Ujikelezo lobomi lwe-tapeworm. Isakhiwo senkomo yenkomo

Izidumbu ziyingxaki ebalulekileyo yezempilo emazweni amaninzi. Iibhokhwe zeTape zichaphazela abantu emhlabeni jikelele. Eyona ndawo ixhaphakileyo yilezi zifuyo neengulube zengulube. Njengabantu abadala, le mibungu ihlala emathunjini kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ayenzi okubi kakhulu. Kodwa ukuba abantu banentsholongwane ngama-cyst (isigaba esingabafundi), i-cysticercosis ingahlakulela-isifo esingakhokelela kumonakalo wengqondo.

Yintoni i-parasite?

I-parasite yimizimba ehlala ngaphakathi kwendalo kunye neendleko zayo. Iintsholongwane zincinci kunazo zonke izigulana ezithathelwanayo, ziphakathi kwama-nanometer ayi-100 (100 billionths of meter) ubude. Zinezityalo ezincinci kunye neeprotheyini zazo ukuze zivelise inzala, zifuna ukuhlaselwa kwesinye isakhiwo sesisele. Iibhaktheriya ziyahluka ngokubanzi ngobukhulu kunye nomlo, kodwa zithatha ubuncinane amaxesha angaphezu kwezi-10 kuneentsholongwane. Zizinto eziphilayo ezifakwe kwi-single-celled ezizikhulayo. Ama-multicellular parasites anokuba mkhulu kakhulu kangangokuthi angabonwa ngeso iso. Iibhokhwe zeTape, umzekelo, zingafikelela kwiimitha ezili-6 okanye ngaphezulu ubude. Ukutya kunye namanzi yimithombo eqhelekileyo yokudluliselwa kwee-parasites. Ekubeni abaninzi bethu besidla ukutya ezintathu ngosuku kwaye basele amanzi emini, impembelelo yale mithombo ihlala iqhubeka. Izilwanyana, njengabantu, zinokusuleleka ngama-parasites. Kwaye zizona ziphambili zithwala iipasasites. Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba ziyizinja ezili-110 zezilwanyana zasemakhaya kunye neekati ezweni lethu, ngaphezu kwesigamu sinokusulelwa ngentsholongwane ubuncinane okanye enye iindidi zeepasites. Ukunikezelwa kwezi nkcukacha, ukuhanjiswa kwezifo ezithintekayo kwizilwanyana kubantu kuya phezulu. Ama-parasites ahlukaniswa ngesakhiwo, ifomu, umsebenzi kunye nokukwazi ukuzala. Ezi ziquka izilwanyana ezincinci, iiforms, i- pinworms neepomm (neematodes), i-tapeworms (i-cestodes) kunye ne-flukes (trematodes).

Imbali yokufumanisa

I-tapeworm ye-Bovine ibonwa njengenye yeepasasiti zokuqala zabantu. Ukwenza i-tapeworms kwaqala ukuba kubhalwe ekupheleni kwe-1700s. Nangona kunjalo, umjikelo wokuphila wenkomo yenkomo wahlolisiswa ngokubanzi ngo-1863, xa iinkomo zichongwe ngokuthe ngqo njengomnini othe ngqo.

I-Morphology ne-bovine tapeworm: ifoto

I-parasite inesimo esinexesha elide, elifakekileyo, elifana ne-ribbon e-white. Ububanzi bayo buyi-6 ukuya kwi-7 imithamitha. Isibungu esidala, njengomyalo, sinamaqela angama-1000, abizwa ngokuba yi-proglettids. Ngokwahlukileyo kwi-scolex kunye nama-suckers angama-4, iinjongo ezingenakubungozi kweso leenkomo. I-proglottidi nganye iqulethe iimbumba zesibini kunye namabhinqa, apho amaqanda aveliswa ngama-embryos, ngalinye elinobukhulu obuyi-31-43 micrometer. Ixesha lokuxubusha lithatha iiveki ezi-5 ukuya kwezi-12.

Imiqathango yokufezekiswa ngempumelelo komjikelezo wobomi

Umjikelo wobomi wesitya seenkomo kubandakanya omnye okanye ezininzi izixhobo eziphakathi. Iimpawu ezihlukeneyo zesimo sengqondo kunye nomzimba wezilwanyana ezindala zibonakalisa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, amandla abo okukhusela ekuphumeni emathunzini asezilwanyana, kwaye ngolunye uhlangothi, ukukwazi ukuvelisa inzala. Umjikelezo wobomi wezinkumbi zixakeke kwaye unemiqathango ebalulekileyo yokugqiba:

1. Iiprolottids ezizaliswe ngamaqanda zingena kwimimandla.

2. Ezi ziqendu "ezikhulelweyo" zingena emzimbeni weenkomo zidla izityalo ezithelelekileyo, ngoko zingena kumgca wokutya we-intermediate host. Ii-enzyme kunye ne-acids, eziqulethwe kwijusi yezondlo, ziphule umqobo wokukhusela kwaye zikhulule amaqanda angama-100,000.

