixo umzekelo omhle: Kwindawo Ipikiniki phantsi emthunzini nespruce / Thina basela ngaphezu badla.
2. "Vuvu". Amagama kunye neentetho kwi ezinjalo yokugxininisa nazo kwi polar intsingiselo yawo: ndafunda kakuhle imvakalelo zobudlelane ukuba bendivula kwi iimbambo (Vladimir Vysotsky). Le ngokukhawuleza ngayo apho ukuba asete intsingiselo lokuqala imaski inika enempembelelo enkulu ahlekisayo: Wayemthanda ubunzima. Wayemthanda imali ubunzima ngenxa yokuswela kwabo (Petrov, I. Ilf).
3. "Family". Olu hlobo device uncwadi ukuba idibanisa iimpawu maqela mabini ngasentla. Apha, intsingiselo yamagama wavele zingqubane, kodwa intsingiselo yesibini, ezifihlakeleyo, akuthethi kucima kuqala. yokugxininisa Russian ezivela kule hlobo zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Umzekelo: Xa imozulu embi ungenza ukubhabha ukusuka kwinkonzo (Krotkiy Emil); Esizifumanayo ndawo kunye abathengi ngokwabo (Ad. "Satyricon" magazini).

indlela Action

Zama ukuba sihlaziye ubutyebi shades lwamaxabiso intsingiselo kune - nzima umsebenzi, kodwa umdla kakhulu. Makhe sicinge ngomzekelo elula kakhulu. Ibinzana elithi: "Yena ke ifukame njengemvu, kwaye kuphuhliswa" bobabo d Ezintsha. Ekwazi ke oko uYesu, umntu wokuqala yokuxubusha frank ukuphikisana phantsi "yokothuka kwinqakwana" ukususela indibanisela la magama kwisivakalisi mnye, "zijonge" yaye "yophuhliso." Ke uyazi ukuba umqondiso yesibini, ngokungafaniyo sokuqala, umele akukho lunwele imeko, yaye inqanaba elisezantsi kakhulu nobukrelekrele kwiqumrhu umelwe. Ekugqibeleni, umntu ochazwe kwi ingqondo zabantu bamhlazisa, yaye yena uvakalelwa uyolo kukuba akanayo le ethile.

Yokugxininisa Izikweko

Ngokuqhelekileyo, Izikweko, oko kukuthi amagama afanayo ngesandi kodwa ezahlukeneyo intsingiselo, akuvamanga zifumaneka kwimeko efanayo. Kune - ngumzekelo impefumlelwano le nto kweelwimi ngaphakathi veza. Awuveza Shcherbina kule Izikweko isixhobo zoncwadi "bang iintloko zabo 'yaye usoloko Kazi yintoni elithetha" woyise ". Zokudlala - "iimaski" inzima kakhulu umdla. Ngapha koko, omnye iintsingiselo thaca siyitshabalalise enye ngokupheleleyo. Umzekelo: imoto ... eqokelelwe engxoweni, wazisa esinye abantu (Zhvanetskiy Michael). Okanye: kwamajoni isigqibo yonke into, kodwa ngaphandle kwethu (Malkin Gennady).

Iintlobo Izikweko, esetyenziswa kwi kune

I ekhanya "play amazwi" wasebenzisa ngasezantsi.Intlobo ngeentlobo zendidi Izikweko.

Uzeleyo Izikweko. Ukuba ukusebenzisa kwabo badla pun nehlekisayo kakhulu. Umzekelo: Umdaniso - lo iimpikiswano zochuku phakathi kwezini ezimbini yesithathu.

Oomabizwafane (amagama avakala ngokufanayo kodwa apelwa ngokwahlukileyo). Kwelinye epigrams lyceum wafumana le migca: Bonke bathi: Kuyinto Walter Scott / mna, imbongi, kungekhona intshembenxa: / ndiyavuma, yena iinkomo nje / Ke yena Valter Skott - musa ukukholwa.

Homographs (amagama kunye upelo efanayo kodwa ugxininiso ezahlukeneyo). Umzekelo:

Ayikho

azikhuli ezithembekileyo,

Logama nje kukho

Ngelotha kunye brazing (Orlov).

Omoformy (amagama kukhomba kuphela kwezinye iindlela). Kwiimeko ezinjalo eziqhelekileyo iziqhulo: i kuwugcina ngokuwubopha ye window. Stirlitz wadubula. Kuwugcina ngokuwubopha wanyamalala (elithi "ngesibetho" yaye "umphanda").

amabinzana Homonymy. Umzekelo: Field izicengcelezo - element yam; / Ke kulula ukubhala imibongo I (nguDmitry Minaev).

rhythm intetho

Le ubumbaxa amagama asetyenziswe pun unako ukudala iimeko nzima. Akumangalisi ke esithi maxa wambi kunyanzeleka ukuba uxolo kune ngokuzenzekelayo. Xa kukho ezingafanelekanga, "ukudlala ngamagama," ambalwa.

