Intsomi yamaSumeri ngokufutshane

Impucuko kunye neentsomi yaseSamariya kucingelwa ukuba yenye yezona zindala kwimbali yoluntu. The Golden Age of abantu ababehlala eMesopotamiya (Iraq namhlanje), kwenzeka BC yesithathu. kela yaseSamariya kwakuba eninzi oothixo ezahlukeneyo, imimoya kanye izilo, yaye abanye babo baye basinda kwi iinkolelo izityalo ezilandelayo eMpuma yamandulo.

features Common

Isiseko apho kugcinwa neentsomi yaseSamariya kunye nenkolo inkolelo zoluntu e oothixo abaninzi, imimoya, oothixo-demiurge, kuzo endalo kunye norhulumente. Yeyona ngenxa yabantu bamandulo abasebenzisana wancancisa ilizwe lakhe. Le nkolelo waba mfundiso eyimfihlakalo okanye imfundiso Orthodox, njengoko kwakunjalo ngokokholo, wazala kwiicawa mihla ehlabathini - kubuKristu ukuya Islam.

intsomi yaseSamariya uneempawu eziliqela esisiseko. Waqonda ubukho imihlaba emibini - ihlabathi woothixo nehlabathi nesenzeko, ezilawulwa. umoya ngalinye elenziwe ngayo - waba iimpawu zezinto eziphilayo.

nilinde

Uthixo inkulu Sumerians ingqalelo Ahn (upelo ezahlukeneyo - Anu). Yena wayekho phambi ukwahlulwa umhlaba Sky. Yena ivezwe njengento emfuna umphathi indibano woothixo. Ngamanye amaxesha noburhalarhume kubantu, umzekelo, kanye kakubi isixeko Uruk isiqalekiso ngenxa yenkomo yasezulwini yaye wafuna ukumbulala iqhawe iintsomi zamandulo kaGilgamesh. Nakuba kunjalo, uninzi An luyeke ukusebenza uze kwisixando sokwenziwa. Isithixo ephambili kwiintsomi yaseSamariya waba uphawu walo ngohlobo bathwala eneempondo.

Olubona nentloko yentsapho nerhuluneli karhulumente. Lo mfanekiso esibonakaliswa ngokomfanekiso demiurge kunye neesimboli kwamandla yasebukhosini: intonga yakhe, isithsaba kunye nentonga. It Ahn waqhubeka twisiseni "ME". Ngoko ke abemi kweMilambo wabiza imikhosi kaThixo ngokulawula emhlabeni kunye nehlabathi wasezulwini.

Enlil (Enlil) Sumerians ingqalelo uthixo yesibini ibalulekileyo. Bambiza kuye inkosi yomoya okanye master igalelo. Esi sidalwa kulawula ihlabathi, ephakathi umhlaba nezulu. Enye inkalo ebalulekileyo egxininisa neentsomi yaseSamariya: Enlil inemisebenzi ezininzi, kodwa bonke ubilisa phantsi njengolawulo phezu umoya kunye nomoya. Ngaloo ndlela, yaba element bobungcwele.

Enlil yayigqalwa umlawuli onke amazwe angaphandle ngenxa Sumerians. Xa okusemandleni akhe amalungiselelo emibi umkhukula, yaye yonk 'into kuba ukugxothwa zabo ezibonakalayo uhlanga kuye. Lo moya singachazwa njengoko umoya zasendle, sixhathise iqela abangabantu bazama ukuba ahlale entlango. Enlil kwakhona kohlwaywa nookumkani ukungahoywa senkonzo yombingelelo yamandulo nangeeholide. Njengoko isohlwayo, isithixo uthumela noxolo zwe izizwe ezintabeni ezikhohlakeleyo. Enlil ezinxulumene nemithetho yendalo yendalo, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ukwaluphala, ukufa. Kwelinye sixeko sikhulu bamaSumeri ka Nippur, yena ingqalelo umxhasi zabo. Kwaba khona ukuba wafumana ikhalenda yamandulo yempucuko extinct.

