Uluhlu zinganakwa ngo-1937. amaxhoba eyaziwayo le Terror Great

Ixesha kakhulu ongemhle zocindezelo kwezopolitiko eSoviet Union mazibalwe 1937-1938. Embalini oko ngokuba nangoloyikiso olukhulu. amaxhoba bakhe abantu elime ezahlukeneyo zentlalo yoluntu. Ngaphandle elwa nezazi pre-revolution ziye phantsi kwitheko ingcinezelo abasebenzi, amajoni kunye nabefundisi. Kodwa uluhlu becala zinganakwa ngowe-1937 kwakukho abameli sabasebenzi kunye nabalimi, uninzi lwabo de kutshanje bengakwazi ukuqonda izityholo nxamnye nawo.

Ufikelwe lunkwantyo, ibonwe ngokobubanzi bawo

Nangona yokuba zonke izigqibo ukwenza iintshukumo igazi ngokusekelwe izigqibo Politburo of the CPSU (b), ukuba kuvunyiwe ukuba eneneni ezi odolo wamnika Stalin ngokobuqu. Ngokobubanzi bawo besothusa ngaloo minyaka akukho lingana kwimbali karhulumente. Uluhlu zinganakwa ngo-1937 kuchaphazela ubukhulu bayo. Xa ngexesha Khrushchev nobudlelwane yashicilelwa ngokuyinxenye data kumaxhoba xesha, kufunyaniswe ukuba kuphela yi-yesibhozo amahlanu - inqaku kwezopolitiko wagwetywa intambo 681 692 umntu.

Ukuba songeza kubo abo bafa kuvalelwa kwizifo, indlala kunye ukusebenza, eli nani ivuke kwesigidi. Ngokutsho data ekhoyo ukuze Academician A. D. Saharov, kuba 1937-1938 biennium. Wabanjwa abasebenzi iqela malunga-1 200 000. Xa ucinga ukuba-50 kuphela 000 kubo baye bahlala ukuya ukukhululwa yayo, oko kucaca into embi ngesibetho ofunyenwe yinkokeli iqela ngokwakhe.

Le plenum, ezaba ekuqaleni ngokunxunguphala

Hi ndlela leyi, ibinzana elithi "The Ukunxunguphala Enkulu" beza kuthi evela UK. Kwaba njalo osesikhundleni incwadi yakhe malunga iziganeko ka 1937-1938. mbali waseBritani uRobert Uloyiso. Siye khona igama eyahlukileyo - "ixesha Yezhov", kuvela igama umxhomi oyintloko ixesha liliphalaza igazi elimsulwa, intloko NKVD N. I. Ezhova, naye waba lixhoba wadala emva inxaxheba umbuso wakhe ngokungenabuntu.

Njengokuba kufanele kuphawulwe iziganeko abaphandi ngaloo minyaka, ekuqaleni Terror Enkulu, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe apho kwenzeka ekuqaleni 1937, lo plenum ye-Central Committee CPSU (b). Kuwo ndamgocagoca intetho Stalin kaThixo apho wabongoza ukomeleza ukulwa iintshaba zabantu, ukuba siqinise, ngokutsho imfundiso yakhe, imisebenzi yakhe umbuso njengoko siqhubela uluntu ekwakheni socialism.

Izityholo plenum efanayo abekwa ekuthiwa-ekunene ekhohlo inkcaso - umbutho wezopolitiko, iquka Trotskyists - Radek, G. L. Pyatakova kunye L. B. Kameneva, kwaye ekunene-iphiko deviationist - AI Rykov kunye nA Uglanova. Intloko liQela eliCebisayo anti-zeSoviet igama N. I. Buharin. Ukongeza, Bukharin kunye Rykov wamangalelwa itulo kokubulawa Stalin.

Onke amalungu eli qela bagwetyelwa isohlwayo eyinkunzi. An iinkcukacha umdla - zonke izithethi 72 owayemxelela rostrum le plenum, nazo icala loku- kunye wabulawa kungekudala. Yaba ekuqaleni ibonwe kwimbali mthetho kweli lizwe. Akumangalisi, owokuqala lwamaxhoba bakhe abo, ehleli boardroom, abavoti kuye.

