Ukucinga ngeencwadi: inkcazo kunye neempawu. Abameli beNgcamango kwiincwadi zesiRashiya ze-20 leminyaka

Ukucinga njengendlela yokubhala kwincwadi yaseRashiya yamiswa ngowe-1910. Kwakunxulumene nokungakwazi kwenkqubo yenkcubeko yelo xesha ukuphendula kwimingeni emitsha evelele kwixesha lokutshintsha kunye nesingqimba sayo sokukhula ngokukhawuleza. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwemifanekiso eqhelekileyo yehlabathi kunye nokuvela kwesinye i-acuity echaphazelekayo yathintela yonke inkqubo yokubhala nokubhala. Okokuqala, ibandakanyeka ngabaculi abancinci kunye neebongozi.

Imvelaphi yegama elithi "Ukucinga"

Leli gama elithi "Ukucinga" kwiincwadi kukuboleka kwisikolo se-avant-garde sesibongo saseNgilani. Esi sikolo sabizwa ngokuba yi-Imagism. Siza kuxela ngokufutshane malunga nalo. Kwiphephandaba laseRussia, ulwazi lokuqala malunga nemibono yaseBritani yavela ngo-1915. Kwakuloo nto inqaku elithi "I-Futurists yesiNgesi" ZA yashicilelwe kwiqoqo elithi "Sagittarius". IWengerova. Yathetha ngeqela lembongo elivela eLondon, elikhokelwa nguT. Hume, E. Pound, R. Oldington, T. Eliot.

Ukucinga, okwenzeka eNgilani ngowe-1910, kwazibeka umsebenzi ocacileyo wobugcisa. Kwakungabonakali-imbongo, kodwa ikhonkco kwaye ibalulekile-kwakudingeka ukuba kuzaliswe ngokuthe ngqo. Iifomati, ezicatshulwayo zengqungquthela ezicatshulwayo zichasene "nezitsha", imifanekiso engaqhelekanga (ngesiNgesi - umfanekiso, apho igama lesi sikolo livela khona). Bazama ukuhlaziya ulwimi lwembongo. Oku kwaboniswa kwiingcamango zabo zevesi elikhululekile, umfanekiso.

Ngaba kuvela phi ukuvakalisa kwiincwadi zesiRashiya?

Igama elithi "imamzhionizm" eRussia lalivela kwincwadi ethi "Green Street ..." V.G. UShershenevich, epapashwe ngowe-1916. Kuyo, umbhali, ongakaqheki izibophelelo kunye nekamva, uye wazibiza ngokuba njalo. U-Shershenevich wanikela ingqalelo ngokukhethekileyo kwimixholo yomfanekiso wesondlo, kwaye ingabi kwifomu yayo. Nguye yena owaba yintloko yeengcamango zesimo esitsha. Ngomnyaka we-1918, iShershenevich wachaza ngokubonakala kwe "Imagian" njengento ebanzi ngaphezu kwexesha elizayo. Ixesha lesimanje liye lazinziswa ukususela ngowe-1919. Ukususela ngelo xesha, iingcamango ze "Abalingisi" kunye "Ukucinga" zazivame ukuvela kwiincwadi. Inkcazo emfutshane malunga neyokugqibela inganikwa oku kulandelayo: umendo wombhalo owamisela inxaxheba ephambili yomfanekiso wesandi phezu kwengcamango, intsingiselo eyayibuyisela indawo yeRussia Futurism.

"Isibhengezo" seMifanekiso

Ukucinga kwiincwadi zelizwe lethu kwadlala indima ebalulekileyo. Kuzo zonke iincwadi ze-encyclopedias ezaziwayo kwakukho amanqaku ngaye. Iqela lezitho zengqondo, ezenziwe ngeso xesha, zenze ibhetri kwizithombe. Nguye owayebhekwa njengento ebalulekileyo yendalo yokwakha. Ngowe-1919 kwiphepha le-Sirena lapapashwa "iSibhengezo" -kuqala ukubonisa ulawulo olutsha. Iingqungquthela zithi ukuchongwa ngobomi ngoncedo lomfanekiso kunye nesigqi sayo ngumthetho kuphela wobugcisa bonke, indlela engafaniyo nayo. Kulo catshulwa inkqubo yokudala yabalandeli beendlela ezintsha. Kwakuboniswe ukuba kwisakhiwo somsebenzi wobugcisa, isitshixo ngumfanekiso. Ingcamango yakhe yakha yonke inkqubo. Ukususela kwisicatshulwa esithi "Isibhengezo" sifunda ukuba ukucinga ngeencwadi kunesi sizathu esilandelayo: ukuqonda okuthe ngqo ngabameli bayo bendima yempembelelo yobugcisa bomfanekiso. Yona yimbono yokugqibela, eyakhiwe ngokukhawuleza, iyichaza kwisibongo.