Enki

Njengezinye Kwiintsomi yamandulo, yaseSamariya neentsomi yayiquka kanye ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Ngoko ke, a luni "anti-Enlil" omkhulu Enki (Kuyile) - kwiNkosi yehlabathi. Waye ingqalelo umxhasi amanzi acocekileyo, kwaye uluntu luphela. Nkosi bomhlaba bayalelwa iimpawu zomkroli, bili ziincutshe, ukuqeqesha izakhono zabo oothixo abatsha, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, ukwabelana ezi zakhono nabantu abaqhelekileyo.

Enki - ophambili we neentsomi yaseSamariya (enye ezintathu belingana Enlil kunye Anu), kwaye oko wayebizwa ngokuba umthetheleli yemfundo, ubulumko, wobugcisa kunye nezikolo yababhali. Le sithixo obumntwisiweyo ngokubambiseneyo yabantu, ezama ukuba ndizinyathele uhlobo utshintshe nendawo zazo. amaninzi kakhulu Enki ziqwalaselwe ngexesha leemfazwe kunye nezinye iingozi ezinzulu. Kodwa amaxesha ngoxolo izibingelelo zakhe engenanto, akukho kwenziwa idini, kuyimfuneko ukwenzela ukuba zikwazi ukutsala umdla woothixo.

Inanna

Ukongeza koothixo abathathu mkhulu neentsomi yaseSamariya nazo ekuthiwa bangoothixo, umdala, okanye oothixo bolwesibini udidi. Ngayo le nto zichongwe womkhosi Inanna. Eyona nto yaziwa ngokuba uIshtar (isiAkkadia ligama elasetyenziswa naye eBhabhiloni ngo ngexesha layo). Ngumfanekiso Inanna, wabonakala yaseSamariya, le impucuko wasinda waza waqhubeka ukunqulwa eMesopotamiya, kwaye mvanje ngakumbi. nentwana yayo zaqala nkqu kwiinkolelo zaseYiputa, kodwa ngokubanzi sele ikhona ukuya Antiquity.

Ngoko okwenzeka Inanna yaseSamariya intsomi? Yena yayigqalwa yothixokazi ezinxulumene planethi Venus kunye nomkhosi wamajoni angathabatheki luthando. Liquka iimvakalelo zabantu, amandla elemental endalo, yaye ubufazi eluntwini. Inanna kuthiwa intombi-iqhawe - she ukubukelwa ulwalamano ngesondo, kodwa akazange wazala. Nkulunkulu kwiintsomi yaseSamariya edityaniswa kwisenzo ngomzimba engcwele.

Marduk

Njengoko sele kutshiwo ngentla apha, ngalinye nesi sixeko zayo umxhasi uthixo (umzekelo, Enlil e Nippur). Olu phawu iye yanxulunyaniswa kunye awohluke zezopolitiko impucuko yamandulo eMesopotamiya. Sumerians nya, ngaphandle ngamaxesha ezinqabileyo kakhulu, akazange aphile bengatshatanga zangaphakathi. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane eziliqela, izixeko zabo nabaphathi ezintsonkothileyo. zokuhlala nganye izimele yaye ngaloo ndlela babe kwinkcubeko enye, ulwimi kunye nonqulo-enxulumene.

intsomi yaseSamariya kunye isiAkkadia kweMilambo washiya imizila ayo amangcwaba izixeko ezininzi eMesopotamiya. Abachatshazelwa ngayo kuphuhliso eBhabheli. Sikwithuba kamva saba sixeko sikhulu lidala, leyo wambumba impucuko nje engaqhelekanga, nto leyo eyaba isiseko ubukhosi enkulu. Noko ke, usaqala nje yokuhlala eBhabhiloni yaseSamariya encinane. Loko kubhekwe umxhasi ongcwele Marduk. Abaphandi bathi ukuba elinesibini oothixo abaphezulu, leyo wazala neentsomi yaseSamariya.