Le ingcinezelo ye abalimi

Kwiinyanga ezizayo, emva kokuba ufakelo plenum, enikwe yi Stalin wazuza ukuphunyezwa kwayo. Sele ngoJuni, urhulumente wagqiba kwi ukusetyenziswa kwezi isigwebo sentambo nxamnye abantu ngaphambili kwi ngezigaba nigwilike umlimi, -. "Green Movement"

Ukongeza, i-luhlu zinezihloko kulaks zinganakwa wabiza njalo-ngowe-1937, oko kukuthi, abalimi, yena akazange afune ukuzibandakanya iifama ezidityanelweyo ukuphumeza ingeniso yabasebenzi lobuqu. Ngenxa yoko, isigqibo lokuqhankqalaza izithonga kunye abavukeli zangaphambili, owathi, emva ukukhonza kwexesha, ezama ukubuyela ukuze ubomi obuqhelekileyo, kwaye nxalenye abakhutheleyo ye zaba balimi.

Ukutshatyalaliswa isakhiwo umyalelo umkhosi

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ukususela kwimihla kweMfazwe Civil, Stalin waba nobutshaba kakhulu ukuya emkhosini. Ngeendlela ezininzi, isizathu sokuba oku kuxhomekeke yokuba waba lutshaba ezingenanceba intloko yomkhosi - noTrotsky. Kwiminyaka ye-Terror Great kunxulumene emkhosini yafikelela kakhulu wayo. Mhlawumbi woyika ubhedu kwixesha elizayo, ihlelwe ziinkokeli amakhulu kwezomkhosi, uyakwazi ukukhokela inyambalala yamajoni.

Nangona ngo-1937 noTrotsky wayengasekho kweli lizwe, Stalin wathabatha abameli umyalelo ophezulu njengeentshaba ezinokubakho. Oku kubangele ngoloyiko mass nawo umyalelo we-Red Army. Kwanele ukuba ukukhumbula ukuba ukufa kabuhlungu ka omnye kubathetheli zezona ngcali zinetalente - Marshal Tukhachevsky. Ngenxa yale ingcinezelo uye wehliswa kakhulu yokhuselo eli lizwe, eyayibonwa ngokucacileyo kwiminyaka yokuqala imfazwe.

Terror phakathi NKVD

Angawaconganga iliza anegazi orhwaqelisayo ngokwabo NKVD. Uninzi abasebenzi bakhe, izolo yonke inzondelelo enze imiyalelo Stalin, baba phakathi kwabakhonkwixeyo kunye namagama abo yongezwe kuluhlu lwe zinganakwa ngo-1937. Ngexesha le minyaka, iinkokeli emininzi abadumileyo le NKVD adubula. Phakathi kwabo - ngokwalo yaBantu Commissar Yezhov ezihlangwini zakhe Yagoda, kwakunye nenani lamalungu abaziwayo yaBantu Commissariat.

data nkcukacha eziye zifumaneke eluntwini

Xa kuqala yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye ngokutsha i NKVD mpepha zaye declassified, yaye oku kwenza kube lula ukuseka inani lokwenyaniso lamaxhoba zocindezelo ngo-1937. Ngokutsho kwezinye data, kwaba malunga elinye kunye nabantu nesiqingatha sesigidi. kwenziwe umsebenzi omkhulu abasebenzi yokugcina kunye namavolontiya. Ukongeza upapasho kwedatha yeenkcukacha-manani jikelele ekupapashweni amagama zinganakwa ngo-1937 kwaye lonke ixesha zocindezelo kwezopolitiko.

Ngenxa yoku, izalamane ezininzi amaxhoba kokuchas Stalin xa befumene ithuba lokuba bafunde isiphelo ababathandayo. Njengomgaqo, wonke ngokutsha imbali yabo minyaka kwaye isicelo abasemagunyeni eSoviet kumbuzo apho ukufumana uluhlu lwe zinganakwa ngo-1937, uzama ukufumana ubungqina obubhaliweyo malunga iziganeko xesha, wafumana ukwala categorical. ngenxa utshintsho lolawulo lwentando kuluntu kuphela, iindaba yaba zoluntu.