Ukuhlasela kweBatu eRashiya (ngokufutshane). Iziphumo ze-Batu zokuhlasela kweRashiya

Ukuhlasela kweBatu eRashiya (inkulungwane yeXIII) - ukuhlasela komkhosi weMongol yaseMongol kwintsimi yegunya laseRussia lasendulo. Esi siganeko sishiye impembelelo ecacileyo kwimbali ye-Motherland yethu. Emva koko, makhe sijonge indlela uBatu ahlasela ngayo iRashiya (ngokufutshane).

Ngaphambili

Kwakudala ngaphambi kweBatu iinduna ze-feudal zaseMongolia ziceba ukulwa nommandla waseMpuma Yurophu. Ngama-1220. Yenzelwe ngandlela-thile ilungiselela ukunqoba kwexesha elizayo. Ingxenye ebalulekileyo yinto yokuhamba kwemikhosi engama-30 engama-Jebe noSudedeus kwintsimi yaseTranscaucas naseMzantsi-mpuma ye-Yurophu ngo-1222-24. Injongo yakhe yayikuphela kwengqondo, ukuqokelela ulwazi. Ngo-1223 kwakukho ngeli phulo imfazwe yeKalka. Ilifa laphela ngokusinqoba kwamaMongol. Njengomphumo wale phulo, abaphumeleleyo bexesha elizayo baye bafunda ngokugqibeleleyo iimfazwe zemfazwe, bafunda ngeenqaba kunye nemikhosi, kwaye bafumana ulwazi malunga nendawo yolawulo lukaRus. Ukusuka kuma- steppes asePolovtsian, umkhosi we-Jebe ne-Subedea waya eVolga Bulgaria. Kodwa kukho amaMongol anqotshwa waza wabuyela e-Central Asia ngokusebenzisa ii-steppes ze-Kazakhstan zamanje. Ukuqala kwe-Batu ukuhlasela kukaRus kwakubonakala ngokukhawuleza.

Ukutshabalalisa kwintsimi yaseRyazan

Ukuhlasela kweRashiya nguBatu, ngokufutshane, bekujoliswe ekugqibeleni abantu, ukubamba nokufaka izihlomelo ezintsha. Abantu baseMongolia babonakala kwimida engasentla ye-Ryazan inqununu ngokufuna ukuhlawula umvuzo kubo. U-Prince Yuri wacela uncedo kuMikhail Chernigov noYuri Vladimirsky. Kwinqununu yaseBatu, i-ambassy yaseRyazan yabhujiswa. INkosana Yuri yashiya impi yakhe, kunye neRomom kwiimfazwe zomda, kodwa imfazwe yalahleka. Ukunceda uRyazan Yuri Vsevolodovich wathumela umkhosi wabumbene. Kuyo imirhumo yonyana wakhe uVsevolod, abantu baseVevevoda Yeremey Glebovich, ama-Novgorod. Imikhosi ephindayo esuka eRyazan nayo yajoyina le mkhosi. Umzi wawa emva kokungqingwa kweentsuku ezintandathu. Iimirhumiselo ezithunyelwe ukulwa nabanqobi kufuphi neKolomna, kodwa zatshatyalaliswa.

Iziphumo zokulwa kuqala

Ukuqala kokuhlasela kweBatu ukuya eRus kwaphawulwa kukutshatyalaliswa kungekhona nje kuphela kweRyazan, kodwa kwanokutshabalalisa yonke inqununu. AmaMongol athumba iPronsk, athatha iNkosana uOleg Ingvarevich Red. Ukuhlasela kweBatu eRashiya (umhla wokulwa kuqala kuboniswe ngasentla) wahamba kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kweedolophu ezininzi kunye nemizana. Ngoko, amaMongol abhubhisa uBelgorod Ryazan. Esi sixeko asizange sibuyiselwe. Abaphandi baTula bamchazela ngokuhlala kufuphi nomlambo wasePolssni, kufuphi nedolophana yaseBeloroditsa (eyi-16 km ukusuka e-Veneva namhlanje). Yacinywa ebusweni bomhlaba kunye neVoronezh Ryazan. Amanxiwa aloo mzi aye ahlala kwindawo engamawaka emininzi. Ngomnyaka we-1586 kwintolongo yakhiwa kwisayithi yokuhlala. Utshabalalise amaMongol kunye nedolophu eyaziwayo eDedoslavl. Abanye abaphandi bamchazela ngokuhlala kufuphi nedolophana yaseDedilovo, ecaleni kwebhanki lasekunene lomlambo. Shat.