Ngokufutshane, ixabiso Marduk kubo bonke oothixo wakhula kunye nokukhula ngokuthe ngcembe yempembelelo kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho waseBhabheli. umfanekiso wakhe sinzima - kwemvelo yayo, iye ifakiwe iimpawu Kuyile, Enlil kunye nguShamash. Kanye njengokuba Inanna edityaniswa Venus, Jupiter kwakuhambisana Marduk. Ezibhaliweyo imithombo yamandulo chaza amandla alo ezizodwa ukuphiliswa nobugcisa yokuphilisa.

Kunye uthixokazi Guloy Marduk unako ukubavusa abafileyo. Kwakhona unqulo yaseSamariya usibeke kwindawo umxhasi lokunkcenkceshela, abe ngaphandle apho kukho ukwanda kwezoqoqosho imizi kuMbindi Mpuma. Kulo mba, Marduk njengento bearer elityebileyo noxolo. yehlelo yakhe yafikelela bade ngexesha baseBhabhiloni uBukhosi (VII-VI iinkulungwane. BC), xa Sumerians kwabo kudala ukususela kwimbali eqongeni, waza ndalibala ulwimi lwabo.

Marduk nxamnye Tiamat

Ngenxa bekuyekile izicatshulwa alondolozwe amavo ezininzi abemi eMesopotamiya yamandulo. Ngxabano uMarduk kunye Tiamat - omnye imixholo engundoqo, ezo ezigcinwe imithombo ebhaliweyo kwiintsomi yaseSamariya. Oothixo baye balwa bodwa - amabali ezinjalo zaziwa eGrisi yamandulo, elo ubuhanjiswe kwebali Gigantomachia.

I Sumerians Tiamat edityaniswa neelwandle ze isiphithiphithi apho ihlabathi wazalwa. Lo mfanekiso inxulumene iinkolelo cosmogonic lempucuko yamandulo. Tiamat efa- hydra semigolovoy kunye ligongqongqo. Marduk wamzeka ukulwa, yambethe club, isaphetha kunye nothungelwano. UThixo wahamba uqhwithela kunye nomoya wamazulu, wazibiza kulwa neempungutye eveliswe iqela enamandla.

amang'awu yamandulo nganye indlela yalo matriarchs. E eMesopotamiya, iqatshelwe into yokuba ukuba Tiamat. intsomi yaseSamariya wamnika iimpawu zakhe ezininzi ezimbi, ngenxa apho nxamnye nayo Ndisibuyisele phezu kwabanye oothixo. Loo uMerodaki wonyulwa ukuba abanye oothixo ukuze kwidabi kunye kolwandle-chaos. Xa umama yokuqala, wesaba ngembonakalo yakhe eyoyikekayo, kodwa wangena edabini. Lungiselela imfazwe Marduk banceda ezahlukahlukeneyo oothixo neentsomi yaseSamariya. Iidemon ye element amanzi Lahmu Lahamu waza wamnika amandla lokubiza ngomkhukula. Ezinye imimoya walungisa Ezinye yokugcina iqhawe.

Ethetha nxamnye Tiamat, Marduk ivumile ukuba balwe ngamxhelo-chaos bolwandle ngenxa ingqalelo kwabanye oothixo ukubusa umhlaba wakhe. intengiselwano achaphazelekayo kugqityiwe phakathi kwabo. Xa isigqibo edabini uMarduk ugilise imihlathi Tiamat uqhwithela, ngoko wayengakwazi uyivala. Emva koko ke yena wazixuna iintolo, ukuze ibe rhamncwa yaye ngaloo ndlela yaphumelela iqela eyoyikekayo.

