I-Pluralism kwifilosofi yi ... Philosophical pluralism

Ulwahlulo olukhoyo lweemfundiso zefilosofi zanamhlanje luphinde luguqule ukuba ukwanda kweentlobo zabantu, iintlobo kunye neentlobo zomsebenzi, ezona umdla kwaye zifana neendlela ezifihlakeleyo zefilosofi. Iimbono zefilosofi zithembele ngqo kwizinto azenzayo ebomini behlabathi. I-Pluralism kwifilosofi yenye yeendlela ezichazwe ngenxa yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zentsebenzo yabantu.

Umehluko phakathi kwamafilosofi

Ulwahlulo oludala kunye nolona lukhulu kunabo bafilosofi yizinto eziphathekayo kunye neengcamango. Abaphathiswa bezinto eziphathekayo babheka izinto zabo zokubonwa nge "prism" yendalo. Izinto eziphambili zokubonwa kweengcamango zizona zihlobo eziphezulu zezinto zokomoya, zentlalontle yabantu. Iimbono ziba ziintlobo ezimbini: injongo - isekelwe ekuboneni ubomi benkolo yoluntu; Futhi ukuthobela-isiseko ngumntu wokomoya wobomi. Abaziphathekayo bahamba bevela kwihlabathi baye kwiingcinga zabantu, kunye neengcamango-ukusuka kumntu ukuya kwihlabathi.

Ukuba abantu bezinto eziphathekayo bazama ukuchazela phezulu ukuya ngaphantsi, ngoko iinjongo zihamba zivela ngaphesheya kwaye zichaze ezantsi ngaphantsi.

Ekubeni ubuninzi befilosofi ngumbono wezenzululwazi zehlabathi, apho ukuhlukahluka kwemvelaphi ehambelana nomnye, kubalulekile ukuba ukwazi ukuqonda ezinye iintlobo zeembono zehlabathi zezinye iindidi zamafilosofi. Oku kuyimfuneko ukuze kuqondwe kangcono umahluko phakathi kwabo. Kukho olunye ulwahlulo lweengcali zefilosofi - kwiingcali zengqondo, izisemgangathweni kunye nezobugcisa.

Igama elithi "ingqiqo" liguqulelwa ukusuka kwisiFrentshi njengeRationalisme, eli gama livela kwisiLatini rationalis, esele siphumelele kwisilinganiselo sesiLatini. Ukulinganisela kuthetha ingqondo. Kule ndlela kulandela ukuba ingcamango yokuqulunqa isishumayeli ishumayela imbono yokubaluleka kwesizathu kwimpilo yobomi bomntu. Kwaye ukungahambisani nokungqinelani, ngokuchaseneyo, ukugatya intsingiselo ephakamileyo yezizathu zobomi bomntu.

Iingcamango zomntu zenza umyalelo. Yonke engaziwayo kwaye engaziwayo, ikulungele ukutolika ngokusetyenziswa kolwazi.

Abantu base-Irrationalists bathanda ingcamango ebomini yobomi, bavumi ukuvumela nantoni na, phantsi kweyona nto ingamangalisa. Abantu abanjalo bathanda ama-paradoxes, imilenze kunye neengcamango. Ummandla ongabonakaliyo kunye nokungazi ngabo iinjongo ezibalulekileyo zobomi.

Ukuguquka kwemimoya kukugqwetha, ukungabikho komsebenzi wamava kunye nendlela yokugqibela yokucinga. Le ngqiqo ephakathi, ibhuloho phakathi kokungqinelana nokungalingani.

Pluralism kwifilosofi

Ngelishwa, kwifilosofi, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukwazi ukufumana iimpendulo, kuba le nzu lulwazi idibana neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuchasana. Enye yemibuzo enzima kunokuba ifilosofi kunzima ukuphendula impendulo engabonakaliyo: "Zingaphi iziseko ezinzulu zehlabathi?" Enye okanye ezimbini, mhlawumbi ngaphezulu? Kwinkqubo yokufuna impendulo yalo mbuzo ongunaphakade, iintlobo ezintathu zefilosofi zenziwa: i-monism, ubuqilima, ubuninzi.

I-Pluralism kwifilosofi yifilosofi yokuqonda ubukho kwihlabathi lenani elikhulu lemigaqo kunye nemibandela. Igama elithi "ubuninzi" (ukusuka kwisiLatini pluralis - ubuninzi) lisetyenziselwa ukuchaza iinkalo zobomi bokomoya. I-Pluralism inokufumaneka nakwimpilo yemihla ngemihla. Ngokomzekelo, kwelinye ilizwe, kukho imibono yezopolitiko ezahlukeneyo kunye namaqela. Ubukho bemibono efanayo buye kwavunyelwa ngobuninzi. Yiloo nto "ubuninzi". Inkcazo yobuninzi bobunzima kakhulu, ubukho beengcamango ezininzi, imigaqo kunye neemeko zendalo kumntu kwaye akuyona into engekho eqhelekileyo.

