UDaniel Dennett: iingcaphuno, i-biography ngokufutshane

Inkalo ebalulekileyo yenzalo yenzululwazi ihlala kwisifundo kwifilosofi kwaye ngexesha elifanayo isayensi yembono yolwazi lomntu, iza kunye nezinye iingqiqo ezisisiseko. Kodwa ziziphi izinto kunye nempembelelo eyenza ingcamango yefilosofi ingakwazi ukufundwa kwi-biography yakhe, ingakumbi ixesha lokuphila komfundi.

Ukuvakasha kwimbali

Umhla wokuqala ukuqonda ubomi bakhe bemihla ngemihla nangenxa yendalo, kuba uDaniel Dennett, u-biography uchaza ngokucacileyo ubomi obuqhelekileyo kwi-filosofi-nzu lulwazi, wazalelwa eBoston kwiintsapho eziqhelekileyo zaseMerika zababhali-mbali. Ufumene imfundo yakhe ephakamileyo eHarvard. Uphuhliso oluqhubekayo lwengcinga yenzululwazi lwabanjelwa kwiYunivesithi yaseOxford phantsi kolawulo lukaNjingalwazi Rile. Kwangaphantsi kwempembelelo yakhe kunye nokuxhomekeka kukaDaniel Dennett wabhala waza wavikela isicatshulwa sakhe, waza wapapasha incwadi yokuqala - "Isiqulatho kunye noNonophelo" - ngo-1969. Iimbono zakhe ngokuqinisekileyo zathonywe ngethuba leMerika lobomi, kodwa umhlalutyi waseBrithani wayekufutshane noDennett, ngoko le ncwadi yaba yinguqulelo kula maxesha.

Eyona mpu melelo

Emva kokufumana i-Ph.D., isosayensi iya eMassachusetts, kwiYunivesithi yaseTufts, apho efundisa khona okhethekileyo kulolu suku. Ukongezelela, ufunda iintetho ezizimeleyo kwiiyunivesithi ezahlukeneyo kwihlabathi-ezivela kwiintsapho zakhe eHarvard naseOxford ukuya kwiYunivesithi yaseMoscow. Ngoku inzululwazi uneminyaka engama-74 ubudala, uyayithanda isayensi, umfanekiso. Ngonyaka ka-2012 waba ngumzukeli ohloniphekileyo we- Erasmus Award ngenjongo ebalulekileyo kwiinkcubeko kunye noluntu lwaseYurophu.

Ngoko, uDaniel Dennett, owakhe uqobo wachaphazela ukucinga nokuthetha kwakhe, wabhala imisebenzi eminingi ebomini bakhe. Izona zidumileyo ziyi "Ijoni Lokuqiqa", "Iimpawu Zengqondo", Igumbi le-Elbow, Brainstorms, "Neurology and Philosophy". Abaninzi babo bahlonishwa phakathi kwenzululwazi, kodwa, ngelanga, ezimbalwa kuphela ziguqulelwe kwisiRashiya.

