Architecture nobugcisa Russia yamandulo. Imizobo zonqulo Russia yamandulo

Kuphuhliso lwezobuGcisa kunye nesimbo yokwakha yetempile Russia imvelaphi yayo neenkungu kwexesha. Ngowe-988 Kievan Rus 'kunye nokwamkelwa ubuKristu nam ilifa elikhulu lenkcubeko baseByzantium Empire, okuhlanganisa i iimpawu lobungangamsha esimenyezelayo basempumalanga kunye lula West obungqongqo. Ngexesha Yindibanisela style multi-art kunye nobugcisa original uMenzi izakhiwo ezithile kunye nobugcisa Russia yamandulo.

imvelaphi yembali ngesimbo yoqobo izakhiwo kunye nobugcisa Russia yamandulo

Arts of Russia yamandulo njenge lesikhumbuzo kwinkcubeko langaphambi kobuKristu ayaziwa iinzululwazi zale mihla, kwaye ukukrola eli thuba imelwe eqingqiweyo kuphela ezimbalwa oqingqiweyo ka izithixo. Le meko efanayo kunye ezikhumbuzo bobugcisa yaphambi-Christian Russia, mhlawumbi, ngenxa yokuba zazenziwe ngomthi kwaye awufunyaniswanga zigcinwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.

Painting eRashiya waqalisa ukuba uphuhliso yayo ngokukhawuleza ngenkulungwane ye-10, xa, emva kokuba ukuqaliswa ukusetyenziswa kwi kummandla Russia oonobumba Slavic uCyril Methodius wenza kwenzeka utshintshiselwano namava phakathi iingcibi Russian kunye aseByzantium mema emva kweminyaka 988 kwisixeko Russian ePrince Vladimir.

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala ye-11, imeko amanqwanqwa zopolitiko nezentlalo kurhulumente Old Russian iye yaphuhliswa ngendlela yokuba zonqulo icandelo output yobuhedeni ekuqaleni ngenkani ababusi kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi yoluntu. Ngoko ke, lo izakhiwo kunye nobugcisa Russia yamandulo baqalisa uphuhliso yayo ngenxa yokuba ujoyine le ngoLwesithathu lemveli baseByzantium.

Zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze uphuhliso kwiimpawu zobugcisa izakhiwo

Architecture kunye nobugcisa Russia yamandulo njengohlobo lomculo holistic beza phantsi kwempembelelo ngqo zakhiwo yaseByzantium, nto leyo ifomu kuhlelwe izakhiwo yamandulo zetempile, ngokuthe ngcembe bakha uhlobo eyaziwa kakuhle ngenkulungwane 10 icawa cross-angqukuva, yahluke gqitha ukusuka Kuze lamaKristu okuqala. Ukudlulisa Dome omise emancamini nzima kwisiseko quadrangular wetempile, esebenzisa zakutshanje kuphuhliswa yi "ngomkhombe" lwesakhiwo kwenkqubo inkxaso nokuququzelela uxinzelelo yayo phezu kweendonga, abakhi aseByzantium ziye zafumana ukwanda iphezulu isithuba lwangaphakathi etempileni waza wadala uhlobo olutsha izakhiwo ibandla lamaKristu.

Ezi iimpawu zoyilo ngentla ezichazwe zinxulumene ezindlwini, isiseko nto leyo ebizwa ngokuba "umnqamlezo yesiGrike", nto leyo izikwere ezintlanu amalungiselelo equidistant enye kwenye.

Kamva - kwinkulungwane ye-19 - eRashiya wabumba babizwa ngokuba "pseudo-Byzantine" isimbo izakhiwo zetempile, apho iifom amajukujuku ukuhlamba akhiwe kwi igubu asezantsi, belted Iiveranda window kunye ngaphakathi itempile ukho kwindawo eqhelekileyo, hayi ezahlulwe iintsika kunye ezimnyama emnqamlezweni.

Zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze uphuhliso kwiimpawu zobugcisa womzobo

Arts of Russia yamandulo njenge uhlobo olwahlukileyo yomhombiso yokuluka iitempile ethathe imilo emva koko ntsimi emva kobhaptizo ka Rus wazisa amava lenkundla iinkosi zabo Byzantine abamenyiweyo. Ngoko ke, imizobo eliqela esekelwe zeecawa lamaKristu okuqala pre-Mongol ixesha yinto enzima unemvelaphi Russian kunye baseByzantium.

