Umthetho wesibini obizwa

Nkqu kudala kuye waphawula ipatheni unikezelo ubushushu: ubushushu inokuba ngokuzenzekelayo ukuhambisa emzimbeni shushu kwiqondo eliphezulu ukuya evuthayo kangako. Owesibini umthetho obizwa leyo echaza le nkqubo yafunyanwa ngama nokuhlola. Kuba ixesha kuqala zithiwe thaca 1824 Carnot, injineli French, owathi njani kwaye phantsi kweziphi iimeko umlilo kwabatyhutyha umsebenzi luncedo kwi koomatshini yexesha. Phakathi kwinkulungwane XIX ngokususela-nzulu German Rudolf Clausius yaqulunqa umthetho, ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba umthetho wesibini obizwa. umongo wayo kukuba ubushushu alize nomzimba eshushu ngakumbi ukusuka eshushu ngaphantsi ngokuzenzekelayo, okt ukutshintshwa ubushushu umzimba kunye amaqondo obushushu aphezulu mababuyekezwe i unikezelo amandla angaphandle. Ngokomzekelo, iinkqubo zihlale efrijini. Kamva, uWilliam Thomson kunye ezinye izazinzulu ukucacisa amagama yomthetho.

Lo mgaqo kufuneka ziqondwe nokuba yande ngaphezulu kunokuba unyango Rudolf Clausius. Ngokomzekelo, umsebenzi woguqulo ibe bubushushu. Inokubuyiselwa eveliswe yi-amandla zochuku. Xa lo msebenzi iguqulelwe bubushushu ngokupheleleyo, ngaphandle zonke iinzame ezingaphezulu kunye nembuyekezo. Reconversion ngokwayo nzima. Uguqulo onesiphumo ubushushu imisebenzi - kuba yinkqubo ngumntu, oko kukuthi, efuna, iimeko ezizodwa enziwe amalungiselelo.

Ngokubanzi, umthetho wesibini obizwa, baqulunqe siseko kunye nezikhokelo ukuhamba iinkqubo zendalo. Zivela kuyo, ungenza kunokucaciswa ngokusebenza iqela izixhobo. Ngenxa yoko, iinjini ubushushu zisebenza ngokomahluko lobushushu apho ubushushu ophezulu ukusuka eshushu ukuya kwezona ebandayo - ukusuka teplootdatchika ukuya kumgxobhozo ubushushu. Kulo mzekelo, ukusebenza lesixhobo ukuba nekhulu ekhulwini. Oko kukuthi, asingabo bonke ubushushu iguqulelwa umsebenzi, kodwa inxalenye yawo. Oku ngokuyinxenye chaza into yokuba ukwenza umatshini motion ongunaphakade (yesibini-order) kumgaqo-siseko engenakwenzeka. Ngamanye amazwi, zange ceba isixhobo ukuba zingavumelana ngokupheleleyo kwaye kungekho nayiphi na imbuyekezo wajika ubushushu imisebenzi. Ngokusekelwe kungentla, oosonzululwazi R. Clausius kunye W. Thompson ichonge ekuyilweni yesibini umthetho obizwa. Okokuqala, ngokuzenzekelayo ukufudumeza awukwazi ukuhamba ukusuka kubushushu kangako izidumbu ezifudumeleyo; okwesibini, asingabo bonke ubushushu wawusalathiswa teplootdatchika ukuya kumgxobhozo ubushushu, ingena umsebenzi luncedo, kodwa inxalenye kunokuba kuphela kwayo. Kukho kwakhona imixube eziliqela ezifanayo, zona ngokubanzi usisithunzi ngasentla. Ukuya ukusuka teploperedatchika ukuya kumgxobhozo ubushushu, amandla akuthethi shwaka, ngoko ke umthetho ukulondolozwa amandla asetyenziswayo ewonke akukho ezichasene nomthetho wesibini obizwa. yena usenza ziphuhliswe zizazinzulu ezininzi kwaye iqulathe amanqaku eziliqela eziziintloko, nekuxoxwa ngazo kweli nqaku.

Iinkqubo ezinxulumene noguqulo lwamandla, ungenza ngokuzenzekelayo ukugeleza kuphela xa ukuba amandla ka ifomu kanzulu ngendlela abasasazekileyo Kwadlula. Enye olubalulekileyo bobuchule lokuba zombini ngabantu umhlaba onokuphila, imvelo - ukukwazi ukuthoba entropy. Eli binzana lokugqibela lithetha umlinganiselo isixa ubushushu kwixabiso lobushushu, kukho uhlobo ngomlinganiselo isiphithiphithi unxulunyaniswa nokulahlekelwa ubuchule inkqubo ukwenza umsebenzi okhethekileyo; xa ukutshintsha umthamo kwenkqubo okanye entropy yayo amandla kunciphisa.

Ngowe-1865, R. Clausius ekugqibeleni yaqulunqa umthetho wesibini obizwa. Entropy, ngokwenkcazelo yaso, uyandiswa xa nonequilibrium sisixokelelwano esivalekileyo kwenzeka iinkqubo ezikhululekileyo.

Umthetho wesibini obizwa aliliso ekuthiwa-siseko iiphiramidi eziphilayo; ukongeza, yena - umthombo uMthetho Lindemann, ezichaza imigaqo kwegazi yamandla kwi-ecosystem. Ukhomba omnye-pointedness (transience) ibakho uhlobo iinkqubo ezikhululekileyo. Ngokuhambelana ngawo, amandla aguqulwa abe bubushushu kunye ubushushu idluliselwa ezibandayo liqumrhu eshushu, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni ngokulinganiswa lobushushu kwinqanaba elisezantsi, iziphumo apho ukuyeka zonke iintlobo zonke iintlobo sindululo, okanye ezifana. N. "Ubushushu ukufa". Ukuba ukuthetha ngolwimi olucacileyo nolulula, eli umthetho wesibini obizwa ngu: zonke, iinkqubo ezikhululekileyo zendalo iphele wesiphithiphithi kunye nokuthotywa. Oku kuboniswa umzekelo ilandelayo: ukuba indlu iminyaka emininzi ukuhamba ngaphandle komkhosi, kuya kuqalisa ngcembe ukwehla, ukuwa.