Umgca wexesha lomlando. Kuthetha ntoni umcolo kwisigxina?

Imbali, njengawe nayiphi na enye inzululwazi, ihambelana nokuchaneka kwaye idinga ukuqinisekiswa kwazo zonke izigwebo zayo. I-Calculus (njengoko, umzekelo, kwimathematika) kwaye nayiphina iisampulu idinga umgca wayo. Imbali idinga ixesha kunye nendawo, ngexesha elifanayo isayensi yoluntu. Kwenzululwazi-umbhali-mlando, imilinganiselo ye-calculus yindawo (yintoni??) Nako ixesha (nini?). Kuye, ngokungabikho bani, ukuhlawula (oko kukuthi, uphawu olucacileyo lomhla) luyona nto ephambili. Le ngongoma yenkcazelo ekuqaliseni zonke izinto. Ngenxa yoko, ukwakhiwa kwexesha leziganeko kuba ngumsebenzi wokuqala kunye obalulekileyo kumsebenzi wembali-mlando. Uyakha izenzakalo eziyaziwayo nezifundayo ngokucacileyo. "Ixesha" elinjalo linalo lathiso, njengoko kumathematika i-axis yayo idibeneyo. Kwaye oko utolo oluphawula kumgca wexesha, imbali, njengenzululwazi, iya kubonakala ngoku.

Ngeyure, okanye ukulandelana kwexesha, ukulandelana

Ukuba ibali liqulethwe ngokulula ukukhutshwa kweziganeko, ngoko ke umyalelo wokumisela kunye nemithetho yokugcina le datha kuyimfuneko. Kodwa kwenzululwazi yesiganeko, umsebenzi obaluleke ngakumbi kukuphanda, ukutolika, nokuchonga ubudlelwane beemeko ezahlukeneyo. Emva koko, yonke into kwimbali inezizathu zayo ezithile kwaye iquka nemiphumo ethile. Kodwa apha uphawu olubaluleke kakhulu lwezesayensi lithuba lokufumana izigqibo ezifanelekileyo kuzo zombini kunye nekamva.

Xa isayensi yayiqala kuphela, ukulandelana kwexesha kwakuxhomekeke kwimathematika, kwaye, ngokungaqhelekanga, kwi-astronomy. Kodwa kufuphi nekhulu le-XVIII, ukulandelelana kwexesha lokuhlaselwa kwelo xesha kuwela kwicandelo lobuntu, kodwa ngokusisiseko lihlala liyi-science ngqo. Ngaloo ndlela, ingcamango "yexesha eliqhelekileyo", ekubeni isiseko sayo semathematika, iwela kwisayensi yembali, ifuna ixesha elifanayo ukususela kwizinzululwazi ulwazi olulungileyo kwimathematika.

Kuthetha ntoni umcolo kwisigxina?

Ekubeni ixesha alizange liyeke, oko kukuthi, ligijima okanye ligijime (njengokuba umntu uyithanda kakhulu), ayikwazi ukugqiba, ihlala iqhubeka ngonaphakade (ubuncinane asiyazi oku kuphelile kwaye ayikwazi). Njengemathematika, umgca wexesha kwimbali yi-axis of coordinates, apho ukungapheliyo kubonakaliswe ngumcibisholo. Kodwa kukho enye ubunzima, emele enye yezikhubekiso: indlela yokuqala ukubala ngayo kwimbali? Umgca wexesha awupheli kuphela kuphela, kodwa kwakhona isiqalo. Yaye ukuyijonga kuphi? Ekudalweni kwehlabathi, ukususela ekuqaleni kokulawula kokumkani okanye isiseko sixeko, ukusuka kwimithombo yokuqala ebhaliweyo, iincwadi ezingcwele okanye kwintsikelelo okanye enye into eyenzekayo? Okanye ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba ukhethe nawuphi na umzuzu omiselweyo umvelaphi?

Ukususela ngantoni na?

Kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo abantu abahlukeneyo bakhethele bona indlela yabo yokugqiba ukuqala kwexesha. Impucuko yaseYurophu ikhethele yona ekuqaleni kokuzalwa kukaYesu Kristu. Kwaye, nangona, ngokweli xesha, ihlabathi lonke kwiinkalo zonke liyazi ukuba yintoni imini, inyanga nonyaka kukho, abantu abakhumbulayo kunye nokuhamba ngokulinganayo kwexesha ngokwemiqathango yamandulo yesizwe.

Kuyaziwa ukuba kwakukho ii-eras ezingamawaka amabini kwihlabathi ezingenanto efana nayo kwimvelaphi yazo. Izona zidumileyo ziziwa namhlanje ngamagama abo: umzekelo, i-Byzantine, i-Antiochian, iAlexandrian eras.

Liliphi ixesha?