Isiseko sokwahlulela

Isixhobo esona sikhulu sokwenziwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kwisigwebo sakhe uDaniel Dennett wayejonga ingqalelo yoluntu. Usixhasa ukucinga kwakhe ngeengcali zesayensi kwi-psychology kwengqondo, i-cybernetics kunye ne-microbiology. Kanti uhlala ehlonipha osebenza nabo, kodwa akayikulibala ukuba aqhelane nomsebenzi wabo, acacise uluvo lwabo kwaye agxeke ngokukhawuleza. Ngokomzekelo, wabhala incwadi yeDawkins ethi The Selfish Gene. Umsebenzi wakhe ubonisa ukuba usosayensi uhlala ecinga ngokuqonda, ukugqiba ukuba zeziphi izidalwa eziphilayo. UDaniel Dennett ugxeka ukuba "ubukho bokuba nolwazi ngamanye amava kunye neengcamango zabantu" kubhekisela ekukholeni. Ukukwazi ukusebenzisa iilwimi kunye nokucinga nje ngokuba "uphawu lwelifa", inzululwazi izama ukulinganisa imfundiso yeDarwinian. Ingcamango kaDarwin kunye nenkolelo yokuphila esomeleleyo isetyenziswe ngumfilosofi ukubonisa ukuba umntu uyona mhle kulo mkhakha, kuba unako ukwakha iingcamango nokubala iziganeko ezizayo ezizayo. Ngenxa yoko, sinesidima "sengqondo." Lo mbono uthetha ukuba kusengaphambili sichaza intsingiselo yeemvakalelo, izimvo, ezinokubakhokela izenzo zakhe. Ulungelelwano luzama ukufezekisa inzuzo eyona nto, ngoko ke kunokwenzeka ukuba kunokwenzeka, nangona kwezinye iinkalo izinto ezinokuthi zithatyathwe.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, umntu uqukethe ama-microrobots, inendima yakhe idlalwe yiinkqubo zeamolekyuli. Ngezilwanyana, simanyene "nolwazi lwendlela", ngokubonga ukuba yeyiphi iimpawu zendlela yokusebenza eyenziwa kwimeko. Kodwa umntu unenzuzo: umntu unokubuza imibuzo aze acinge ngelo lwazi olumatshini, uqhathanise nabanye. Kwaye unokudlulisela nayiphi na ingcaciso komnye umntu, ngaloo ndlela ugqugquzele ukuqonda kunye nokuphuhlisa isilungiselelo. Konke oku kwenziwa ngoncedo lwamagama aqhelekileyo, awenza entsha inxulumaniso "amaqhina" kwi-cortex ye-cerebral. Ngamanye amaxesha abantu basebenzisa imithombo ebhaliweyo yolwazi ukukhulula ubuchopho kwimemori kunye netetti yeetaki, eziba zizinto eziqhubekayo zokucinga. Ngoko ke, ukucinga okufanelekileyo, akukho mvelaphi ephawulekayo ekusebenziseni imithombo eyahlukeneyo yolwazi.

Iinkalo ezongezelelweyo zokucinga

Kodwa iingxaki zikaDaniel Dennett zibandakanya enye ingcinga: injongo yomntu omnye yenza ukuba kube lula ukuba asebenze omnye umntu. Ngako oko, ukhuphiswano olungakumbi lwe- interspecific luya kubakho ukufihla ulwazi oluxabisekileyo. Kwaye isicwangciso esinobuchule kakhulu sokuziphatha kukunxibelelana kunye nokudibanisa - ukuxelela, ukufihla ezinye iinkcukacha ngenxa yokwenza ubuqili. Ubume bendawo yokugcina ukuchithwa kufuneka kube namandla ngokwaneleyo kwaye kubalulekile kwixesha elizayo. Kule ndlela kulandela ukuba ngumzabalazo wokusinda oba ngowona mkhulu, kwaye injongo yesibini. Ekubeni umdlali / umncintiswano naye unomnqophiso wakhe, kubakho ukhuphiswano kunye nomzabalazo wethu kuxhomekeke kwimbono yengomso womnye umntu okanye indawo esiyincintisana nayo. Ukuze "ubale" iingcamango malunga nekamva lomnye umntu, kufuneka ukuba umntu sele efakwe kwindawo yokuziphatha, oko kukuthi, ukuba umntu ubalwe. Isangqa sezahlulelo sivale, kunye noDaniel Dennet, owaziyo ukuphakamisa le ngqungquthela, akakwazi ukuchasana kwaye achaze ukuba imvelaphi yesimo sokungena sisayina. Ngako oko, ingqungquthela yakhe yokuqala ifuna ukuphucula kunye nemibono emininzi engekhoyo kwiqela likaDarwin kunye nokuqonda.