Bendithe ndaba ngonendoda Tiamat Indlovukazi King. Marduk kwaye iphathwe nayo wemka ezindaweni itafile unjengengwenya apho ophumeleleyo liseke ubunganga eyakhe wadala ihlabathi elitsha. Ukususela phezulu umzimba Tiamat wenza izulu, imiqondiso ezulu, iinkwenkwezi, ukusuka ezantsi - lizwe, yaye ukususela emehlweni imilambo ezimbini ezinkulu eMesopotamiya - umEfrate neTigris.

Emva koko ke hero yanakanwa njengokumkani woothixo. Ukubonga, Marduk ithiwe thaca kwi-ingcwele isixeko waseBhabhiloni. Kuyo kukho iitempile ezininzi zanikezelwa kule thixo, phakathi kwazo na ezikhumbuzo yamandulo yayidume kunye enqaba ezintsonkothileyo Etemenanki Esagila. izatifikethi ezininzi Marduk washiya neentsomi yaseSamariya. Ukudala ihlabathi ukuba uthixo libali ezaziwa kwiinkonzo zamandulo.

uAshur

UAshur - ukanti omnye uthixo le Sumerians, ogama umfanekiso uye kule impucuko. Ekuqaleni, yena sinoMthetheleli yesixeko eponymous. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XXIV BC kwavela ubukumkani-Asiriya. Xa BC VIII-VII leminyaka. e. Le meko yafikelela kwincopho bamandla ayo, uAshur waba uthixo ibalulekileyo lonke waseMesopotamiya. Enye into umdla ukuba lo ungumzekeliso ozise engundoqo kela ukunqulwa ubukhosi lokuqala embalini yoluntu.

Ukumkani waseAsiriya akazange kuphela umlawuli nentloko karhulumente, kunye nombingeleli omkhulu waseAsiriya. Ngoko ke wazalwa Yolwando, isiseko leyo nangoku iintsomi yaseSamariya. Iincwadi kunye nezinye izinto zakudala kunye imithombo yamandulo zibonisa ukuba uAshur yehlelo eyaqhubeka de AD ngenkulungwane III, xa ixesha elide akazange waseAsiriya okanye izixeko eMesopotamiya ezizimeleyo.

Nunn

Moon uthixo uNanna waye Sumerians (kwakhona igama eliqhelekileyo isiAkkadia Sin). Waye ingqalelo umxhasi kwesinye sezixeko ibalulekileyo kweMilambo - eUre. Le ndawo yayikhona kangangamawaka eminyaka. In XXII-XI cc. Abalawuli BC Ur kumanyana phantsi kolawulo lwakhe zonke eMesopotamiya. Ngokuphathelele oku kwanda kunye nexabiso uNanna. yehlelo yakhe ebalulekileyo enkulu eceleni. Wayengumfundisi eliphezulu uNanna yaba intombi enkulu ukumkani eUre.

Inyanga-uthixo lenjoli kuse ezinkomeni nokuchuma. Wagqiba bayahlelwa izilwanyana kwabafileyo. Ukulungiselela le njongo, yonke inyanga entsha Nunn baya kwelabafileyo. Ekubeni amagama ayo ezininzi ziye enxulumene Isigaba yasezulwini Earth satellite. inyanga Full Sumerians ekuthiwa uNanna, Crescent - Zuenom irhengqa oselula - Ashimbabbarom. Isithethe Asiriya naseBhabhiloni nkulunkulu kwakhona ingqalelo umprofeti kunye inyanga.

NguShamash, Ishkur ne Dumuzi

Ukuba uthixo wenyanga uNanna yaba, uthixo ilanga nguShamash ibe (okanye Utu). izidalwa ngosuku Sumerians ebusuku. Ngoko ke, ngenxa yabo nguShamash kwabalelwa Nanne, unyana nesicaka. umfanekiso wakhe iye yanxulunyaniswa kungekuphela nje ilanga, kodwa okusesikweni. Emini nguShamash kugwetywa ubomi. Yena walwa nayo kunye needemon ezimbi.

