War Iran-Iraq: oonobangela, imbali, ukulahlekelwa kunye neziphumo

Olu ngquzulwano iye amagama amaninzi. Waziwa kakhulu njengoko Iran-Iraq imfazwe. Eli binzana kuqhelekile ngakumbi kwimithombo yangaphandle kunye Soviet / Russian. YamaPersi le mfazwe "Defense Kwetsima", njengoko (Shiites) ziya ukhuselwe kungenelo Cartoon Arabhu. walithiywa "ezibekwe" likwasetyenziswe. Ngo-Iraq, kukho isiko ukubiza ungquzulwano Qadisiyah Saddam. Hussein waye eyinganga karhulumente yaye ngqo olawula zonke imisebenzi. Qadisiya - ndawo, ecaleni apho kwakukho kwidabi ngexesha kokoyiswa Arab wasePersi ngenkulungwane VII, xa Islam ukuba ngokutyalwa iintlanga zangeenxa zonke. Ngenxa yoko, Iraqis wathelekisa imfazwe kwenkulungwane XX kunye kwiphulo edume ukuya eMpuma nxamnye abahedeni. Le yenye yezona zinkulu (ngaphezu kwesigidi ofileyo) kunye ixesha elide (1980 -. 1988 gg) ungquzulwano kwinkulungwane yokugqibela.

Izizathu ezibangela ukuba ungquzulwano

Isizathu sokuba imfazwe impikiswano umda. Yena waba prehistory elide. Iran Iraq umda kwisiqwenga enkulu somhlaba - eTurkey ukusa kwiPersian Gulf. Emzantsi le layini uhamba nxamnye Shatt al-Arabhu (Arvand Rud nayo ngokuba), nto leyo wabumba ngokudibana ezinye zamanzi ezimbini ezinkulu - iTigris nomEfrate. Kule ndawo phakathi kwabo wabonakala umzi sokuqala. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX, Iraq yaba yinxalenye Ottoman (ngoku Turkey). Emva kudilika ngenxa ngokoyiswa kwi leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi wambumba Arab Republic, wenza isivumelwano kunye Iran, njengoko apho umda phakathi kwabo kufuneka kwenzeke kodonga lasekhohlo lomlambo ebalulekileyo. Ngo-1975 kwakukho kwisivumelwano ukugqithiselwa phandle phakathi ijelo.

Emva kokuba yenzekile Iran i-Islamic Revolution, weza amandla apho Ruhollah Khomeini. Lo mkhosi wawuqalisa zokucoca, apho zinganakwa ndabandulula namagosa amajoni sinyanisekile shah. Ngenxa yale nto ke, kwizikhundla zobunkokeli, babengabathetheli bangenamava. Kwangaxeshanye, Iraq, kunye Iran walungelelanisa abequmbise zibetheke olunye ne-silwe kunye namalungu komhlaba. Amaqela zaye ngokucacileyo Akanangxaki amafutha ingxabano.

ukungenelela Iraq

I-Iran-Iraq imfazwe yaqala nesibakala sokuba September 22, 1980, amajoni Iraq awela umlambo bebangisana Shatt al-Arab kunye ahlasela iphondo Khuzestan. media esemthethweni wabhengeza ukuba unobangela kuhlaselwa waba sisisulu abalindi umda wasePersi abaphula urhulumente umda.

Lohlaselo lihanjiswa kwi iyelenqe kweekhilomitha ezili-700. Inkxalabo eliyinhloko kwicala lasemzantsi - kufutshane ukusa kwiPersian Gulf. Kwaba apha ebudeni beminyaka esibhozo aba ekulweni zinamandla. Iimbumba Central kunye kumntla ababefanele yokugubungela moiety basic, Iran nako ukuya ngasemva.

Emva kweentsuku ezi-5, esi sixeko sikhulu Ahwaz wasiwa. Ukongeza, iiterminal ze oyile kutshatyalaliswa ukuba ibalulekile kuqoqosho yokukhusela lizwe. Into yokuba le ngingqi esisityebi kule zisisibonelelo esibaluleke, nayo kubaxa meko. Kule minyaka ilishumi ezayo njengoko Hussein wahlasela Kuwait, isizathu efanayo - oyile. Ke ukuqala US-Iraq imfazwe, kodwa uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe 80 yinkomo edla ngokwayo ukusuka impixano, loo Sunnis kunye Shiites.

