Ukusebenzelana gene

Gene - iyunithi noshowo ulwazi inheritable. Iluphawu inxalenye ethile ye zinemoletyhule DNA (ngamanye amaxesha RNA). gene intsebenziswano inika ukutshintshelwa iimpawu eziziziqalelo lobuzali izinto inzala.

isakhi ngasinye imisela uphawu oluthile, nto leyo elizimeleyo zabanye. Bona bayakwazi ukusebenzisana. Oku Bulelani enokwenzeka yokuba lokuba enxulumene ilifa zofuzo. Xa zidibene kwi kweejini benza njengoko inkqubo. Ubudlelwane esisiseko phakathi kwazo ezibalaseleyo kunye sofuzo.

kweejini Human - amawaka zemiqondiso (inkqubo), nto leyo ungalunga zofuzo 46 kuphela. Ngamnye kubo iqulethe inani elikhulu yemfuza (ubuncinane 30 amawaka).

Uphuhliso inkalo ethile isenokuba ngenxa yempembelelo sofuzo ngaphezu kwesinye, kwaye inani kuzo ngendlela ezihambelanayo simahla. izakhi intsebenziswano enjalo ekuthiwa Polymer (entsonkothileyo kakhulu). Ngokwale ndlela, kukho ilifa ibala lolusu, iinwele, kunye namakhulu ezinye iimpawu.

Ngenxa kule inani zemfuza ngokunika inkxaso kunye nophuhliso eziphilayo esichazayo, eliquka iindidi ezahlukeneyo iiseli ezizodwa umohluko. Le ndoda ezichongiweyo malunga 200 iintlobo iiseli ukuba iiyunithi ezongezelelweyo kwinani iintlobo ezizodwa ezisebenzayo kunye morphological ngayo iiseli.

zofuzo ambaxa ngendlela chromosome buchazwa yi zofuzo clutch elide. Zonke ngoweqela elifanayo yemfuza ezinxulumene lilifa kunye ngexesha ukuyilwa gametes.

Inani lamaqela ezahlukeneyo ngezakhi bamba ukungalingani. intsebenziswano-hybrid ezimbini ungachazwa ukuba clutch ayikho ngokuxhomekeke kwimithetho Mendelian. Noko ke, ukubambelela ngokupheleleyo kakhulu inqabile. Njengoko umthetho, kwi inzala kubonisa zonke phenotypes ezine.

Bekela bucala allelic kunye nonxibelelwano gene non-allelic. Alleles - ezi ntlobo sofuzo efanayo.

Allele - intsebenziswano besive kwisibini efanayo ngezakhi allelic. Kubonakaliswa uphawu uzimisele ubudlelwane igunya kuphela, kodwa ke inani zofuzo kule kweejini.

Alleles bakwazi ukuyila Kuqhagamshelwano olunjalo, njengoko izinga lokuqaqamba epheleleyo (xa phenotype le heterozygote benziwa isakhi elinye kuphela) kunye engaphelelanga (i phenotype le heterozygote yohlukile phenotype of homozygous phawu lubalaseleyo kwaye sofuzo, ukuthatha zasesekondari intermediate ixabiso () kubo Kodominirovanie -. A baphendule zofuzo allelic xa heterozygotes kuba phenotype zombini imveliso.

Nonallelic - isiphumo kunye ezimbini (okanye ngaphezulu) yemfuza non-allelic. Kokuba kuchazwe ngohlobo ngokubambisana epistatic ukuba, okanye uguqulo kancincane intsebenziswano Polymer.

Intsebenziswano zemfuza nonallelic ingafikelela eyahlukileyo, ngoko ukwahlukanisa iindlela eziliqela.

Ziyahambisana - intsebenziswano zemfuza ngokuzimeleyo Mendelian zibe kweejini baza ukubonisa nayiphi na phawu olulodwa.

Polymer - isiphumo additive ngeqela yemfuza non-allelic kwi ukuyilwa uphawu oluthile ebangela okuqhubekayo ukwahluka uluhlu ezinokubalwa. Polymer yongeza kunye noncumulative. Kwimeko yokuqala, imiqondiso inani abazimisele alleles lubalaseleyo genes polymeric eziqulethwe kweejini. Kwimeko yesibini, ngesidanga iimpawu kuxhomekeke kuphela bubukho allele lubalaseleyo kwaye uzimele inani labo.

Epistasis - le kwezithandani of a sofuzo lubalaseleyo allele lomnye lokuqala nonallelic. Okanye ingcinezelo izenzo ezibalaseleyo kunye alleles sofuzo kwi gipostatichnom sofuzo allele langoku epistatic sikarhulumente homozygous.

I ziyahambisana - phawu nesifo intshukumo efanayo ngezakhi-2 rhoqo, nto leyo uphawu ngamnye ungabi sisizekabani.

Kancincane - Utshintsho zofuzo eziphambili non-allelic ngokunxulumene kubo modifiers. Enye gene senze ikakhulu ekulawuleni uphuhliso lobuntu kunye isilungisi ngokuphathelele kuphuhliso nezinye iimpawu.

Ukusebenzisana zofuzo lisoloko waphawula, xa zofuzo eziliqela kuchaphazela ukuyilwa kwimeko ethile luphawu ephilayo.