La maziko eziphambili yehlelo labo nguShamash Elassar kunye Sippar. Itempile yokuqala ( "indlu okhanyayo") ezi izazinzulu iidolophu ayibizi V nkulungwane kakhulu akude BC. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba nguShamash unika abantu ubutyebi, mna mbanjwa - inkululeko, kunye nomhlaba - ukuchuma. Le uthixo baboniswa njengendoda elide elithe ubudala kunye unkontsho entlokweni yakhe.

Kuzo zonke oothixo yamandulo aba isimntwiso yonke intlekele yendalo. Umzekelo, kwiintsomi yaseSamariya, uthixo izaqhwithi - it Ishkur (elinye igama Adad). Igama lakhe ngokufuthi wabonakala imithombo ngoonobumba. Ishkur waye umxhasi isixeko ezilahlekileyo saseKarkar. In zeemposiso ke ulinde yesibini. Sekunjalo, yena njengento uthixo-njengegorha, axhobe ezoyikekayo imimoya. In umfanekiso Asiriya Ishkur sazivelela figure Adada, ezazikade ngokwenkolo kunye zesizwe ezibalulekileyo. Enye othile emvelo Dumuzi. Yena wayemele ikhalenda nokungazinzi koqoqosho kunye namaxesha onyaka.

amadimoni

Njengezinye izizwe ezininzi zamandulo, i Sumerians waba esihogweni zabo. Le lemimoya asezantsi umiwe yi imiphefumlo iidemon kwabafileyo yoyikekayo. Le mibhalo ngoonobumba isihogo udla ngokubizwa ngokuba "kwilizwe endingayi kubuya ngawo." Kukho ezininzi oothixo bamaSumeri komhlaba - ulwazi malunga ngazo zale kunye sangu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kwisixeko nganye namasiko alo kunye neenkolelo ezinxulumene koonyana chthonic.

Enye oothixo eziyintloko Sumerians ingqalelo uNerigale negative. Yena ezinxulumene imfazwe kunye nokufa. Le idemoni neentsomi yaseSamariya ichazwe ngomzi nezifo eziyingozi isibetho kunye nomkhuhlane. nembonakalo yakhe yayigqalwa ngundoqo ukuya kwelabafileyo. Kwisixeko Kuta kukho nergalovskogo yokunqula itempile. ngeenkwenkwezi zaseBhabhiloni bazise usebenzisa umfanekiso wakhe langa iMars.

Ngo ooNergale waye iqabane kunye kwase zakhe ababhinqileyo - Ereshkigal. Yena ubengudade Inanna. Le idemoni neentsomi yaseSamariya uthi nguMnu chthonic izidalwa i Anunnaki. Itempile ephambili Ereshkigal emzini enkulu Kut.

Enye Sumerians ebalulekileyo chthonic yaba umzalwana ooNergale Ninase. Ukuhlala belele engcwabeni, waba ubugcisa lobomi kunye impiliso. uphawu balo inyoka, leyo kamva kwiinkcubeko ezininzi liye laba isimntwiso umsebenzi zonyango. Ngenzondelelo okhethekileyo Ninase iziqu e Eshnunna. igama lakhe eyafakwa edume yaseBhabhiloni uHammurabi, apho ithi le iminikelo thixo inegunya. Kwenye isixeko yaseSamariya - Uri - kwakukho umkhosi yonyaka ukuze kuzukiswe Ninase, ngexesha ezazibekwe imibingelelo enzima. Unyana wakhe njengento uthixo ningishzida. Yena elimgcinayo amabanjwa kwi engcwabeni iidemon. uphawu Ningishzida gqi igongqongqo - enye nakumakroza ukuvumisa yaseSamariya kunye ngeenkwenkwezi, apho amaGrike ebizwa lekroza yeNyoka.

imithi engcwele nemimoya

Upela, amaculo kunye Cookbook Sumerians zibonisa ubukho olu hlanga imithi ezingcwele, nganye yabelwe isithixo esithile okanye isixeko. Umzekelo, apho ingakumbi ziyanqulwa yesithethe Nippur. Ukuthakathwa Shuruppak lo mthi kucingwa ukuba umthi ehlabathini. Tamerice abhadulayo kusetyenziswa nyulu kunye nonyango kwezifo.