operation Umhlaba sakhatshwa moya bombing izixeko ngoxolo Iran. Bahlaselwa kunye capital Tehran. Emva kweveki ukunduluka ngenkani Hussein wayeka amajoni waza wanikela zingasondeli ihlabathi iye yanxulunyaniswa ilahleko enkulu e Abadan. Kwathi ngomhla we-5 Oktobha. Hussein wayefuna ukuphelisa imfazwe phambi kweholide engcwele ka-Eid al-Adha (ngomhla wama-20). Ngelo xesha eSoviet Union wayezama ukuba isigqibo uhlobo ukunceda amaqela. Ambassador Vinogradov wacebisa ukuba iNkulumbuso inkxaso yomkhosi Iran, kodwa wala. Kwakhona, izindululo uxolo eIraq ziye zabukulwa. Kuye kwacaca ukuba imfazwe uza elide.

ayolule kwemfazwe

Ekuqaleni, lo Iraqis abe noludumileyo othile; wadlala ezandleni yokuhlaselwa, kwaye inzuzo lwamanani, kwaye demoralization yomkhosi Iranian, leyo senzeka olwandulela zokucoca. Ubunkokheli Arab wenze ubhejo kwinto yokuba eli phulo liya kuba mfutshane kwaye ziya kuba nako ukubeka amaPersi etafileni thethwano. Amajoni phambili ngeekhilomitha ezingama-40.

Iran uqalise kwilinge engxamisekileyo kukubuyisa ukulingana kwamandla. NgoNovemba kwafika idabi onegazi Khorramshahr. Kwi umlo esitratweni babeye inyanga, ke iingqwayi-Arabhu ezilahlekileyo phulo ungquzulwano. Ekupheleni, imfazwe yaba ngokokuma. Ekuqiniseni wayeka. Kodwa akazange onwabe ixesha elide. Emva kokuba senze elifutshane, imfazwe Iran-Iraq, oonobangela eyayibandakanya intiyo nesele amaqela omnye komnye, iye yaqhubeka.

eliphikisayo Public e Iran

NgoFebruwari 1981, imfazwe Iran-Iraq wafudukela kwinqanaba elitsha, xa Iran baye bazama ukubamba balwe yokuqala. Noko ke, oko yasilela - ilahleko yivoti ezimbini abasebenzi. Oku kwakhokelela koko wababulala kuqhekeka kuluntu Iranian. Military kuthelekiswa ngabefundisi babekholelwa ukuba amagosa ndingcatshe lizwe. Phantsi kwale mvelaphi, yena bagxothwa mongameli Banisadr.

Enye into yaba yaBantu Mujahedin of Iran (MKO). Amalungu ayo wayefuna ukwenza republic bobusoshiyali. Basuka besothusa nxamnye norhulumente. Abafa umongameli omtsha Mohammed Radzhai no Prime Minister Mohammad Bahonar.

iinkokheli zelizwe, ukuze lulwe ngeenxa zonke ayatollahs waphendula kwabanjwa abantu abaninzi. Ekugqibeleni, oku kuya sibambelele ngamandla, zitshabalalisa nabavukeli.

Ukuphazamisa namanye amazwe Middle East

Ukuqhubeka Iran Iraq imfazwe, elingumthombo, funda ujiko engalindelekanga. Israeli Air Force zazide ukusebenza "Opera". Kuye sineenjongo ezingatshabalalisa le "Osirak" iziko yenyukliya. Ziko yathengwa Iraq yaseFransi kuphando. I-Air Force Israeli wambetha ngexesha xa Iraq ngokupheleleyo akazange alindele nohlaselo ngasemva. Defense ayikwazanga ukwenza nantoni na. Nangona lo mcimbi ngokuthe ngqo ikhondo amadabi, kodwa inkqubo yenyukliya Iraqi kwayekwa kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo.

Enye into yaba inkxaso wesithathu eSiriya Iran. Oku kungenxa yokuba abasemagunyeni eDamasko nabo baye US. Aram wavala yombhobho evela Iraq, olwabanjwa ngomhla nommandla wayo. Kwaba buhlungu onamandla kuqoqosho lizwe, t. To. Yena wayexhomekeke kakhulu kwi "igolide black".

Ukusebenzisa izixhobo zeekhemikhali

Ngowe-1982, imfazwe Iran-Iraq kwakhona wafudukela lusanda esebenzayo, xa Iran wathabatha balwe yesibini. Eli xesha kwaba yimpumelelo. Iraqis ndisuka Khorramshahr. Koko Ayatollah wanikela ntando yakhe yoxolo: yokurhoxa Hussein, intlawulo izibonelelo kunye nophando ezibangela imfazwe. Iraq wala.