"2x2 = 5"

Olunye ulungelelwaniso oluthile lolawulo olutsha nguShershenevich (echazwe ngasentla) phantsi kwegama elithi "2x2 = 5". Umbhali wakhe wabona imbongo njengezibalo zemathematika. Kwakubonakala kungadingekile nakwiyiphi na imizamo yokutolika itekisi, ngaphandle kobhali bomntu. Ukubonakala komfanekiso, umgaqo wokulingana kokungahlambulukanga kunye nococeko wawungqinisiswa. Oku kuguqulwe ngamanye amaxesha imifanekiso engokwenyama.

Ulwimi ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga ngcamango

Umbono wakhe wolwimi uphakanyiswe ngabo badale ukucinga ngeencwadi. Abameli bakhe baqulunqa ingcamango yokuba ulwimi lweengqungquthela luhlukile. Ngethuba lokuqala lokuphuhliswa, bakholelwa, zonke zazingenangcamango. Ngoko ke abameli beengcamango kwiincwadi zesiRashiya babecinga ukuba kunengqiqo ukufunda imvelaphi yolwimi. Ngaloo ndlela babefuna ukufumana imifanekiso yokuqala yamagama ahlukeneyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuhlalutya imveli yolwimi kunye neepropati zolwimi, baqala ukudala imifanekiso ngokwabo. Nangona kunjalo, umphandi DL. U-Shukurov uthi indlela abaLingisa abayiqonda ngayo igama lobuciko liyi-nominalistic kwaye lilinganiselwe kakhulu.

Ukuzama umfanekiso wesantya wegama

Abameli belo lutsha balathisa umgomo wabo oyingqamaniso, kungekhona nje igama elingavamile. V.G. UShershenevich wachaza kwakhona amava e-futurists, ngokukodwa, inkolelo ye "imbongi" ebhalwe yiyo. Wadala enye inguqu yombono wezinto ezibizwa ngokuthi "igama elibhalwe phantsi." Ngaphantsi kwezi zilandelayo kufuneka ziqondwe isiseko se-triad yomsebenzi we-AA. Potebni kwiilwimi.

Inzululwazi ekubunjweni kwegama ikhethe umxholo wayo ("ifom yangaphakathi"), imifanekiso yokuqala kunye nefomu yangaphandle. Ukugatya imiba esemthethweni neyomxholo, i-Imagists igxininise ingqalelo kwimifanekiso. Babenomdla wokuzalisa imisebenzi yakhe kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha elifanayo i-Imaginists yafuna ukuba imifanekiso ayifuthi idibana nayo.

Ukungabi nobunye phakathi kwama-Imagists

Kwimiba yeengqungquthela, nangona kukho indawo yoluntu, kwakungabikho ubunye obukhulu phakathi kwabameli belo lutsha lathiso. Abahlobo kunye nabahlobo ebomini, babengummiselo wendlela eyahlukileyo yobugcisa (esithombeni kwindawo - Esenin, ngakwesobunxele - iMarienhof, ngakwesokudla - iKukkov).

Akunakwenzeka ukubonakalisa ngokucacileyo ukucamngca kwiincwadi zekhulu lama-20. Esi sikolo senziwa ngababongi abanobugcisa obuhlukeneyo kunye neempawu zobugcisa, ezahlukileyo kokubhaliweyo nakwiintlalontle. Phakathi kweMarienhof kunye noShershenevich, ngakwesinye icala, kunye neKukkov no-Yesenin, kwesinye, umntu unokufumana ukungafani okwedlula ukufana. Ukufanekisa kweso sangaphambili idolophini kunye nedolophini, kwaye okwesibini i-rustic. Bobabini le mijelo ibonisa ukuba kunye neengqondo zentlalo ezahlukileyo ezahlukana ngexesha lokuxela. Konke oku kwenza kube nzima ukuphendula umbuzo othi "Yintoni i-Imagism in Literature?". Ngenkcazelo ngezinye iinkalo iziganeko zaso zikhokelela ekuchazeni iinkcaso.

Iingongoma zaseMarienhof kunye neShershenevich

Isibongo saseMariengof (isithunzi sakhe sichazwe ngasentla) kwaye uShershenevich ngumveliso weedolophu ezichasayo i-intelligentsia, elahlekelwa ngumhlaba wayo. Ufumene isiphephelo sakhe sokugqibela kunye nemibutho yentlalo e-bohemia. Ubuchule beetemonki ngumfanekiso wokungabi nalutho nokubola. Izibheno zokuvakalisa uMariengof kunye noShershenevich ukuba bangenasisiseko abanamandla. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto ezidlulileyo kuzaliswe izibongo zabo. Iingqungquthela ezibonakaliswe kuyo zidibanisa namava abo. Zigcwele iindumbu, ezibangelwa ukulahlwa kwezi mbongo nge-Oktobha yoVukani.