Malunga imithi inzululwazi magic mihla uyazi Bulelani kwizithethe emkhondweni ezimbalwa zagovornyh kunye enkulukazi. Kodwa demonology yaseSamariya abazi nokuba ngaphantsi. ingqokelela eMesopotamiya umlingo, leyo wabakhupha amabutho ezimbi, senziwa ngexesha waseAsiriya kunye waseBhabheli ngeelwimi ezi impucuko. Malunga namasiko yaseSamariya ngokuqinisekileyo uyakwazi ukuthetha izinto ezimbalwa.

izinyanya eziBalulekileyo, imimoya kuzalusa nemimoya ezinobutshaba. Le yokugqibela zichongwe Amaqhawe abafileyo of izilo, kwakunye isimntwiso kwezifo kunye nokugula. The Sumerians yakholwa iziporho, ifana kakhulu Slavic Zalozhnev ufile. abantu abaqhelekileyo wawaphatha yokunqakulisa kunye noloyiko.

ezafakwa Evolution

Inkolo kunye neentsomi le Sumerians bahamba kwizigaba ezintathu kuphuhliso. On the totems zokuqala zoluntu izinyanya ekhulisa kwizixeko host kunye noothixo-demiurge. Ekuqaleni le III nkulungwane BC, kwakukho amayelenqe kunye neengoma itempile. Kwakukho uluhlu oothixo. Iqala Ana, Enlil kunye Enki. Ngoko ke bambi INANNA ilanga nenyanga, amajoni bambi, t. D.

Ithuba lesibini kubizwa ngokuba ithuba-Sumero balubiza Acadian. Wabona indlela elisetyenziswa ngayo kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kunye neentsomi. Alien ulwimi Sumerians isiAkkadia ithathwa ulwimi ezizwe ezintathu kweMilambo, amaBhabhiloni, Akadi kunye Asiriya. Owayemdala ezikhumbuzo kwawo ukuba BC ngenkulungwane XXV. Malunga eli xesha baqala inkqubo ukuhlanganisa imifanekiso kunye namagama oothixo Semitic kunye bamaSumeri, enza umsebenzi ofanayo.

Ithuba Esesithathu nesokugqibela - ithuba yokumanya oothixo jikelele ngamaxesha eUre III (XXII-XI kwiinkulungwane BC E...). Ngeli xesha, kwabakho yokuqala karhulumente yileyo kwimbali. Oku kuxhomekeke ranking engqongqo kunye irekhodi, abantu nje kuphela, kodwa saa kwaye eyahlukeneyo phambi koothixo. Kwaba ngexesha indlu III waya intlanganiso oothixo Enlil olwalubekwe. An no Enki baba phezu ngezandla zozibini kuyo.

Oku kulandelayo le Anunnaki. Baye zichongwe kuquka Inanna, Nunn, kunye ooNergale. Malunga namakhulu oothixo ezincinane bafakwa kwi emazantsi ileli. Ngelo xesha nye kwesele yaseSamariya ababenqulwa isiJuda (umzekelo, isuswa umahluko phakathi yaseSamariya Enlil isiJuda kunye White). Emva kokuwa eUre III eseMesopotamiya kangangexesha elithile wanyamalala karhulumente kwindawo enye. Xa BC benkulungwane yesibini, i Sumerians ezilahlekileyo ukuzimela kwawo, silawulwa Asiriya. A umnqamlezo ezi ntlanga phakathi kamva sibangele ukuba uhlanga yaseBhabhiloni. Kunye kwenzeka utshintsho utshintsho yobuzwe neyenkolo. Xa uhlanga wanyamalala endala bamaSumeri yohlobo olunye kunye nolwimi lwalo, otshonileyo elidlulileyo kunye neentsomi le Sumerians.