3. Amaqanda akhula abe ngamaphuphu, aphuluka kwi-epithelium yamathumbu kwaye ahambe ngequmrhu leenkomo. Emva koko izibungu zifaka izicubu ze-muscular, i-oncosphere yazo igcwele i-liquid, i-cysts.

4. Ukugqiba umjikelo wobomi obunzima wenkomo yenkomo (umzobo uchaza ngokucacileyo oku), ungcoliswe, inyama yenyama yenyama engadliwayo kufuneka idliwe ngumntu (umphathi wokugqibela) ukuba angene kwinkqubo yakhe yokutya. Ii-enzyme zokugaya zidibanisa i-membrane, izibungu zikhutshwa, kwaye i-scolex ephikisayo iyakwazi ukuphuma kwi-capsule. Emva koko luqhotyoshelwe kwindonga yamathumbu. Emva koko i-parasite iqala ukukhula kwaye emva kweenyanga ezintathu ingafikelela kwiimitha ezi-5 ubude. Kule ndawo ekukhuleni, sele sele akwazi ukukhulula i-proglottids ukuqhubeka nomjikelezo wobomi we-bovine tapeworm.

Isicwangciso seNkqubo yoBomi

Ubungakanani be-parasite kumgangatho omdala ngokuqhelekileyo lukhulu kwaye luqala ukusuka kwi-4.5 kuya kweeyure ezili-9. I-worm bovine tapeworm ihlala emathunjini amancinci. Umntu osulelekileyo usoloko unomntu omnye okanye ababini. Ukufakela eludongeni lwamathumbu emathunjini, i-tapeworms isebenzise intloko yabo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-scolex. Zinezigaba zomzimba ezi-1,000 ukuya ku-2,000, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-proglottids, nganye iqukethe amaqanda ama-80 000 ukuya kuma-100,000 angaphila iinyanga okanye iminyaka kwimimandla. Xa iinkabi zidla izibungu ezihlambulukileyo, amaqanda angena kwiindonga zawo zamathumbu afuna izimbobo ezikhethiweyo ezihlanjeni kwaye ahlale apho ngendlela ye-cyst egcwele amanzi ekhuselekileyo. Ukuba abantu badla inyama yenkomo ebomvu okanye i-half-baked cooked, i-cysts ikhula kuma-tapeworms amakhulu phakathi kweenyanga ezimbini. I-tapeworm yomntu omdala ungaphila ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-30.

Ukwahlula

Iimpompe zeTape, kubandakanywa ne-tapeworm ye-bovine (bona isithomo ekuhlaziyweni), yiyo yeklasi yeekestodes. Eli liqela lama- flatworms, aquka ama-5000. Iimbumba zeTape zifunyanwa kwihlabathi lonke kwaye zinomlinganiselo wobukhulu obuvela kwi-1 mm ukuya ngaphezu kwe-15 m. Ziyi-parasites zangaphakathi zeentlobo zezilwanyana ezingafaniyo kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana eziphilayo, kuquka abantu, izilwanyana zasekhaya. Ezinye izibungu zikhona ngokwahlukileyo, ezinye zifuna enye okanye izilwanyana ezingaphezulu phakathi kwexesha lokuphila kwabo. Isakhiwo seenkomo zenkomo, njengamanye ama-tapeworms, sithatha i-symmetry symmetry (i.e., iinqunto ezilungileyo kunye nekhohlo zifana). Ezinye ziquka enye inxalenye ende, ezinye zineentloko ezivelele, zilandelwa liluhlu lwamacandelo afanayo, abizwa ngokuba yi-proglettids.

Umzimba woqhagamshelwano

Umzimba wesikhewu se-bovine umelelwe ngoluhlobo lwetape, lucwecwe lubabini ukusuka phezulu phezulu kunye kunye (ngokulinganayo). Ubonakaliswa kubukho bamagqabi amathathu e- embryonic (i-ectoderm, i-mesoderm kunye ne-endoderm), iinkqubo zokuphefumula kunye neendlela zokujikeleza azivelwanga. Umzimba uhlanganiswe ngekhampani eqinile kunye neyoguquguqukayo, akukho zixhobo ze-cardiovascular and respiratory systems, kodwa kukho inkqubo ye-nervous system. Nangona iipeweworms ezinkulu ziqukethe phantse zonke izakhiwo zokuzala kunye ne "intloko" encinci yokunamathisela. Abantu abadala bahlala benesakhiwo esifanayo somzimba. Olu hlobo luqukethe i-scolex, i-cervix kunye nenani elikhulu leendwendwe, ngamanye amaxesha abizwa ngokuba ngamaqela. Intamo yekhenkethi yindawo echazwe ngokucacileyo, emfutshane, emicinci kunye engenamqolo emva kwesikolo. Iqukethe ubuninzi beetyeli ezinokungafihli. Le yimihlaba yokukhula kunye nokwandiswa kwendawo yohlulo, kuba ilapha apha ukuba i-proglottids ezintsha zenziwe. Isakhiwo seenkomo zesibhakabhaka siquka iincindi zeentambo kunye neziphetho zentshukumo ezidlulayo eziqhubekayo ubude bomzimba. Ukudliwa kwangaphambili kwidla elincinci lokutya ngamathumbu ngumthombo oyintloko wesondlo. Ummandla jikelele wendawo ye-parasite inyuke kakhulu ngenxa yobukho be-microvilli.