1. Ngamanye amaxesha zihanjiswa iimpawu ngamanye interlocutor. Uyavuma ukuba kunikezwa egobile ukuthetha ubuso ngobuso, neziqhwala ukuba ingxelo ukuba kwezinye iindawo zolwazi, yena neziziqhwala, makhuba xa kakhulu. Kukho kune lilishwa. Jokes ngayo zingabacaphukisa ngayo kumphulaphuli.
2. Kuyenzeka ukuba kuvele pun lilishwa kwaye ezingafanelekanga ukusuka uhlobo meko, idrama okanye yintlekele. Ngokomzekelo, ibinzana elithi "Le nyikima eArmenia bothuka bonke abantu Soviet" namhlanje kubonakala onyeliso.

yokugxininisa zingqondweni ngemisebenzi

Ngamanye amaxesha intetho cala ukuze kuthintelwe ngenxa kukuvela ukungacaci singanyangekiyo. imeko nzima ukuze ukudala kune zingqondweni. Imizekelo le ncwadi kubonisa ukuba. Kruchenykh, umzekelo, ababesithi ibinzana elithi, "ilizwe lakho umthwalo step" (Bruce) iphelelwa umdlalo wayo ukusuka kwinto yokuba ulivayo ilizwi "esile".

Xa inoveli Nabokov kaThixo "Isipho" uKonstantin (imbongi) ephikisa umgca ndabanekelwa entlokweni yam: ". Ngokuba isipho ezihlambulukileyo ezinamaphiko" Ngokutsho kwakhe, umbutho with "amaphiko" yaye "iintonga", engathandi ukuphulaphula kwesi sivakalisi, semxholweni. Nguwo lo nobudlova bangakuvuyeli ezinye iingcali zolwimi Russian.

Ifomu kunye nesiqulatho

Ukuthetha ukubeka iimfuno ezithile ulwimi. Omnye wabo - ifomu kunye nesiqulatho. Abantu bacinga ukuba kufuneka kwambatha iintsingiselo ezahlukeneyo ngendlela ezahlukeneyo iilwimi. Kungenxa yoko le nto ubumbaxa amagama namabinzana engqondweni yomntu kwenza impembelelo ngamazwi kwaye ajike kuye ngohlobo umdlalo umdla ngokwasengqondweni. Umzekelo, ndithetha usoloko wamenza ukuba utshintsho engephi umqondiso ingavakali ngokupheleleyo intsingiselo yalo yokuqala. ILizwi-yokugxininisa gqitha udumo okuqhubekayo. Nazi ezinye zazo: ilitye lesikhumbuzo ukuba nguvulindlela kunye pervoopechatniku Monument (I. Ilf); Captain kunye schnapps-captain (Anton yaseChekhov). Ezi amalinge ukunika gay amabinzana eziqhelekileyo shades ezintsha ngokupheleleyo intsingiselo.

ababhali phambili

Pun ngolwimi Russian lidla isetyenziswa ukwenza isiphumo satirical kunye ahlekisayo. iinkosi eyaziwayo kule zobugcisa ingqalelo nguDmitry Minaev (ngenkulungwane ye-19) kunye Emil Enobulali (leSoviet). Phakathi yokugqibela kukho yokugxininisa yobuciko okwenyaniso. Ngokomzekelo, xa omnye wabo udlala tautology umzekeliso endala Russian: "Ulwazi kukukhanya, intswela - ubumnyama '. Kwenye ayichaza Narcissism kumda kwi megalomania, amanye amanani loncwadi: ". Imbongi familiarly abethe eCaucasus e emqolo yakhe" Indida lesithathu malunga karhulumente apho abantu bazifumane sebephantsi yempembelelo kwimitha begcakamele ilanga: "Spring ubuncinane umntu uya engqondweni ice - waza waqalisa.". An inkosi esivunyiweyo le pun ingqalelo Kozma Prutkov. aphorisms zakhe nehlekisayo nangoku fresh and efanelekileyo: "Kulula ukubambelela ezandleni zabo izintso ngaphezu izintso."

Imbali kune Russian

Ukudlala ngamagama wayengekho lwepaki enjalo Rus yamandulo. Ukuqokelelwa yesandla ye Imizekeliso Russian, wadala ngenkulungwane ye-18 P. Simone, kukho yokugxininisa eziliqela. Nantsi ke enye kuwo: "Thina basela Fili, ewe Fil nesingqi efanayo."

Nendlela le isuke yenziwa kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19. Umzekelo, zokudlala neziqhulo malunga impumlo eRashiya ngeli thuba zininzi gqitha ukuba umphandi VV Vinogradov in 'yendalo abangaqhelekanga, "uthi:" nosologicheskoy "uncwadi. Ngaphezu koko, ibinzana elithi 'ukuhamba impumlo "," nikhokelwa impumlo "," usixhome impumlo wakhe' ngenkuthalo lisetyenziswe imihla yethu.

Imizekelo kune in Russian zibonisa ukuba ukuqhama ezahlukeneyo weendawo kunye neyantlukwano. Enye indawo ebalulekileyo yena ukusetyenziswa ngo imisebenzi yaseChekhov kaThixo, Burenina, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Leskov, Pushkin.

bokwenza abanetalente yabonakala ngexesha i "Age Silver iincwadi Russian." Le magazini "Satyricon" - Taffy, Orsher, umsi, Averchenko - wayedla bokudlala ukwenza isiphumo kwinqakwana imisebenzi yabo.

Emva kokuba revolution, esi sixhobo zoncwadi afumaneka Zakhoder ubuchule Vysotsky Knysheva, Mayakovsky, Enobulali, Glazkov, Krivine, Ilf, Petrov kunye nezinye ababhali. Ukongeza, Iimbali ezimfutshane ezininzi ceba ziqulathe "Igwele punning."

pun nehlekisayo abanamakhono ke azaba nakuvuka yokubhuqiswa ukugwegweleza yentanda kwaye enze abantu zibonisa ngentsingiselo yobukho. Ukusetyenziswa kwale divayisi yoncwadi - buciko ngokwenene ukufunda ukuba wonke luncedo kakhulu kwaye esonwabisa.