Nep - umgaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho elitsha lizwe. Izizathu ukuqaliswa kakuhle eli nep

Ithuba ukususela 1917 ukuya 1921 - ixesha nzima ngokwenene iRashiya. Revolution nemfazwe yamakhaya ziye hit kanzima yi kwintlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho. Emva kokuphela iziganeko alam kwakufuneka ilizwe ukuba iinguqu, njengoko ezintsha empi usizo loxolo.

Historical Proclamation yangasemva

Nep, okanye entsha inkqubo yezoqoqosho yaba imfuneko ngelo xesha. Crisis "ubukomanisi imfazwe", esamkelwa ngexesha leMfazwe Civil, ongafanele kuphuhliso kwilizwe xa kukho uxolo. Irikhwizishini waye umthwalo abantu abaqhelekileyo, kwaye phantsi kwesizwe kwamashishini kunye lonke ngokupheleleyo yolawulo akavumelekanga ukuba kukhule. Ukuqaliswa kwe-nep - impendulo ukunganeliseki jikelele kunye "ubukomanisi imfazwe."

Imeko kweli lizwe phambi kokuba kuqaliswe i-nep

Ekupheleni imfazwe yamakhaya, eli lizwe iphangiwe ngandlela zonke. Owayesakuba Empire Russian waphulukana ePoland, Latvia, Estonia, inxalenye Ukraine kunye Belarus, Finland. kwimimandla echaphazelekayo kwemigodi - i Donbas, imimandla ioli, eSiberia. Ukuncipha kwemveliso mveliso, yaye kwezolimo kuye kukho iimpawu sentlekele kakhulu. Ukongeza, esaleleyo abalimi ngumsindo wala kunikezela phezu kwayo ukucwangciswa kwezonka, le meko zimbi. Imvukelo itshayelwe Donschinu, Ukraine, Kuban, eSiberia. Iliza yokunganeliseki kwi impi bawela. Ngowe-1920, umbuzo ke wavuswa malunga ukupheliswa lwe surplus. Ezi amalinge okuqala ukuba kungafundiswa ukusetyenziswa nep. Izizathu: umbhodamo imo yoqoqosho, ukutshatyalaliswa lwamashisini kunye necandelo lezolimo, kwemithwalo surplus, leyo wawa phezu emagxeni abantu abaqhelekileyo, ukusilela nkqubo angaphandle, imali ukungazinzi.

Ukuvakaliswa indlela entsha kuqoqosho

Inguqu yaqala ngo-1921, xa i-Congress yeshumi RCP (B) lithathe isigqibo malunga lenguqu ukuya serhafu uhlobo. Ekuqaleni, lo nep kwacetywa njengenyathelo lexeshana. Reform iqhube kangangeminyaka eliqela. Kakuhle eli nep - ukwenza utshintsho kushishino, ezolimo kunye necandelo zemali kuzakususa akhululeke lwentlalo. Iithagethi ebekwe yi ababhali zeprojekthi inguqu loqoqosho nepolitiki, ezoqoqosho, ezentlalo kunye amazwe iinkalo nkqubo.

Kukholelwa ukuba urhwebo ezamahala yaba ezintsha yokuqala, kodwa ayikho. Ekuqaleni, oko ingqalelo yingozi abasemagunyeni. Ingcamango yoshishino, kwiBolsheviks akazange afike kwaoko. ixesha nep - ixesha le ezintsha ziye ukuzama ukudibanisa amandla rhwebo yali kunye iziqalelo.

komhlaba imboni

I ezintsha yokuqala yaba nokudalwa trust. Baba iimanyano amashishini efanayo ukuba abe nenkululeko ethile intshukumo, ukuzimela zemali. Ukuqaliswa kwe-nep - sisiqalo yotshintsho olupheleleyo shishino. Ubudlelwane entsha - i trust - nga endlaka ukuvelisa, ukususela oko kuye, ukuba athengise ngayo. Umda lwemisebenzi kwaba ububanzi; kunye nokuthengwa kwezibonelelo kunye nokuveliswa odolo karhulumente. Trust udale bucala imali, apho bekumele ukuba agubungele ilahleko.

Nep - umgaqo-nkqubo ubonelela ngokusekwa wabazingeli. La maqela bezibandakanya trust eziliqela. Wabazingeli abazibandakanya kurhwebo lwangaphandle, liboleke abanye, ukuthengiswa kweemveliso ezigqityiweyo, ekrwada izinto unikezelo. De kube sekupheleni kwexesha nep ezamahala, isininzi trust ezibe nemibutho ezinjalo.