Ngethiyori, ii icon enemifanekiso emihle, imizobo weRashiya yamandulo Ingqiqo Cathedral le Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, umsebenzi apho zipeyintwe yi iinkosi baseByzantium. Itempile akafihlakalanga zigcinwe, kodwa yomhombiso elingaphakathi eyaziwayo inkcazelo esele ziphunyeziwe ngenkulungwane ye-17. ngabapeyinti Umenyiwe wahlala woonongendi kunye wabeka isiseko ukufunda ubugcisa bakhe. Zihlaba Alypius kunye uGregory baba artists yokuqala Russian abemkileyo kwesi sikolo yokudweba icon.

Ngenxa yoko, art, imifanekiso, imizobo weRashiya yamandulo liqhuba ekuqhubekekeni sethiyori methodological kulwazi yamandulo yeenkosi yaseMpuma.

Okukodwa yezakhiwo nokwakhiwa iintlobo zezakhiwo zokuhlala kunye neetempile of Russia Ancient

Culture of Rus Ancient, ukupeyinta, iconography nokwakha nto leyo lomculo olunye, kancinane bachatshazelwa yi sokuyilwa kwezakhiwo zikarhulumente zokuhlala, apho kuqhubeka ukwenza naziphi na izakhiwo Terem nesiqhelo iinqaba. imigangatho yezakhiwo Byzantine bangabi kucingelwa naluphi na ukhuselo bobuqili izakhiwo, okanye ngamnye kubo ngokwahlukeneyo ukusuka ukuhlaselwa lutshaba. Art of Rus Ancient, ubugcisa kunye izakhiwo, nto leyo kuboniswa umzekelo Pskov kunye yaseTver izakhiwo eMonastri, swi ukhuseleko lwabo lwesakhiwo, ukuququzelela lwesakhiwo yesakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo maksimalnnym ukuqina enizinyamezelayo.

Lenkundla yokudweba Old Russian

Culture of Rus Ancient, ogama zobugcisa sele iqhubele phambili phantsi kwempembelelo ngokubanzi zobugcisa baseByzantium, iye zimilile ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-15, akuba sathatha zonke iimpawu zakhe kakhulu ecacileyo kunye ezithile ihlanganiswe kunye iindlela zobugcisa Russian Old yokuqala. Nangona ezinye iintlobo zobugcisa, ezifana ubugcisa oyimfakamfele kunye imikrolo ayesaziwa Endala baziinkosi, le isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwaye ziphuhliswe esifubeni zobugcisa zonqulo bona nje emva kokufika ubuKristu eRashiya.

Orthodox inkcubeko Russia yamandulo, ekupeyinteni nto imelwe nje kuphela imizobo itempile kunye iconography, kodwa ngomsonto yobuso kunye zokuthunga, ezibonisa zokholo ezisetyenziswa kubomi bemihla ngemihla babantu zehlabathi ushiye uphawu yayo nohombisoa ngaphakathi izakhiwo kunye umhombiso ngaphambili.

Ezahlukahlukeneyo imibala kunye nokwakheka

Godlo kunye neendibano zocweyo icon-ukupeyinta of Russia yamandulo indawo ingqalelo kwempumelelo yenzululwazi kunye amalinge e chemistry, njengoko kunika izithako ezininzi esivelisiweyo ngepeyinti.

Le ukupeyinta elincinane icons yesikhumba kunye inkosi advantageously wasebenzisa inki efanayo. Baba cinnabar, lesafire, imbola, ilothe emhlophe, kunye nabanye. Ngoko ke, qiniseka ukuba yalo lwezakhono zeprakhtikhali wahlala ukupeyinta Russia yamandulo: yamandulo vutshila Byzantium ayikwazanga ngokupheleleyo indawo iindlela zasekuhlaleni ukuvelisa umbala.

Noko ke, ubuchule ngamnye ethile yokudweba baba kwaye ubuchule bakhe ozithandayo kunye neendlela - ukuvelisa indlela ipeyinti ngokwayo neendlela isicelo kwayo ngaphezulu.

Ngokutsho novogorodskomu script icon-ukupeyinta kwenkulungwane ye-16, olufuna kakhulu yile iinkosi kusetyenziswa cinnabar, Lazor, emhlophe, prazelen. Xa script okokuqala kwabonakala amagama aba imibala - emthubi, ebomvu, emnyama, eluhlaza.

White ngumbala kakhulu ethandwa, kaninzi esetyenziswa lwendibanisela yamaqabane kombala, yasetyenziselwa isicelo izikhewu 'razbelivaniya "eminye imibala. White kwaveza Kashin, Vologda, Yaroslavl. Indlela wokwenziwa yayiquka igcwala lamaphetshana ukhokelo ngokuphambili acetic acid ngokuhlamba caramel amhlophe ngenxa.