Ukuzaliswa

Njengawo nawuphi na, umjikelezo wobomi lwenkcenkomo yenkomo unomsebenzi wayo oyintloko wokuqhubeka nohlobo lwayo. Iimbumba zeTape zi-hermaphrodites, kuba ziqulethe izitho zesini zesini kunye namabhinqa ngomzimba omnye, kwaye ukukhula komntu kuza kuqala, ngoko ke inxalenye yangaphambili yeendwendwe ezivuthiweyo ziqukethe kuphela izitho zesini zesini. Ngaloo ndlela, yileyunithi yokuzalisa epheleleyo evelisa amaqanda okanye ngokuzichumisa okanye ukucoca izityalo kunye nezinye izityalo ezikhulileyo. Emva koko, i-detachment evela kuwo wonke umzimba uyavela. Lo mzekelo usebenza ekunciphiseni ubude bepasite. I-embryo ekhulayo iphuma kunye nesitulo somphathi.

Izimpawu, iimpawu kunye nokuxilongwa kosulelo

Usulelo lweenkomo lweenkomo luhambelana kuphela neempawu ezinobunzima, kuquka uhudo, ukuqhaqhaqhaqha, ukuguquka, ubuhlungu besisu kunye nokulahleka kwesisindo. Oogqirha baxilonga njani baze baphathe unyango? Amaqanda kunye neeproductids zingabonwa kwiisampuli zamanqatha ngexesha loviwo lwe-microscopic. Ukuchonga ngokuchanekileyo ukuba i-tapeworm ibhova okanye i-porcine, kuyimfuneko ukususa nokufunda i-scolexes yabo. Oku kunqabile ukuba kwenziwe, kuba oogqirha badla amayeza afanayo kwiintlobo zentsholongwane. I-Larvae ye-helminths kwi-cysts yezicubu iishubhu zinokufunyanwa ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-radiography, kwakunye ne-tomography ye-computing (i-cysts yengqondo). Ulawulo lwenziwa kwakhona kwiinyanga ezintathu ne-6 emva kokuba unyango luqinisekise ukuba usulelo luye lwaphela.

I-tapeworm ye-Bovine ibangela i-shadowiarinosis

I-tapeworm ye-bovine yeqela le-tapeworms yinkampu enkulu enokubangela usulelo olubizwa nge-shadowarhynchosis. Wayegama lakhe ngokuba usebenzisa iinkomo njengezixhobo eziphakathi. Abantu baphela bezithuthi zokugqibela. Esi sifo sisoloko singenasiphelo. Kwinqanaba elibi, ngamanye amaxesha kunokubangela ukuvuvukala kwesihlomelo kunye ne-bile ducts. Usulelo luyakwazi ukuphazamisa isistim somzimba. Impembelelo enzulu kakhulu yemiphumo yentsholongwane inokuthi ibe nempilo yabantwana abancinci. I-Teniarinhoz ifumaneka kuyo yonke indawo kwaye iqhelekile e-Afrika, eMpuma Yurophu, eLatin America nakwiiPhilippines.

Unyango

Unyango ngokuqhelekileyo lwenziwa ngamachiza akhethekileyo. Oku kukuthi, njengommiselo, "Fenasal", "Prazikvantel", "Nichlosamide." Ukwelashwa kwe-Endoscopic kukungeniswa kweziyobisi ngqo emathunjini amancinci. Oku kubangela ukuba i-parasite iphume ngokuqhelekileyo ngokwemvelo.

Thintelo

Iimpompe zeTape zingabangela izifo zamathumbu kunye nezinye izifo ezinzima. Ukutyhulwa kwe-bulbar kunokuthintelwa ngokulungiselela ngokucophelela inyama, oku kusebenza njengesiqinisekiso sokuthi nayiphi i-cysts ye-chain ichithwa. Ngenye indlela, unganqanda inyama kwaye uyibambe kwindawo yokushisa engezansi -5 ° C ngeentsuku eziliqela. Ukuthintela ukusulelwa kwintsholongwane yenkomo kwakhona kukutya kule mimandla apho izityalo zingenakonakaliswa ngamathambo abantu. Indlela ethembekileyo yokuthintela ukusabalalisa okuqhubekayo kukufumanisa inkomo enesifo. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukulandela imithetho yokucoceka nokugcina ucoceko, okubandakanya ukuhlamba izandla, ngakumbi emva kokuya kwindlu yangasese. Ucoceko olwaneleyo luyisitshixo ekupheliseni intsholongwane emhlabeni wonke.