Wenza ubulungisa, kuba lombutho lewholesale Exchange yorhwebo. Oku kwaqala ukusebenza imarike yinxalenye, nto leyo uthenga izinto, kweemveliso ezigqityiweyo. A uhlobo ukhokho unxulumano zemarike eSoviet Union yaba nep, oonobangela apho wayelele kuqoqosho akanalo ucwangco.

Enye impumelelo ephambili ixesha ukubuyiswa yomvuzo imali. Nep - eli xesha, ukupheliswa emkhosini yabasebenzi, ukunciphisa izinga ngqesho. Umgaqo-nkqubo omtsha zoqoqosho ngokubonakalayo ekuphuhliseni icandelo labucala kwishishini. Luphawulwa inkqubo denationalization kwezinye kwamashishini. Abantu banikwa ilungelo ukuvula izityalo mveliso kunye neefektri.

Popular lo mnyinyiva - uhlobo kwerente xa abahlala ngabantu bamanye amazwe okanye amaqumrhu asemthethweni. Inxalenye yale mali lasemzini ingakumbi kushishino intsimbi kunye noshishino lwempahla eyolukiweyo le.

Ezintsha kwezolimo

Nep - umgaqo-nkqubo nesiye sabangela ukuba onke amacandelo ezoqoqosho, kuquka ububanzi zezolimo. Uhlolo lweempembelelo ezintsha - HIV. Ngowe-1922 yayamkela i-Code Land. Umthetho omtsha wavalwa nobunini babucala bomhlaba, wavunyelwa kuphela ukulisebenzisa kwi-mboleko.

nkqubo nep kwezolimo abachaphazelekayo yokuma koluntu kunye nepropati ye lali. abalimi nempumelelo engeluncedo lwanto ukuphuhlisa uqoqosho lwayo, plus bahlawula iirhafu eziphezulu. Ihlwempu bakwazi ukuphucula imeko yemali. Ngenxa yoko, abantu abahluphekileyo kunye nezityebi zimbalwa - zaba "avareji".

Abalimi abaninzi baye banda Holdings ilizwe, ukwanda inkuthazo ukuze isebenze. Ukongeza, ibe phezu kwabemi lali zaba imithwalo irhafu. A inkcitho karhulumente baba omkhulu - phezu umkhosi, kushishino, kwi-ukufunyanwa uqoqosho emva kweMfazwe Civil. Irhafu kwi abalimi izityebi zange kunceda ekwandiseni umgangatho kuphuhliso, ngoko kwafuneka ukuba ukusebenzisa iindlela ezintsha yokuzalisa yobuncwane. Ngoko ke, kukho umkhuba bathenge okuziinkozo kumafama ngamaxabiso aphantsi - oku kuye kwakhokelela kwintlekele kwaye ukuvela ingcamango "isikere ixabiso". Luvuthondaba ukuxinezeleka kwezoqoqosho - 1923. Kwiminyaka 1924-25 le ntlekele liphindwe kwakhona - umongo walo bekusoloko ukuwa kakhulu inani okuziinkozo ukuvunwa.

Nep - ngeli xesha lokutshintsha kwinkalo yezolimo. Asingabo bonke baye kwakhokelela ekubeni iziphumo ezihle, kodwa kwakukho iimpawu rhwebo. Ekupheleni kwethuba nep ezamahala, abahoyele kwandisa.

sphere zemali

Kuba kuhlaziyo kwakufuneka utshintsho lokuhamba imali. Umsebenzi ophambili we-nep - ukuze uzinzise kwicandelo lezimali kunye bunjani neentlobano emali kunye namanye amazwe.

Inyathelo lokuqala wabaHlaziyi yaba lwemali ihlelo. Currency oluxhaswa ngu koovimba ngegolide. umba yayivele yasetyenziswa ukuba agubungele eshotayo mali. Ukususela Uphuhliso zemali kweli lizwe baye bahlupheka kakhulu abalimi kunye sabasebenzi. Le nkqubo jikelele ukuze uchaze mboleko, ukwandisa irhafu zodidi kunye nokuncitshiswa eziyimfuneko ezisisiseko.

