I-180 (umphangi): imbali yendiza, ukufa kukaValery Chkalov

I-180 (umphangi kunye nesibomber) yaveliswa kwiPolikarpov Design Bureau. Ngaloo xesha kwakuneempawu eziphambili zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo, zingakwazi ukuqhubela ukuya kwi-200 kg zeebhomu kwaye zinezixhobo ezine zokuqhuma izixhobo.

Imbali yendalo

Umqambi owaziwayo waseSoviet u-Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov akazange amise kwiindawo zakhe zokuzilahla. Wayeqonda ngokucacileyo ukuba injini enamandla yayidinga ukuphucula kakhulu idatha yendiza. Umqhubi-monoplane I-16, owaphuhliswa nguye ngo-1932 kwaye uqulethwe ngombutho weSoviet Air Force, emva kweminyaka emi-5 iyeka ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zanamhlanje.

I-Polikarpov sele sele i-1936 yaqala ukucinga malunga nokwenza utshintsho olunzulu lwe-I-16 kunye nenjini engundoqo M-62. Kodwa akazange akwazi ukuphumeza le ngcamango, ngokukhawuleza iZaporozhye Plant No. 29 yasungula ukuqaliswa kweenjini ezintsha ze-M-88, ezinamandla kuninzi olufunekayo. Ngaloo ndlela, kwakukho iiprojekthi I-164 kunye no-165. Ngelo xesha, isityalo esiyi-screw sanikwa umyalelo wokuphuhlisa isikhokelo esichaphazelekayo. Nangona kunjalo, intloko ye-Air Force ayizange ibonakalise inzala encinane kule moya. Ngoko ke, kwakukho isigqibo sokwakha omnye umkhosi.

Inqwelo entsha

I-Design Bureau iPolikarpova yaqala ukuyila. Uphuhliso olutsha lufunyenwe u-I-180. Umqhubi wayekulungele ngoFebruwari 1938. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngokubanzi i-design ye-I-180 yayifana kakhulu ne-I-16, kodwa yayingaphezulu ngobukhulu. Ekuqaleni, idizayilo licwangcise ukuxhobisa ezine izibhamu zokutshiza ngokukhawuleza, kwaye emva koko emva koko zize zithathele izixhobo ezinkulu okanye iinqununu.

Emva kokutshintshwa kwePolikarpov Design Bureau kwiNdawo yeNombolo ye-156, imeko engalunganga yenzeke, engazange ibe negalelo lonke ekuveliseni iimveliso ezifanelekileyo kunye nokukhawuleza. Umba kukuba ngaphambili le shishini lixhomekeke ekukhululweni kweeplani ezinkulu, kwaye ngoku kwakufuneka ziqwalasele ngokukhawuleza iteknoloji yokuveliswa komqhubi wokukhanya.

Izibambiso zokuqala

Ukukhululwa kwalo matshini kwanyathelwe yintloko yentloko yeBelyaykin. Ndimele nditsho ukuba wayedla ngokukhawuleza abantu ukuba bagqibe idibanisa ngokukhawuleza kwaye kwakukho ixesha xa ephazamise ngqo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa. Izenzo ezinjalo zazisa ukwethuka okungadingekile kwimisebenzi ye-OKB kunye nesityalo ngokupheleleyo. Inxaxheba ebalulekileyo ekukhawulezeni komsebenzi yenziwa ngumlawuli wequmrhu, uMnu A. Usachev. Ngoko ke, idiza yakhiwa ngoNovemba 1938.

Ngeentsuku zokuqala zikaDisemba, imoto yahlolwa ngokugqibeleleyo, emva koko ibonakaliswe ngokungafaniyo, kwaye ubuninzi beempazamo ezingama-190 (!), Ezingama-40 zazo zifunyenwe kwizixhobo zokusebenza. Zikunye neephene ezininzi kwaye i-180 yakhishwa. Umqhubi wayekhatyathwa kwi-airfield, ekugqibeleni wayesusa ezininzi kwiintengiso.

Ndimele ndixelele ukuba abaqulunqi beenqwelo zokulwa bahlala bexhaphaza kwaye befuna iiprojekthi zabo, ngaphandle koko, bayazi ngaphezu kwanoma ngubani omnye malunga nexabiso lempazamo yezobugcisa. Kungenxa yoko uPolikarpov wayengabhikisha ngokukhawuleza njengoko wayilungiselela inzala yakhe kwilingo lokuqala, apho wayemiswa okwesikhashana emsebenzini wokuqhubeka.