Ubume be-Yesenin

Ubume buka-Yesenin buyahluke ngokupheleleyo. Wayengummeli wezilwanyana zasendle ezenza kakuhle, i-kulaks, echazwe kwakhona. Enyanisweni, emsebenzini wakhe ungabona isimo sengqondo kwihlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, iimfuno ezifunekayo kuzo zahluke ngokupheleleyo. Ukucinga kukaSergei Aleksandrovich kuvela koqoqosho lwendalo, ukukhangela kwayo. Kwakusekelwe kwisigxina sokuba wakhula. Isekelwe kwi-zoomorphism kunye ne-anthropomorphism yeengqondo zokuqala zabasimili.

Ukuphikisana kwama-Imagists

"AmaSpredishithi e-Imagist" V. U-Shershenevich wanyanzeliswa nomsebenzi ka-Esenin othi "Izixhobo ZikaMariya", apho kuye kwachazwa khona iingcamango zakhe. Ukongezelela, wagxeka imbongi yeengcali zakhe. UShershenevich wabhala ukuba uqhagamshelo kwimbongo yemifanekiso nganye ngumsebenzi osebenza ngomatshini, kwaye awuyiyo yendalo, njengo-A. Kusikov no-S. Esenin bakholelwa. Isibongo sihlwele semifanekiso, kungekhona isilwanyana. Ukusuka kuyo ungayifaka ngaphandle komonakalo omnye kubo okanye ufake enye enye. Ngeengcamango zikaS. Yesenin, uA.A. Mariengof naye uphethwe emsebenzini wakhe phantsi kwegama elithi "isiqhingi saseBuyan".

Wayekholelwa ukuba ubugcisa bemihla yamanje kufuneka 'bube ngukuhlwa' ngeendlela zonke. Ngamanye amagama, "ibakala lesibili", "ubugcisa obuphambili", "isigaba sokutshintsha", nangona kunjalo, kuyimfuneko ebantwini. Kwaye ebomini bobugcisa ngokwawo, aludlali naluphi na indima. U-Yesenin waphendula ngento ethi "Ubomi kunye nobugcisa". USergei Alexandrovich wabhala ukuba asebenza nabo abazange baqaphele isivumelwano kunye nokuhlelwa ngokudibanisa imifanekiso kunye namazwi. Kwaye oku kungalunganga.

Ukwahlukana

Ngaloo ndlela, ukwahlukana kwakuyiphunga. Ngowe-1924 wabumba. Emva koko kwiphephandaba elithi "Pravda" lavela "I-Letter to the Editor", ethi S. Yesenin no-I. Gruzinov wabhala. Batshengeza ukuba njengabadali be-Imagism bagqibe ekubeni bazise isaziso sikawonkewonke ukuba kwiqela eliyaziwayo "iqingqiweyo" iqela livakaliswa liza kuchithwa.

Indima yokucinga ngeencwadi zesiRashiya

Kuze kube ngoku phakathi kwabahlaziyi bezobhaliweyo kukho iingxabano malunga noko, nokuba kuyimfuneko ukubeka ingcamango ecaleni kwimiyalelo enjalo, njenge-futurism, i-acme and symbolism. Mhlawumbi, kuchanekile ukuqwalasela le ngqungquthela kwiinkalo zamaphethane amaninzi ayenayo kwiincwadi ngowe-1920. Nangona kunjalo, inxaxheba ebalulekileyo eyenziwa yenkcubeko yenkcubeko ngabameleli bayo, kwakunye nemfuneko yobunye bombongo weengqungquthela ezivela kwingcamango yeengcamango kunye nezinye ukukhangela kwintsimi ye-poetics yaba ngowama-1920. Bakhonza njengendawo yokubhaliweyo yabalobi ababesebenza kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-20 kunye nokuphuhlisa izithethe zanamuhla.

Ngoku uyazi ukuba uqhubeke njani inqaku elithi "Ukucinga ngeencwadi ...". Sichaze ngokufutshane lo mkhwa, sabiza abameli bawo abakhulu. Ufunde ngeengcamango eziphambili abaxhasi beli sikolo ezizisa ubugcisa. Impawu yokucinga ngeencwadi zesiRashiya zazininzi iindlela zokubonakalisa ixesha apho abameli bakhe behlala khona.