Ukuhlaselwa kwi-Vladimir-Suzdal

Emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwamazwe aseRyazan, ukuhlasela kukaBaty eRussia kwakunqunyanyisiwe. Xa amaMongol ahlasela ilizwe laseVladimir-Suzdal, bekungalindelekanga babanjwe ngu-Evpati Kolovrat-boyya Ryazan. Ngenxa yokukhawuleza, iqela lakwazi ukuloyisa abahlaseli, elibangela ukuba ilahleko ilahlekelwe kakhulu. NgoJanuwari 20, 1238, emva kokuvinjelwa kweentsuku ezintlanu, uMoscow wawa. Ekukhuseleni kwesi sixeko sasimile uVladimir (unyana kaYuran omncinane) noFilipu Nyanka. Kwintloko yentloko yama-30,000 eyahlula i-squad yaseMoscow, ngokutsho kwemithombo, yayimile uShiban. U-Yuri Vsevolodovich, eya ngasenyakatho kumlambo i-Sit, waqala ukuqokelela iqela elitsha, ngelixa elindele uncedo oluvela eSvyatoslav naseJaroslav (abazalwana babo). Ekuqaleni kukaFebruwari 1238, emva kokungqingwa kweentsuku ezisibhozo, uVladimir wawa. Kuyo, intsapho yasePrince Yuri yafa. Ngomhla kaFebhuwari, ngaphandle kweVladimir, imizi efana neSuzdal, Yuryev-Polsky, iPeryaslavl-Zalessky, i-Starodub-on-Klyazma, iRostov, i-Galich-Mersky, iKostroma, i-Gorodets, iTver, iDmitrov, iKsnyatin, iKashin, i-Uglich, i-Yaroslavl yawa . Iidolophu zaseNovgorod zaseLamsky neVologda nazo zafakwa.

Imeko kwingingqi yeVolga

Ukuhlasela kweBatu ukuya eRashiya kwakunomdla kakhulu. Ukongeza kwizinto ezisisiseko, iiMongol nazo zinesibini. Ngoxa uncedo lwaloo mva, ukuthunjwa kwendawo yaseVolga kwenziwa. Amandla asekondari eholwa yiBurundai iiveki ezintathu zigqithwe kabini ukuya kwiindawo eziphambili zaseMongolia ngexesha lokuvinjelwa kweTorzhok kunye neTver, kwaye zaza zisuka kwi-Uglich ukuya kuMlambo wesiXeko. Iirejimenti zikaVladimir zazingenaso ixesha lokulungiselela ukulwa, zazingqonge kwaye zatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo. Abanye babalindi babethinjwa. Kodwa ngelo xesha, amaMongol ngokwawo alahlekelwa yintlawulo enkulu. Igosa lezinto zikaJaroslav zibeka ngqo kwiindlela zamaMongolia eziya ngaseNovgorod ukusuka eVladimir. U Pereyaslavl-Zalessky wathathwa kwiintsuku ezintlanu. Ngethuba lokubanjwa kweTver, omnye wabantwana bakaPrince Yaroslav wafa (igama lakhe alizange ligcinwe). Amaxwebhu angenalo ulwazi malunga nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiMfazwe yeSixeko saseNovagorod. Akukho nto ikhankanywe ngayo nayiphi na imisebenzi yeYaroslav. Abanye abaphandi bahlala begxininisa ukuba i-Novgorod ayizange ithumele uncedo ekuncedeni iTorzhok.