Ukugxekwa kwenzululwazi

Kule ngcamango, uluvo lwakhe lubonisa uRichard Dawkins, uStephen Pinker, kwaye uchasene nezigwebo zikaSteven Gould noEdward Wilson. Ukuzilungelelanisa ngokukhawuleza kwimisebenzi eyenziwa nguDaniel Dennett, kwabangela ukugxekwa okukhulu phakathi kwabafundi beemathematika. Bambiza ukuba indlela yakhe ilula kakhulu kwaye ayifani nenye indlela yokuziphatha yokudala. Kananjalo naye ngobuqili kwaye wachaza ngokucacileyo iinjongo ezinjenge "qualia" (isiseko sombono womntu ngezinto), kunye nezinye izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokuqonda. Uhlaziyo olubukhali kakhulu lukaDaniel- "Ukuqaphela, ukuchithwa ngcaciso."

Inkcazo yentando yamahhala

Ukukholelwa kuThixo kunye nenkululeko yentando yomntu yiingcamango zokuthi uDaniel Dennett waziqwalasela. Inkululeko yokuthanda kwimigwebo yakhe ayibonakali kwimeko yokujonga, kodwa kwimeko yokujonga umntu. Le ngcamango idibanisa ne-determinism (ubudlelwane-bangela ubudlelwane), becinga ukuba ukuqonda okucacileyo kwimeko engaphantsi kwintando yokuzikhethela. Esi sikhokelo sabizwa ngokuba "ukudibanisa." Nguye ozinikele emsebenzini we-Elbow Room.

Ukuchaneka kokuCinga

Ingcali yenzululwazi mhlawumbi ingacaciseki kubo bonke abadumileyo, umsebenzi wakhe usoloko ubangelwa yimingxabano eninzi kunye neengxoxo. Nangona kunjalo, uyaqiniseka ngezigwebo zakhe kwaye usebenzela ukuphucula. UDaniel Dennett, onokuthandwa ngabantu abangakholelwa kuThixo, uqhuba iincwadana ezincinane, apho uchaza indlela awayejonga ngayo ukholo kunye nenkolo ngokubanzi kunye nemimiselo. Uqhuba uvavanyo lwengqondo phakathi kwabafundisi kwaye ufumana phakathi kwabo abangakholelwa kuThixo abangakwazi ukuzivuma. Ngokwenza njalo, uyayibona umahluko phakathi kukaThixo kunye nesimo esingasemhlabeni, kwaye ubeka nemibuzo ekhokelayo ekuncedeni ukuba unokholo okanye cha. Enye yemisebenzi yakutshanje - Iimpompo ze-Intuition kunye nezinye izixhobo zokucinga-zithetha malunga nendlela yokufunda ukucinga njengososayensi. UDaniel Dennett unika icebiso elinjalo:

• Sebenzisa iimpazamo, ukuzazisa, kwaye ungangeni ekuphelelwe ithemba nokuphelelwa lithemba.
• Ukubuza umbuzo "ngokuqinisekileyo," oko, ngokutsho kwenzululwazi, kubonisa ukungabi nantoni kwenyaniso kunye nomnqweno womlandeli ukuba "athululele" umphulaphuli ngolwazi olungamanga ngokukhawuleza.
• Hlonipha umchasi, ukubonakalisa ubulungisa nokuthobeka kuye, ukuze avume ukugxeka kwakho.
• Makhe siphendule le mibuzo.
• Sebenzisa kwimigqaliselo yomgaqo we- Occam, unqume konke okungeyomfuneko, kwaye ngaloo ndlela ulondoloze iindlela zengqondo zokubonisa ubungqina.
• Ukusebenzisa ixesha ngokufanelekileyo, ngaphandle kokuchitha imali kwiingxabano ezingenanto, ngokukodwa kwizizathu zokucinga.
• Ungayisebenzisi ingqiqo efana ne "pseudoglubin", yenziwa kuphela ngesiseko sokungaqondakali kwesigwebo, kungekhona kwinyaniso kunye nobulungisa.