Icandelo ezingundoqo "ileta yobuqu 'ukuba iconography le mini imbola.

Arts of Russia yamandulo, kwakunye standard yayo aseByzantium iquka ukusetyenziswa ezahlukeneyo imibala kwiplanga elimcambalala le zokufunda ukubhala umfanekiso engcwele.

Enye imibala ezisisiseko ezisetyenziswayo kakhulu yaba cinnabar - mercury emanzini nesalfure. Cinnabar yayiveliswa kwi malivakale Europe Russian Nikitinsky endle. Ukuveliswa inki yenzekile ngexesha cinnabar trituration ngamanzi, kulandele ezinyibilikayo ngendlela ekrwada pyrite ezihamba kunye pyrite. Cinnabar babekwazi indawo minium enganeno ezifunyenwe yi calcination oxide phambili.

Lazor mhlophe, ezenzelwe izikhewu zokubhala nokuvelisa abanalo eminye imibala. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, mthombo uphambili lesafire baba Afghanistan idiphozithi. Noko ke, ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-16, inani elikhulu iindlela ukuvelisa ngombala oluhlaza lesafire.

Ukongeza kwezi idayi ezisisiseko, ziye zasetyenziswa bakan iconography Russian, omnyama ebomvu, prazelen, eluhlaza, verdigris, ikhaphetshu Krutik ( "Sinilo") abotshwe, sankir (tone sinombala) gaff, Reft, umdlalo. lwesigama ngomzobi wamandulo zonke imibala yamagama ezahlukeneyo.

Art style of icon yamandulo Russian

Umbutho ngamnye imimandla engundoqo karhulumente livela njengedibanisa ethile imilinganiselo zobugcisa nobugcisa, leyo ulahlekelwe ngakumbi uxhulumaniso ethile kunye reference isampula. Loo ntsimi ekwanti kunye self-ekuphuhlisweni mpawu zesizwe nenkcubeko na ubugcisa Russia yamandulo. ukupeyinta yaMandulo kunayo nayiphi na enye indawo art kuxhomekeke kutshintsho yobugcisa kunye neetekisi ezibonwayo, ngoko kufuneka athi malunga neempawu zayo ngokusondeleyo enxulumene ngezakhiwo kunye nokubhala iindlela.

Mongol lihlaselwe balalisa le iconography ngomfanekiso kunye amangcwaba Russia yamandulo, phantsi nokumisa inkqubo yokubhala imisebenzi emitsha. Noko ke, umfanekiso othile zangaphambili kunokwenzeka ukubuyisela amaxwebhu alondolozwe kwaye iziza efa zakudala.

Kwezi, kwakusazeka ukuba eli xesha pre-Mongol ilungelo ukupeyinta omkhulu ka-Russia yamandulo kwaba nefuthe elibaluleke kakhulu iconography bakho ubuchule - okuza kuphela ngokukhawuleza ngayo zokwakha ezihlolwayo kunye nombala ongemhle esithintelweyo - kodwa ngenkulungwane ye-13, umbala uqala ukunika indlela eya imibala eqaqambileyo eshushu. Ngoko ke, le ndlela icons Byzantine ukuya ngenkulungwane ye-13 yaye inkqubo nokwenziwa of refraction kunye ubuchule endala Russian yesizwe ezobugcisa amathayara kunye nokukhanya imibala, isakhiwo yesingqi ezihlolwayo kunye kokusebenziseka amabinzana umbala.

Kweli xesha, umsebenzi inkosi edumileyo, donosshie kubugcisa owayephila ngexesha Russia Ancient - ngokufutshane kolu ludwe kumelwa Moscow Metropolitan uPetros, uBhishophu Theodore of Rostov, St. Andrei Rublev kunye Daniil Black.

Iimpawu ngomfanekiso Old Russian

ukupeyinta yomzobo eRashiya yayingekabikho phambi kokufika UbuKristu belibolekiwe ngokupheleleyo ukusuka kwinkcubeko yaseByzantium kwinkqubo nokwenziwa kunye nophuhliso lwezixhobo eziliqela yaseByzantium uguqula kancinane ezikhoyo nezixhobo.