Iziphumo zokutshatyalaliswa kwamazwe aseVolga

Umbhali-mlando uTatchchev, ekhuluma ngeziphumo zeemfazwe, ukhankanya ukuba ilahleko kwimimandla yaseMongolia yayinamaxesha amaninzi kunamaRashiya. Nangona kunjalo, amaTatar azalisekisa ngenxa yamabanjwa. Ngaloo xesha, kwakukho ngaphezu kwabo abahlaseli ngokwabo. Ngoko, umzekelo, ukuhlaselwa kukaVladimir kwaqala kuphela emva kokuba amaMongol abuye esuka eSuzdal kunye namabanjwa.

Ukukhusela iKozelsk

Ukuhlasela kweBatu ukuya eRashiya ukususela ekuqaleni kuka-Matshi 1238 kwenzeke ngokwecebo elithile. Emva kokubanjelwa kweTorzhok, iindawo zokuhlala eziseBurunda, ukudibanisa nemikhosi ebalulekileyo, ngokukhawuleza zatshintshile kwi-steppe. Abahlaseli abazange bafike kwiNovagorod malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-100. Imithombo eyahlukeneyo yenza iinguqu ezahlukeneyo zolu hlobo. Abanye bathi i-spring slush ibangele imbangela, kwabanye-isongelo yindlala. Nangona kunjalo, ukuhlasela kwemikhosi yaseBatu eRashiya yaqhubeka, kodwa kwelinye icala.

Ngoku amaMongol ahlulwe ngamaqela amabini. Iqumrhu eliphambili lidlula empuma yeS Smolensk (30 km ukusuka kwisixeko) kwaye yayeka emazweni aseDolgostim. Kweminye imithombo yombhalo kukho ulwazi lokuba amaMongol anqotshwa waza wabaleka. Emva koko, amandla amakhulu ahamba eningizimu. Apha ukuhlasela kukaRus Khan kuBaty kwaphawulwa ngumda wemida yelizwe laseChernigov, ukutshiswa kweVshchizha, okukufutshane nommandla weendawo eziphambili. Ngokomnye umthombo, ngokuphathelele ezi ziganeko, oonyana abane baseVladimir Svyatoslavovich babulawa. Emva koko imikhosi ephezulu yamaMongolia yajika ngokuthe ngqo kwi-northeast. Emva kokugqithisa uKarachev noBryansk, amaTatar awathatha iKozelsky. Iqela elimpuma, okwangoku, lalinjalo kwintwasahlobo ka-1238 kufuphi neRyazan. Eentloko zeenqwelomoya kwakukho iziphepho kunye neKadan. KwiKozelsk ngelo xesha wabusa uBasil - umzukulu oneminyaka eyi-12 waseMstislav Svyatoslavovich. Imfazwe yeso sixeko idonsa kwiiveki ezisixhenxe. NgoMeyi, ngo-1238, zombini amaqela aseMongol ayemanyeneyo phantsi kweKozelsk kwaye wayithatha le ntsuku iintsuku kamva, nangona ilahleko ezinkulu.

Ukuqhubela phambili

Ukuhlasela kweRussia Khan Batu phakathi kwekhulu le-13 kwathatha ukuthatha isicatshulwa. AmaMongol ahlasela kuphela imida, ekukhuseleni ukuvukela kwii-Polovtsian steppes kunye nommandla we-Volga. Kwiingxelo, ekupheleni kwenkcazo yephulo eliya kumaziko aseNyakatho-ntshona, kuthethwa ngoxolo oluhamba ne-Batu eRashiya ("unyaka woxolo" - ukususela ngo-1238 ukuya ku-1239). Emva kwakhe ngo-Oktobha 18, 1239, iChernigov yayingqingqwa kwaye ithinjelwe. Emva kokuwa kwesi sixeko, amaMongol aqala ukuphanga nokubhubhisa iindawo kunye neSejm kunye neDesna. URylsk, iVivr, iGluhov, i-Putivl, i-Gomiy yabhujiswa kwaye yabhujiswa.