Ekuqaleni kwale nguqulelo nep ezamahala kwicandelo mali ibe yimpumelelo. Kuyenzeka ukuba baphumeze Inqanaba lesibini lokulungisa 1924. Kwagqitywa ukwazisa yelizwe olomeleleyo. Ngasemva kwakukho amanqaku wokulondoloza imali, kwaye iintlawulo ngamazwe usebenzisa iinkozo zemali igolide. Yaba credit ethandwayo, apho uninzi lwemisebenzi kwenzeka ukuthenga nokuthengisa. Amaziko aliqela zebhanki ezinkulu ziye zasekwa kummandla waseUSSR, owayesebenza kunye nolushishino. Kwinqanaba lasekuhlaleni, inkxaso-mali yabonelelwa kwiibhanki zoluntu. Ngokuthe ngcembe, inkqubo zemali iyenyuka. Kwakukho iibhanki, abasebenze kunye namaziko yezolimo, amaziko amazwe.

Uphuhliso kwezopolitiko era yelizwe ngayo nep

lokulungisa umnotho ziye lukhatshwe wezepolitiki ngaphakathi kurhulumente. Kukho zisakhula utyekelo ngegqudu. Ulawulo Vladimir Lenin kaThixo kubizwa ngokuba "ubuzwilakhe ezihlangeneyo". Igunya buzinze ezandleni uLenin noTrotsky, kodwa ukususela ekupheleni kuka-1922 le meko itshintshe. Abelinye iqela noTrotsky wadala lehlelo ubuntu of uLenin noLenin waba ugqaliselo ingcamango bulumko.

It namandla umzabalazo Communist Party ngokwayo. Kwakungekho efanayo entlanganweni. Wabumba nenkcaso, nto leyo wakhuthaza enika igunya ngokupheleleyo iimanyano zabasebenzi. Ezinxulumene oku ukuvela isindululo sokuba wavakalisa umanyano Party kwaye siyabophelela Ukuphunyezwa uninzi onke amalungu ayo. Phantse kuyo yonke indawo, iqela wathabatha ofisi umntu ofanayo njengoko abasebenzi izakhiwo zikarhulumente. Besive izangqa sigqibo waba usukelo ophambili. I ipati sanda, ngoko ngokuhamba kwamaxesha ukuqhuba "ukucocwa" ejoliswe nxamnye amaKomanisi "bobuxoki".

Crisis yaba ixesha emva kokufa Lenin. Yaqinisa ungquzulwano phakathi kwamalungu ezindala kunye young iqela. ngcembe Umbutho wakubo - malunghelo lama engetelekeke alunywe indlebe, ogama i "nokuhlelwa".

Ngoko ke, nkqu kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe Lenin 'njengeendlalifa' wakhe waqalisa ukwabelana amandla. Ukususela kulawulo wazama tyhala iinkokeli endala-style. Kwindawo yokuqala noTrotsky. Naye ekulweni ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kodwa amaxesha amaninzi nje ummangalelwa 'izono "ezahlukahlukeneyo. Phakathi kwabo - deviationism, Menshevism.

Ukuzaliswa kuphuculo

iimpawu ezintle kule nep, owayebonakele kwi isanda yenguqu, ngokuthe ngcembe ukuyisusa ngenxa iintsilelo kunye nezenzo unganxibelelananga apha kule ubunkokheli beqela. Eyona ngxaki - ungquzulwano phakathi kwenkqubo ngegqudu wamaKomanisi kunye amalinge ukwazisa umfuziselo rhwebo. Ezi izibonda ezibini na ukutya, batshatyalaliswa omnye komnye.

Le nkqubo Economic New - nep - kancane kancane ukususela kwithuba 1924-1925. iimpawu Market kwafakwa inkqubo yolawulo kwindawo enye. Emva kokuba zonke iinkokheli acwangcisiweyo yaye urhulumente waqhubeka.

Enyanisweni, i-nep ngo-1928, xa kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu yokuqala kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo ka collectivization lazisiwe. Ukususela ngoku kwi-nkqubo omtsha yezoqoqosho iye yaphela. Nep ngokusesikweni wajika ngaphezulu kweminyaka emi-3 kuphela - ngo-1931 ngoko ke ukuvalwa kurhwebo ngasese.

iziphumo

Nep - umgaqo-nkqubo oye wanceda ukubuyisela uqoqosho zuka. Ingxaki yaba kukungabi abafanelekayo - esi sithintelo akavumelekanga ukuba ukwakha ulawulo olululo lizwe.

Ishishini lakwazi ukufikelela ukusebenza eliphezulu, kodwa wahlala ingxaki kwicandelo lezolimo. Wanikela ingqalelo encinane kunye nezemali. Le nkqubo wayegula-wamitha, ngoko kukho ukungalingani ngamandla kwezoqoqosho. A osemqoka ezakhayo - nokuzinzisa emali.