Naliphi na ixesha elilandelwayo lithathwa ukusuka kwindawo yokuqala - ixesha (oko kuthetha ukuguqulelwa ukusuka kwisiLatini - inombolo yokuqala). Abantu ngabanye bexesha la mandulo bazenzela ixesha lokujonga iinkqubo, bexhomekeke kwisiganeko esibaluleke nakakhulu kakhulu. Iimpazamo ezinjalo zinokugqibela ukusuka kumbalwa ukuya kwiminyaka eyiwaka.

Ngaloo ndlela, ibandla lobuKristu lokuqala lalijonga ngokuzalwa kukaYesu Kristu, ligxininisa ukuba ixesha elitsha, elifanelekileyo liye laqala ekuphuhliseni uluntu kunye nendoda. Oku kwaphawula ukuqala kwempucuko yaseYurophu. Kodwa yintoni inkqubo esingayiqwalasele ngoku ngoku, kwaye ngeli nqanaba ekuqaleni kwexesha, i-zero epheleleyo ifunyenwe kwinqanaba lexesha , apha umgca uqala ukubalwa ngentsingiselo yayo. Yaye iqhutyelwa ukusuka kwi-zero ukuya ekungaphelelweni kwintsimbi emele yona njengelinye ixesha. Ngaphambi kwexesha lethu kwakukho "amaxesha amnyama", ixesha elidala, ixesha lamahedeni, ukungazi nokwesaba. Umgca ngomcibisholo ukhokelela ekuqaliseni ukuqala kwexesha lokulandelana kolunye uhlangothi, okukhokelela ekubaleni kwayo ukusuka kwi-zero ukuya ngaphantsi.

Yaye yintoni "ixesha lethu"?

Unomdla kukuba i-timeline yethu yayingeniswa ekuqaleni kwexesha lethu, kodwa emva koko. Kukholelwa ukuba ukuqaliswa kwexesha ukususela kuKuzalwa kukaKristu kwenzeka kuphela ngo-525, kunye noPapa ngomninimzi wakhe uDionysius. Kwazwakala ngathi "ukususela kuMnyaka weNkosi." Namhlanje sithetha ngokulula: ixesha lethu. Abanye ababhali beembali-mlando baqala inkqubo yokubala umhla wokuzalwa kukaKristu, kunye nokugqiba usuku lokubhiyozela i-Easter, bhekisela kwikhulu le-III.

Uluphi umgca wexesha kwimbali?

Omnye uya kufumana lo mbuzo ungalunganga, kuba umgca uhlala ulandelelana. Kodwa, ngokungaqondakaliyo, inkolelo yexesha loxwebhu lugqwesileyo alunalo kwiimbono zezinzulu. Kukho imodeli yexesha. Njengoko inkulungwane yeshumi elininzi ibonakalisile, indawo ingakhankanywa, iphosakele, ijikelezwe, njl. Kungatsho okufanayo malunga nexesha. Umgca wexesha unokuba yingqungquthela, ukuvuthwa, i-parabola, njl. Ngokomzekelo, ibinzana eliyaziwayo ukuba "yonke into eli hlabathi liphinda kwakhona" kukuqinisekisa ukuba ixesha lihamba kwisangqa (ixesha lesigxina). Ukuba, nangona kunjalo, ingcamango "yenkqubela phambili" yongezwa kule ngqungquthela, kwaye ukunyuka kwesetyhula kuya kuba ngumoya, oko kukuthi, ukunyakaza isangqa kunye nenkqubela phambili. Kodwa kukho iingcamango apho kungekho nkqubela kuyo yonke.

Ifilosofi yeMbali

Ngokuphuhliswa kwezesayensi zanamhlanje, ingxaki yexesha ibe yinto ebalulekileyo kwifilosofi yembali, ichaza inani leembono zembali. Ngaphandle kokungena kwiinkcukacha kunye neenkcukacha, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba nayiphina i-worldview ibonisa umboniso "wexesha". Oku kusebenza kwimibono yamandulo yamandulo, iinkolelo zonqulo, kunye nemibono yezobugcisa kunye nezenzululwazi zanamhlanje , kunye neengcamango ezininzi zefilosofi zamhlanje ezichaphazela ukuqonda kwexesha.

Kodwa kunye nale nto, iimbono zefilosofi ziphazamisa abemi abaqhelekileyo ekuqondeni kwansuku zonke ebomini bethu. Zinomdla kwaye zinoncedo kwizenzululwazi, kodwa ziba yinto yokudlala eyingozi ezandleni zomntu ofuna umnwabo olula. Ezi zinto zokuzilibazisa zinokubangela ukungaqondakali nokusetyenziswa, kwaye ngoko ke izigqibo ezingamanga kunye nezicelo. Kubalulekile ukufundela iikhosi ezinjalo ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ngokuzithandela. Kwaye, ngenxa yolonwabo, kunele ukuqonda ukuba umgca wexesha uchanekile kunye nenqanaba.