Intsebenziswano nonallelic iintlobo zofuzo neefom

Ukudluliselwa iimpawu izizukulwana ngenxa intsebenziswano phakathi ezahlukeneyo yemfuza. Yintoni isakhi, kananjalo ezo ezenzeka phakathi kwabo?

Yintoni isakhi?

Phantsi genome okwangoku kubonisa unit ukudluliselwa kolwazi yemfuza. Yemfuza efumaneka DNA kunye nefom iinxalenye zayo zesakhiwo. isakhi ngasinye unoxanduva Yindibanisela zinemoletyhule ethile protein, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ukubonakaliswa usikhokele ebantwini.

gene nganye zenyathi eziliqela okanye alleles ezibangela ezahlukeneyo iimpawu (umz, umbala amangile iliso okubangelwa allele okuvelelayo isakhi ngelixa blue kuyinto uphawu sofuzo). Alleles ibekwe kwiziza efanayo zofuzo homologous, kunye ukudluliswa chromosome ethile ebangela ukubonakaliswa phawu.

Zonke zofuzo abasebenzisana. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi yentsebenziswano - allelic and non-allelic. Ngako oko, unxibelelwano allelic ekwanti kunye zofuzo non-allelic. Njani kwahluka enye kwenye yaye sibonisa njani?

History of izovela

Phambi sibanjwa iintlobo yentsebenziswano non-allelic ngezakhi, bekucingelwa ukuba ukukhonya epheleleyo kunokwenzeka kuphela (ukuba kukho isakhi lubalaseleyo, iza kubonakala ngelo xesha umqondiso, ukuba akunjalo, ke akuyi kuba tag). Ezikhoyo ngoku imfundiso yentsebenziswano allelic, leyo kudala ibe intsingiselo yawo ngayo imizila yemfuza. Igunya uhlolisisa, wazivula iintlobo zalo ezifana ukubalasela epheleleyo kunye ayiphelelanga, kwaye superdominance kodominirovanie.

Zonke ezi siseko ungaliphulaphulanga wokuqala umthetho Mendel, leyo ukufunda malunga ngokufanayo le ngxilimbela besizukulwana sokuqala.

Phezu ngokuqaphela phambili kunye nesifundo, wawuqhutywa ukuba zonke iimpawu ukulungisa kwithiyori ukukhonya. Uphando olunzulu ngakumbi kwaye zangqina ukuba kuphela isenjalo amazwi zijini uphawu okanye iqela iimpawu. Ngoko ke, iintlobo intsebenziswano kunye nonallelic zofuzo sele kwenziwe.

Ukusabela phakathi zofuzo

Njengokuba kubhaliwe kwathiwa ixesha elide alawula imfundiso ilifa lubalaseleyo. Kulo mzekelo, unxibelelwano allelic kwenzeka, apho ebonisa iboniswa kuphela sikarhulumente heterozygous. Emva iintlobo ezahlukeneyo yentsebenziswano non-allelic ngezakhi sibanjwa, oosonzululwazi baye bakwazi ukuchaza iintlobo phaku kude selifa kunye ukufumana iimpendulo kwimibuzo emininzi.

Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba ummiselo sofuzo kwakuxhomekeke enzyme. Ezi enzyme ukuvumela genes basabela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Intsebenziswano allelic futhi isakhi non-allelic baqhubeka yimigaqo efanayo kunye namacebo. Oku kwakhokelela kwisigqibo sokuba ilifa akuxhomekekanga kwiimeko apho imfuza basebenzisane kubangele transmission neempawu Nedlac lilele zofuzo ngokwabo.

intsebenziswano Non-allelic iyodwa, elikuvumela ukuba ukufumana imidibaniso ezintsha iimpawu, ebangela isidanga entsha ukusinda kunye nophuhliso eziphilayo.

zofuzo non-allelic

zofuzo Non-allelic zezo zifumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zofuzo non-homologous. umsebenzi yokuqaphela benayo, kodwa encoder ukuyilwa iiprothini ezahlukeneyo, ebangela iimpawu ezahlukeneyo. zofuzo enjalo zakudibana omnye komnye kunokubangela uphuhliso iimpawu nendibaniselwano ezininzi:

• Enye feature kungenxa impefumlelwano eziliqela, kakhulu ezahlukeneyo kwezakhi zofuzo.
• imisebenzi emininzi iza kuxhomekeka isakhi esinye.