Okokuqala, masithi ukuba inkcubeko Russia yamandulo, ekupeyinteni ebezikho ngaphambili ngohlobo amibala-bala, ukutshintsha ukusetyenziswa udaka izinto zokuzilungiselela, ukusebenzisa umhlaba podmozaichnoe lekalika phantsi umzobo oseludongeni, kwaye ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-14 kwakukho utshintsho ukusuka ubuchule yamandulo Byzantine zokubhala kunye nokuveliswa kwezixhobo - ezintsha primordially namatheko Russian eqatywe.

Phakathi iinkqubo yokuvelisa iziseko zatshintsha ngokupheleleyo kunye neepeyinti zingahlukaniswa imbonakalo udaka elisekwe kuphela ngokusekelwe lwelimestone ecocekileyo, kuqala exutywe ukuya yobugorha zwi isanti kunye naziiperile neetshiphusi. Kwimeko Russian ukupeyinta ngomfanekiso udaka base - gesso - oko senziwe bafukanywe ikalika ende admixture ngeoli yemifuno neglu.

Old oyimfakamfele Russian kufanekisela

Emva kweminyaka 988, kunye nokufika izithethe vizantiyskiyh kwimizobo weRashiya yamandulo, ubuciko yamandulo isagquba kummandla kwingingqi yehlelo isiko, ingakumbi yokuthunga lobuqu.

A lot of ukuba wonyuselwa zocweyo Tsaritsyno asebenza phantsi kwephiko duchesses grand Sofi Paleologa Solomon Aloetic, uKumkanikazi Anastasia Romanova kunye Irina Godunov.

yokuthunga yangaphandle njengoko buciko zonqulo Russia yamandulo has a lot of edityanisiweyo eziqhelekileyo kunye neempawu graphic kunye icon. Noko ke, nezimfakamfele ebusweni - ngumsebenzi ngokuhlangeneyo, kunye kunikezelo ocacileyo iindima kwabayili. kubonisiwe phezu ngelaphu ebusweni, imibhalo namaqhekeza zokukhululana, enyangeni icon ngumzobi - izityalo. Le yangasemva oyimfakamfele umbala cala; ubuso nezandla - isilika imisonto neethowuni ulusu, kuquka amaqhina zabekwa imigca ecaleni iikhonto kobuso; Clothing kunye izinto ezikufutshane okanye oyimfakamfele imisonto igolide nesilivere, okanye isilika multi-elimbala.

Kuba ngamandla ngakumbi underlay laphu uyiluke ngelaphu okanye ilaphu, leyo nto zibambene nayo ngaphantsi ingaphakathi wesibini kwizihlunu ezithambileyo.

Ingakumbi belukhuni oyimfakamfele kumacala amabini kwiibhena kunye nezibhengezo. Kulo mzekelo, isilika, kunye nomsonto igolide lihlaba nge.

oyimfakamfele womluki Front ifake isicelo ebanzi - pelona enkulu kunye nomoya itempile, izindlu ibekwe phantsi kwe icon, isibingelelo, wayifulela, isicelo kwi amalaphu anomyalezo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, amalaphu aqhelekileyo kunye nemifanekiso abangcwele zinxibelelene emasangweni etempileni okanye komkhulu, kwakunye ngaphakathi eholweni ulwamkelo.

ukwahluka sendawo art samandulo

Culture of Rus yaMandulo - ukupeyinta, iconography, izakhiwo - uye variantivnost ethile indawo yawo echaphazela zombini umhombiso iitempile, kunye neempawu zokwakha kunye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo.

Umzekelo, ubugcisa Russia yamandulo, nto leyo iquka ukusetyenziswa ezobugcisa ngaphakathi yomhombiso webandla okanye amibala-bala, okanye esekelwe, ngokugqibeleleyo ziyabonakalaliswa umzekelo Cathedral iSt uSophia. Apha kukho indibaniselwano simahla kunye mosaic kunye oseludongeni imizobo, waveza ezimbini inwebu primer phantsi etempileni yoviwo. I-Church of the Kumbi le lali ezinkulu Vyazemy zonke isiseko udaka eyenziwe kwekalika ecocekileyo ngaphandle fillers. Kwaye Spassky Cathedral Spaso-Andronievskogo woonongendi njenge gesso ibhulorho udaka kutyhilwa albumin igazi.

Ngaloo ndlela, sinokugqiba ukuba sikhethekileyo nezinto ezahlukileyo art samandulo axhomekeke kuqhelaniswa ngamnye ezithandwa sayo sobummandla kunye nezakhono amagcisa Russian ukuhambisa umbala kunye nohlobo ingcamango ngokuvumelana nemithetho yayo kazwelonke.