Ngoko ke umkhosi Iranian okokuqala wawela umda yotshaba kwaye uzame ukuthatha Basra (akuphumelelanga). Ekulweni ababandakanyekayo ukuya abantu abayinxalenye yesigidi. Le edabini yilo kwindawo marshland ekude. Ke Iran icala Iraq yokusebenzisa izixhobo zeekhemikhali umlomo (gas lwemostade). Kukho ubungqina bokuba loo ubugcisa zaye waboleka phambi imfazwe, kumazwe Western, kuquka iJamani. Ezinye iindawo zenziwa kwi-US kuphela.

ukuhlaselwa Gas baba ndaba ingqalelo ekhethekileyo eendaba ehlabathini. Kakade ekupheleni kwimpixano 1988, kwakukho kuqhuma kwidolophu nokusungula ka Halabja. Ngeli xesha kwakukho abemi kuphela, esenokuba abambalwa yobuhlanga. Hussein endlebeni phezu Kurds, ngubani nokuba zixhaswa yi-Iran, mhlawumbi wala ukuba alwe naye. igesi lwemostade elisetyenzisiwe, tabun kunye isisi - into ebangela ukufa.

Imfazwe phezu komhlaba naselwandle

Okulandelayo ekhubekisayo Iranian ku Baghdad wamiswa neekhilomitha ezingama-40 ukusuka kwikomkhulu. amajoni 120 lamawaka babulawa apha ekuhambeni kwalo cast. Ngowe-1983, amajoni Iranian kunye ngenkxaso Kurds ahlasela kumantla elo lizwe. Impumelelo enkulu Committe kwaphunyelelwa i Shiites ngo-1986, xa Iraq lezo wonqanyulwa, ungabikho elwandle ngenxa ukulahleka ulawulo losingasiqithi FAO.

Imfazwe elwandle kuye kwakhokelela kokutshatyalaliswa ethwala yeoli, kuquka ezo ziphethwe kwamanye amazwe. Oku kwabangela amagunya emhlabeni ukwenza nantoni na ukuze ukunqanda ingxabano.

Abaninzi walinda ukuphela imfazwe Iraq. US wangena wenqanawa kwi nePersian Gulf, ukuba ahambe zidlula zabo. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni ukungqubana kunye Iran. Intlekele kakhulu ezoyikekayo yaba yokuwa a A300 abakhweli moya. Yaba airliner Iranian besuka Tehran ukuya Dubai. Wadutyulwa phantsi phezu nePersian Gulf emva kokuba edubula enomjukujelwa Cruiser kwe-US Navy. Abezopolitiko Western uxelile ukuba kukho ingozi embi, njengoko moya okuthiwa ngokuphosakeleyo i umlweli Iranian.

Ngelo xesha eUnited States ayaphula kwihlazo eyaziwa ngokuba Watergate, Iran okanye Iran-Contra mcimbi. Safumanisa ukuba amanye nkqubo abanempembelelo wawusekwe intengiso iingalo ukuya Islamic Republic. Iran ngoxa abekelwe, yaye kwaba mthethweni. Ingenelele ulwaphulo wabonakala uNobhala oNcedisayo Ellot Abrams.

US oluchasene ne Iran

Kulo nyaka uphelileyo zemfazwe (1987-1988), kwakhona Iran wazama walithimba kwizibuko ngobuchule ezibalulekileyo Basra. Yaba yimizamo ukuphelisa iphulo liliphalaza igazi elimsulwa, njengoko Iraq imfazwe. Izizathu ngokuba kukuba mazwe mabini ziphelisiwe.

I-Gulf War kwakhona sichaphazele i-US Navy. Eli xesha, amaMelika wagqiba ukuhlasela amaqonga Iran emibini ioli, ezazisetyenziswa njengeqonga ukuhlaselwa kwiinqanawa cala. Corps ababandakanyekayo afohlela, carrier moya, abonakalisi, kunye neetoni-4. D. I-Iran boyiswa.

Ukwenza uxolo

Emva koko Ayatollah wayeqonda ukuba amalinge ezintsha yokulibazisa ungquzulwano zizinto ezingento nje. It yaphela imfazwe Iraq. Iilahleko macala omabini kwakukho kakhulu. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi ezahlukeneyo, zaba phakathi kwesiqingatha sesigidi amaxhoba. Oku kwenza imfazwe omnye ngquzulwano ezinkulu kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XX.

Amagqala imfazwe e-Iraq umnqwazi Saddam, lowo ingqalelo enguMsindisi wawo uhlanga. Imida lizwe wabuyela status quo. Nangona yokoyika abantu bakhe, Saddam kwaxhaswa yi NATO kunye Warsaw Pact, t. To. Iinkokeli zehlabathi ndandingafuni aziyitwabululi revolution Islamic.