Indlela abasabela phakathi kwezi zofuzo kwenzeka ngake xaka ngakumbi kunokuba intsebenziswano allelic. Noko ke, ngamnye kwezi ntlobo reactions uneempawu zawo neempawu.

Zeziphi iintlobo yentsebenziswano non-allelic ngezakhi?

• Epistasis.
• Neeplastikhi.
• Complementarity.
• izakhi Action modifikatornyh.
• intsebenziswano Pleiotropic.

Nganye kwezi ntlobo ukuhlangana iipropati engaqhelekanga kwaye izibonakalisa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

Kuyimfuneko ukuba ayeke ngakumbi kumntu ngamnye kubo.

epistasis

Le yokusabela zofuzo nonallelic - epistasis - waphawula kwimeko apho elinye gene ayisayicinezeli umsebenzi omnye (gene abathintela kuthiwa epistatic kunye quenchable - gipostatichnogo zofuzo).

Reaction phakathi kwezi imizila yemfuza isenokuba lubalaseleyo kunye sofuzo. epistasis lwiimi babona xa gene epistatic (idla luchazwa ngegama le ncwadi, ukuba akukho phenotypic ibinzana wangaphandle) ofihla gene hypostatic (oko kudla zibonakaliswe V okanye b). epistasis sofuzo kwenzeka xa allele sofuzo yi gene epistatic abangaphangeliyo ibinzana naziphi alleles sofuzo gipostaticheskogot.

Cleavage iimpawu phenotypic, kunye nganye yezi ntlobo yolwalamano, naye eyahlukileyo. Xa epistasis ephezulu sivame ilandelayo ipatheni: isizukulwana yesibini phenotypes ngokwahlukana na ngolu hlobo lulandelayo - 13: 3, 7: 6: 3 okanye 12: 3: 1. konke kuxhomekeke apho zofuzo ndawonye.

Xa loo ngokwahlukana retsissivnom epistasis: 9: 3: 4, 9: 7, 13: 3.

complementarity

Intsebenziswano zofuzo non-allelic, apho xa yokudibanisa iimpawu ezininzi ezibalaseleyo alleles kwasekwa elitsha, akuxakathanga nto, kude phenotype zange nazo, kuthiwa complementarity.

Umzekelo, amaxesha amaninzi le ndlela yokusabela phakathi zofuzo ezifumaneka kwizityalo (ingakumbi ithanga).

Ukuba kweejini sesityalo a ekhonyayo allele A okanye B, oko imifuno afumane imilo ukulenza. Ukuba retsissivny kweejini, ifomu ezingekazalwa sidla sandisiwe.

Phambi kweejini lubalaseleyo zombini alleles ezimbini (A and B) ithanga uzuza imilo ezifana disc-. Ukuba ukuziphatha olunye hybridization (ngamanye amazwi, ukuba baqhubeke le intsebenziswano nonallelic genes amathanga umgca net), isizukulwana yesibini zingafunyanwa kwizilwanyana 9 imilo discoid 6 - ungqukuva yaye omnye ithanga side.

ziyazalana enjalo velisa ifom entsha, hybrid izityalo kunye iipropati ezizodwa.

Xa abantu, olu hlobo loqhagamshelwano kubangela uphuhliso eqhelekileyo wokuxoxwa (sofuzo omnye - uphuhliso noqebeyi, enye - loo luvo ezikhalayo), kwaye xa kukho mnye kuphela phawu lubalaseleyo kubonakaliswa yokungeva ngeendlebe.

polymerism

Ngokufuthi isiseko ukubonakala lophawu ayikho ubukho allele lubalaseleyo okanye sofuzo zofuzo, kunye nenani labo. Intsebenziswano zofuzo nonallelic - intlaka - umzekelo umboniso.

izakhi ukusebenza Polymeric ungaqhubeka lonyuselo (additive) ukusebenza okanye ngaphandle kwayo. Xa iqondo ukuqokelelana iimpawu Uphawu ixhomekeke intsebenziswano elipheleleyo sofuzo (zijini ezininzi, uphawu ucaca ngakumbi). Nanzalo elingaphambili abe neziphumo ezinje yahlulwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: - 1: 4: 6: 4: 1 (degree of ucutho iimpawu, okt osemqoka omnye kakhulu ngayo, kwezinye liyasetyenziswa ukuphela de Ukunyamalala ngokupheleleyo).