Ukuhamba kwintsimi yeDnieper

Ukunceda amabutho aseMongolia abandakanyekayo eTranscaucasia, i-body ekhokelwa nguBudai yayithunyelwa. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1240. Phantse ngexesha elifanayo uBaty wanquma ukuthumela uMunch, Buri kunye noGuyuk ekhaya. Amashishini aseleyo ahlanganiselwe, azaliswe okwesihlandlo sesibini kwiindleko zabahlali abathunjiweyo namaPolvvusi. Ulwalathiso olulandelayo lwaba yintsimi yebhanki elungileyo le-Dnieper. Uninzi lwabo (i-Kiev, iVolyn, i-Galicia kwaye, mhlawumbi, i-Turovo-Pinsk i-headline) yayingu-1240 ebumbene phantsi kolawulo lukaDaniel noVaska, oonyana baka-Roman Mstislavovich (u-Volyn umbusi). Ookuqala, ucinga ukuba akanako ukuxhathisa amaMongol ngokuzimeleyo, wasuka ekuhlaleni kweHungary. Kungenokwenzeka ukuba injongo kaDaniel yayikucela uKumkani uBelya VI ukuba ancede ekuhlaseleni ukuhlaselwa kwamaTatar.

Iziphumo ze-Batu zokuhlasela kweRashiya

Ngenxa yeengxabano ezibuhlungu zamaMongol, inani elikhulu labemi boorhulumente bafa. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yamadolophu amakhulu kunye namadolophana atshabalaliswa. Chernigov, Tver, Ryazan, Suzdal, Vladimir, i-Kiev ihlupheke kakhulu. Ngaphandle kukaPkovkov, Veliky Novgorod, izixeko zaseTurov-Pinsk, ePoltsk naseSuzdal. Ngenxa yesiphumo sokuphuhliswa kwenkqubela, inkcubeko yemimandla emikhulu yabangela umonakalo ongafanelanga. Kwiminyaka emininzi, ukwakhiwa kwamatye kwakucatshulwe ngokupheleleyo kwiidolophu. Ukongezelela, ezo zakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi njengento yokwenza imihlobiso yeglasi, ukuveliswa kweenhlamvu, abamnyama, i- cloamine enamel, kunye ne- polychrome i-polychrome ceramics. IRashiya ekuphuhliseni kwayo ibaluleke kakhulu. Kwaphonswa emva kwamakhulu eminyaka edlulileyo. Yaye ngelixa i-Western guild ishishini lisegaleni lokuqokelela okokuqala, ubugcisa baseRashiya babuya kudlula loo ndawo yendlela yomlando eyayenziwe ngaphambi kokuhlasela kweBatu.

Emazweni asezantsi, inani labantu abahlala kulo lanyamalala phantse ngokupheleleyo. Abemi basaphila bashiya kwimimandla yehlathi ye-northeast, bahlala kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-Oka neNorthern Volga. Kule mimandla kwakukho isimo sezulu esichukumisayo kwaye asikho mhlabathi enobunzulu kangangoko kwimimandla esezantsi, yachithwa yatshatyalaliswa yiMongol. Iindlela zokurhweba zalawulwa yiTatar. Ngenxa yoko, kwakungekho nxu lumano phakathi kweRussi nakwamanye amazwe. Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho noluntu lwe-Babaland kulona xesha lwakwixesha eliphantsi kakhulu.

Ingcamango yabalwazi bezembali

Abaphandi baqaphele ukuba inkqubo yokwenza kunye nokudibanisa iinqununu kunye nezigulane zamahashe ezinzima, ezikhethekileyo ngokubetha ngokukhawuleza kwezixhobo ezibandayo, zaqhekeza eRashiya emva kokuhlasela kweBatu. Ngeli thuba kwakukho ukuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi kumntu wedwa onkosikazi onamandla. Waphoqelelwa ukudubula isaphetha kwaye ngexesha elifanayo alwe nekrele kunye nomkhonto. Kule nto inokugqitywa ukuba kwanokuba inxalenye ekhethiweyo ye-feudal yempi yaseRashiya ekuphuhlisweni kwayo yalahlwa kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa ezedlulileyo. IziKronike aziqulethe ulwazi malunga nobukho bomntu ngamnye. Oku kuqondakalayo. Ukuzibumba, kwakukho abantu ababekulungele ukuzikhupha kude nemveliso kwaye bathengise igazi labo ngemali. Kwaye kwimo imeko yezoqoqosho apho iRashiya yayingabikho, ama-mercenaries ayengaphaya kwamandla abo.