Ukudibanisa kwamaxesha amaninzi

Ngobusika ka-1938, uValery Pavlovich Chkalov wacelwa ngokukhawuleza esuka ekhefu. Isizathu: ukuvavanywa kwe-I-180 entsha. Umqhubi uceba ukuvavanya uDisemba 15, kodwa ukuhamba kwakhe kokuqala kwakuyiintsuku ezintathu ngaphambili. Uchonge iiphene ezininzi, phakathi kwazo ezithe zafunyanwa kunye nokuphazamiseka kokulawulwa kolawulo lwegesi. Ukungasebenzi kakupheli, kwaye umhla wokuqala wendiza ungaguqukanga. Kwesabelo esinikwe kwiChikv, salelwa ukuba sihambe nge-aerodrome kwindawo ephakamileyo ye-600 m ngemizuzu eyi-10-15 kunye nomhlaba ngaphandle kokukhipha i-chassis, eyayibekwe umyalelo ngosuku olulandelayo.

Ndimele ndithi ngaphambi kokuba le ntsuku ekhohlakeleyo eMoscow iiveki ezimbalwa kwakukho imvula engeyiyo. Ngomso intshukumo enqabileyo yayihla esixekweni, ngamanye amaxesha yayiqhwala. Iqondo lokushisa lomoya lisuka kwi-0 ukuya ku--2 ° C. Nangona kunjalo, ngomhla wokuvavanywa, isibhakabhaka sagqitywa. Ilanga elikhanyayo lalikhanya, kodwa ukushisa kwehla kuye -27 ⁰ C. Olu phawu olubukhali alukulindelanga, kodwa ukuhamba kwendiza akuyikukhanselwa.

Ngomhla we-15 kuDisemba, njengesiqhelo ngexesha lovavanyo lokuqala lweenqwelo zezixhobo, zonke iintlobo zavalwa, kwaye imisebenzi ye-aerodrome ayizange iqhutywe ngaloo mini. I-180 yayimi i-hangar. Izilungiso zokugqibela zeenqwelo zendiza zenzelwe ukuhamba kweenqwelo-moya: izixhobo zokulawula kunye neeyunithi eziyimfuneko, kubandakanywa iimfama, zanyuka. Ukusondela kubasebenzi, uCkkalov wabuza ukuba kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuyifaka. Waxelelwa ukuba malunga neeyure eziyi-2-3, mhlawumbi ngaphezulu. Impendulo enjalo engapheliyo ayilungiselelwanga nguValery Pavlovich, owazi ukuba ukubaleka ngaloo mini kwakungeke kwenzeke, njengobusika, kwaye kwakumnyama kakhulu. Wagqiba kwelokubhabha ngaphandle kokufaka iimfama, mhlawumbi enethemba lokufumana iziphumo zeemvavanyo.

Ukufa kwenombolo yokulinganisa 1

Umqhubi wenza umjikelezo wokuqala njengoko wawunikwe umyalelo: xa evuka emoyeni, wagijima phezu kwe-aerodrome kwindawo ephakamileyo ye-500-600 m. Wandula wangena kwisangqa sesibini, kodwa ekuphakameni kwe-2-2.5 iimitha ezili-mitha kwaye ude kakhulu ukusuka kwindawo . Xa wehlisa kwaye waqala ukuhla, enenjongo yokuhlawulela indiza, injini iyagqitywa. I-airfield yayikude kakhulu, kwaye ngaphantsi kwayo kwakuyizindlu zokuhlala kunye ne-antenna eziphezulu zesiteshi somsakazo.

Njengoko uyazi, inqwelo-moya yayine-chassis yayo, kwaye xa iqala ukuwa, uKkkalov waqaphela ukuba unokuthintela uphahla lweminye yeenqanawa, apho kwakunokwenzeka ukuba kwakukho abantu. Omnye umqhubi wayengenakucinga nangalo, ngaphandle koko, uphahla lwaluya kuba luthintela. Nangona kunjalo, uKkkalov wanquma ukuguquka, kwaye inqwelo-moya eneenjini ezingenalutho yaphazamiseka kwi-high-power support metal.

Umsindo onamandla wamphosa uCkkalov ngaphandle kwekhabhi kunye nevili. Xa sele ewile, umqhubi wabuhlungu entloko. Ukulimala kwakungahambelani nobomi, kwaye emva kweeyure ezimbini wafa kwisibhedlele saseBotkin. Umngcwabo kaKkkalov wenziwa eMoscow. Urn kunye nomlotha wakhe usengodonga lwaseKremlin.

Izizathu zeentlekele

Ukufa kukaValery Chkalov kwangoko kwavelisa inani elikhulu lamahlebezi kunye neengcamango. Nangona kukho isisombululo esisemthethweni esenziwe ngumyalelo okhethekileyo wokuphanda le ntlekele, kukho ezinye iinguqulelo ezibhekiselele kumbuzo omnye: ngaba le nto yayingumonakalo obulalayo, okanye ngaba umqhubi wenzelwa ukuphazamiseka komntu kwaye wabulawa nje?