Ukuba ubukela ithe waphawula, ngokubonakala imiqondiso kuxhomekeke alleles lubalaseleyo. Ukuba kukho allele ubuncinane enye, uphawu luya kuqhutywa. Ukuba inzala enjalo isiphumo lwahlukane ithatha indawo om-15: 1.

Isenzo zofuzo isilungisi

Intsebenziswano zofuzo non-allelic, olawulwa yi amanyathelo isilungisi waphawula kakhulu kunqabile. Umzekelo intsebenziswano enjalo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Umzekelo, kukho gene D, linoxanduva umbala ngamandla. Urhulumente elibalaseleyo, isakhi lilawula ukubonakala umbala, ngoxa ekubunjweni kweejini retsissivnogo yale gene, nokuba kukho ezinye zofuzo ezilawula ngqo umbala izakuvela "isiphumo ukuxutywa umbala 'ukuba sivame kwi mpuku umbala njengamasi-omhlophe.
• Omnye umzekelo sokungamelani loo imbonakalo mottling emzimbeni yezilwanyana. Umzekelo, kukho gene F ogama umsebenzi osemqoka - ukufana uboya bokudaya. Xa ukuyilwa uboya kweejini sofuzo lifakwe idayi bengaphuhlanga ngokulinganayo, kunye inkangeleko, umzekelo, amatshatshazi amhlophe kwindawo ethile apha emzimbeni.

Ezo intsebenziswano non-allelic ye zofuzo kuzibonakalisa kunqabile.

pleiotropy

Xa olu hlobo loqhagamshelwano ulawula nkulumo isakhi okanye lunokuphazamisa nkulumo kwenye sofuzo.

Izilwanyana pleiotropy kubonakaliswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Yeempuku umzekelo pleiotropic i kwentlala. Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba, xa bawelileyo iimpuku phenotypically abaqhelekileyo kwi sizukulwana sokuqala zonke iimpuku okulinda undersized. Kwagqitywa ukuba ubukhulu okubangwa sofuzo. homozygotes sofuzo yaphela ukukhula, kwakukho lokungaphuhliswa amalungu angaphakathi kunye namadlala. Le gene ubukhulu ukusebenza yebhinqa kuphuhliso nobubovu e iimpuku, yaye oku kwakhokelela ekuncipheni Yindibanisela hormone kwadaka konke imiphumo.
• Platinum umbala iimpungutye. Pleiotropy kulo mzekelo, gene ebulalayo bekubonakalisiwe ukuba ukuyilwa homozygote lubalaseleyo uqhutyelwe ukufa imibungu.
• Abantu weenarha pleiotropic uboniswe kumzekelo ka phenylketonuria, kunye yiMarfan syndrome.

Indima intsebenziswano nonallelic

Ngokwemiqathango kwemvelo kuzo zonke iintlobo zingentla yentsebenziswano non-allelic ngezakhi zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. imixube emitsha gene ukuba imbonakalo lweempawu ezintsha kunye neempawu eziphilayo. Kwezinye iimeko, ezi mpawu negalelo kusinda ephilayo, abanye - phezu koko, ukuba ukufa kwabo bantu eziya kuma kakhulu phakathi ngohlobo lwayo.

intsebenziswano Non-allelic zofuzo esetyenziswa yemfuza zizalele nakuzo. Ezinye zezinto eziphilayo egcinwa gene recombination efanayo. Ezinye iintlobo bafumane kwiipropati lixabiseke kakhulu ehlabathini namhlanje (umzekelo, ukupheliswa ukuba uhlobo olutsha izilwanyana babe ukunyamezela olukhulu amandla kunabantu yayo umzali).

Umsebenzi uya qhubekeka malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezi ntlobo belifa kwabantu ukuze kupheliswe iimpawu ezimbi zofuzo zabantu kunye nokudalwa, isiphako-free kweejini entsha.