Ukubila utshwala

ibile utshwala sisiseko mveliso eyahlukeneyo ukutya - ukuphisa, wokwenza iwayini, imveliso utywala. Le nkqubo kubalulekile izonka ukubhaka, ekwenziweni ubisi inegwele, iimveliso zokutya. Ukubila ezinxilisayo carbohydrate ukuba kuyiwe carbon dioxide, ethanol kunye namanye amacandelo. Xa inkqubo ukuthotywa anaerobic ngaphezu kwezinto ezinzima ukuba amandla obulula uyakhululwa.

Cya-activators kule nqubo igwele, idla ngokuba saharomitses uhlobo. Xa iimeko ezithile Ukubila ezinxilisayo enokukucaphukisa ezinye umngundo kunye neentsholongwane. Ngqo ukuphembelela inkqubo yokukhula igwele ebekwe Pasteur. Buchner koko, Liebig kunye Lebedev wabonisa ukuba Ukubila ezinxilisayo kunokwenzeka ngaphandle kwazo (igwele) inxaxheba, okanye ngaphandle kokusebenzisa kumacandelo enzymatic cell-free zivela kubo. Iimpawu ezithile Cya yayintsholongwane eyosulela ukuze abatshabalalise abo okanye ezinye izakha idale isiseko inkqubo yokukhula kwenani kwiinkcubeko iintsholongwane kunye nokuchongwa arhente izifo.

Ngoku yaziwa ukuba carbohydrate lenguqu ukuya namanye amacandelo imele inani redox kunye nezinye zinto zenzeke ngokulandelelana kwawo. Kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo yokubola. Ngoncedo lwe Igwele inkqubo elula lwenzeka xa iswekile elula - fructose kunye iswekile.

Le nkcazelo yokugqibela kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo. Ngoko ke, xa sauerkraut, ubisi, cucumber udlula Ukubila lactic glucose. Le nkqubo inye livela silage. Ukuba ubunzima silage etywiniweyo ngokwaneleyo, umoya ungena. Phantsi impembelelo yawo iqala butyric acid ukubila. Ngenxa yale nkqubo, ifidi uba yaphela.

Xa imveliso yotywala isetyenziswa ezinxilisayo ibile glucose.

Maltose, sucrose kwakhona phantsi le nkqubo. Pre i haydrolisis lwabo besebenzisa nagwele. Ngoko ke bakha monosaccharides.

Obumele (milk iswekile) ukuze phantsi kokudla kuphela iindidi ezithile engenagwele.

Glycogen, starch kunye nezinye izakhi kunye isakhiwo ngxuba azikho phantsi inkqubo. Ngaphambili ke yaliwe enzymatic okanye emuncu indlela haydrolisis. Ngenxa yoko, bayakuyeka azinze kwaye zichatshazelwa nagwele.

Amagwele ngokwabo izinto eziqhelekileyo endalweni. Bona afumaneka berry, iziqhamo, iidiliya. Ekuhambeni kwexesha ehlotyeni, bamana bezandlala emoyeni kunye nomhlaba.

Igwele yahlulwe endle kunye cultured. Ubizo lokugqibela ezinjalo izinto ezibe izicelo zobugcisa ngokungqinelana umgangatho okanye ezinye. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, ezisetyenziswa utsha izinto bayakwazi ukucacisa ibhiya, ngaloo ndlela amnike incasa kumnandi kunye nemvakalo. Yomdiliya kukungcangcazela zenza bamphathele okhethekileyo. Cereals igwele ayaziswa ubuchule babo phinda ngenkuthalo kwakunye neempawu intlama ukuba ndiwuthukulule kakuhle. izinto Wild efanayo ilifa ubuchule buthathaka fermentative. Zakha izakhi adlulisela ivumba nochuku incasa.

Inkqubo ukuguqula iswekile ibe carbon dioxide, ethanol kunye namanye amacandelo kunzima kakhulu. Kunye nale izinto kunye igwele ihamba kunye ukuyilwa nezinye iimveliso. Ngokukodwa, ezinye umthamo kuyilwa acetic acid kunye succinic acid, acetaldehyde, glycerol. Senziwe njenge oil fusel. La macandelo umxube wezinto isomers abafumana alkoholi: butyl, isobutyl, amyl, kunye nabanye. Ukongeza, ezi izinto ifomu leyo, nkqu izixa ngcaciso imfutshane kuchaphazela ubumnandi, ukunika incasa elithile ibhiya, iwayini kunye nezinye iimveliso.