Iikhomishina ezisebenza ngo-1938 no-1955, izigqibo ezihlukeneyo zadityaniswa, kodwa enye yazo yayibumbene: ingozi yenziwa ngenxa ye-injini ye-injini ye-fighter kunye neziphene kwi-device control control. Ukongezelela, uphando lwesibini lubonakalise ukuba amaninzi omatshini ayenamava kwaye awazange ahlolwe emoyeni. Kule ndawo yonke isiphelo ibonisa ukuba inqwelo yePolikarpov I-180 ayizange iphinde iphuhliswe ngexesha lokuhamba kwayo okokuqala ngenxa yokukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza kwamagunya alawulayo le nkqubo, eyakhokelela entlekele engafanelekiyo.

Ukuphamba kwembini yesibini

Nangona kunjalo, imbali yeenqwelo ze-I-180 ayizange iphele apho. Iimvavanyo zaqhubeka. Ngomhla kaFebruwari 1939, kwakhiwa i-second fighter. Ngokuqhelekileyo yayingafani neyokudlulileyo, ngaphandle kokuba indawo kunye nobubanzi bamaphiko ayo behlisiwe kancinci, kwaye esikhundleni senjini ye-M-88, i-M-87A ithathwa njengeyithembeke ngakumbi.

Inqwelo yokuqala yokuqala kwimoto yanamhlanje yenzeke ngo-Apreli 27 waloo nyaka. Yayihlolwe ngumqhubi we-SP Suprun. Ngelo xesha, yonke into yayingenayo nayiphi na imibono ebhaliweyo. Ngenxa yale nto, ukuthembeka kweenqwelo zePolikarpov kuye kwanda kakhulu kangangokuba umqhubi wada wathatha inxaxheba kwimibhiyozo yoMeyi 1 waza wabuyela kwi-Red Square. Nangona kunjalo, ekuqaleni kukaSeptemba i-180 yaphahla kwakhona, ngeli xesha ixesha lokuhlolwa kukaThomas Suzi labulawa. Xa indiza yaqala ukungena kwi-tailpin, umqhubi waphuma emotweni, engenaxesha lokuvula iparachute.

Ngokukhawuleza emva kwentlekele, ikhomishini eyakhiwe ngokukhethekileyo yenze isenzo apho imbangela yokuphazamiseka yayiyiyontshabalalo ye-oliver cooler, kuba i-cabin yonke, kunye nobuso kunye nobunqamle bomqhubi, bachitheka ngeoli.

Ukumiswa

Ngonyaka olandelayo enye inqwelo yenziwe, kodwa iimvavanyo zayo zaphela ngokukhawuleza. Ekuqaleni kukaJulayi 1940, umqhubi wovavanyo u-Proshakov wenza iphutha ngexesha lokuhlola kwaye waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye umkhombe ngeparachute. Ukuthunyelwa okulandelayo ngeli xesha alifumananga nasiphi na iiphene, kwaye iphoso lokufa kwelo lililo linikezelwe ngokupheleleyo kumqhubi.

Emva kolu ganeko, enye inguqu yendiza yakhiwa-i-180-Etalon. Wafumana utshintsho oluthile, kuquka ukutshintshwa kweenjini zakudala ze-M-87A kunye ne-M-88A entsha. Ijubane eliqikelelweyo liza kuba yi-590 km / h, kwaye xa ufaka injini enamandla, iM-89 yayiza kufika kuma-650 km / h ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa ibali le-I-180 laphela apha, njengoko ngoDisemba kunyaka omnye umyalelo ukhishwe ukuyeka umsebenzi kule moya. Zonke iimashishini ezingagqitywanga ezafakwa ekuvelweni kwangaphambili, zaya kwiindawo eziqhekezayo. Ngaloo xesha ama-Soviet fighters of other types started to appear

Umqhubi omtsha

Uphuhliso olulandelayo lwePolikarpov Design Bureau yi-I-185. Ngokubaluleka kwazo zonke iimpawu lo mqhubi waphelela oomashini be-piston beSoviet kunye nabangaphandle belo xesha. Kwakhiwa izithuthi ezininzi ngeenjini ezahlukeneyo. NgoNovemba 18, 1942 baya kwiimvavanyo zelizwe, ezenza abaqhubi bee-pilot P. M Stefanovsky. Ngethuba leenqwelo zeenqwelo-moya le mveliso yabonisa iziphumo ezilungileyo kwaye yacetyiswa ukuba iqaliswe kwimveliso emininzi.

Ngo-Ephreli 5, ngo-1943 ngexesha leemvavanyo, injini yema, iphumela ekufeni komqhubi VA Stepanchonok. Ngokuphathelele yonke idatha, le ntlekele yaba yingozi kwi-aircraft ye-I-185-ayizange ibekwe kwimveliso, kwaye esikhundleni sayo, i-La-5FN yahlanganiswa kwisityalo. Emva koko, i-OKB yavelisa enye inqwelo-I-188, kodwa kungekudala yonke imisebenzi yayimisiwe ngenxa yokufa komyili oyiNtloko uNN Polikarpov.