I-Pluralism ebomini yendoda esitalato

Ukuba ubheka emva, ubuninzi bangabonwa ngobomi bemihla ngemihla. Oko kuthetha, uhlala kuyo yonke indawo. Ngokomzekelo, ubuninzi belizwe ekuqondeni kwimeko karhulumente sele besazi kakuhle wonke umntu. Phantse lonke ilizwe linamalungu epalamente apho kukho enye inxaxheba kumaqela amaninzi. Zinemisebenzi eyahlukileyo, kwaye izicwangciso zorhulumente kunye nokuguqulwa kwazo zinokuhlukana kakhulu. Uluhlu olunjalo lwezopolitiko kunye nokhuphiswano lwabo lusemthethweni, kwaye ukungqubuzana kwemibandela, iingxoxo phakathi kwabaxhasi bamaqela ahlukeneyo akuqhelekanga. Inyaniso yokuphila kwemibutho eyahlukeneyo epalamente ibizwa ngokuba yinkqubo yeqela leqela. Oku kubuninzi ekuqondeni kwelizwe.

Ukuxhatshazwa

Ukuxhatshazwa kweyona nto yimbono yefilosofi ebona ehlabathini ukubonakaliswa kwemigaqo emibini ephikisanayo, umzabalazo phakathi kokudala into esiyijonga kuyo, kwaye idala into eyiyo. Lo mgaqo ophikisanayo unemivuzo eminingi: Okuhle neyobubi, i-Yin neYang, ubusuku noSuku, i-Alpha kunye ne-Omega, imigaqo yowesilisa kunye neyesetyhini, iNkosi kunye noMtyholi, uMhlophe noMnyama, uMoya kunye noMbono, UkuKhanya nobumnyama, iMatter and Antimatter, I-Etc. Iingcali ezininzi zefilosofi kunye nezikolo zefilosofi zithatha njengesiseko sehlabathi ngombono wobuninzi. Ngokombono we-Descartes kunye ne-Spinoza, ubuqhetseba buhlala kwindawo ebalulekileyo ebomini. KwaPlato noHegel, kwiMarxism ("Umsebenzi", "iNkunzi"), umntu unokufumanisa ihlabathi elichaseneyo ezimbini. Ngaloo ndlela, imbono yobuninzi behluke ngokuthe ngqo kwi-dualism ngokubhekiselele kwizinto ezahlukileyo.

Pluralism kwi nkcubeko

Ukongezelela kwezopolitiko, ubuninzi bezinto ezinokuchaphazela ezinye iindawo ezininzi zobomi bomntu, umzekelo, inkcubeko. Inkcubeko yamaninzi ivumela ukuba kukho amaziko ahlukeneyo asekuhlaleni kunye nezoqeqesho zomoya. Ngokomzekelo, ubuKristu buhlukaniswe ngamaKatolika, amaOthodoxy kunye namaProtestanti. Ukungahambelani kwecawa kuqinisekisa ubungqina bezinto ezininzi kwiinkcubeko zomntu. I-pluralism ithatha ukuba amaqela ahlukeneyo anelungelo lokuziqonda ngokwabo kunye neemfuno zabo zenkcubeko. Njengomthetho, umntu unokuzibonakalisa ngokukhululekileyo aze avikele ukuxhomekeka kwakhe kwexabiso ngokubhekiselele kwizinto ezibalulekileyo kuye. Ubuninzi bemvelo buqinisekisa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba urhulumente uyaziqonda ukuhlukahluka kweengcamango, kwaye akukho ncamango.

Monism

Isiseko sale mbono yehlabathi yimbono yokuba khona kwesiqalo esisodwa. I-Monism inokuba yizinto eziphathekayo okanye izinto eziphathekayo. Ngomlinganiselo omncinci, ubuninzi befilosofi yingqiqo yefilosofi, ngokuchasene ne-monism, apho kukho ezininzi izitshixo ezizimeleyo, ngokuqinisekileyo aziyi kuncitshiswa ekuqalekeni, umntu unokuthi, ukungafani ngokukodwa, ngokungafaniyo. Kwimoko yokuqala ubona umcimbi kuphela, kwaye kwisekondari yesibili ifakazela ingcamango, ukuvakalelwa, umoya. I-Monism yiyo imfundiso yobumbano-obumbeneyo, obunqumla ngokusuka kwimiqondo enjengokuthi "ifilosofi ininzi."

Philosophy

Ifilosofi esebenzayo iqhuba iinjongo ezilungileyo, ngokucinga nangokwenxibelelwano, ukukhuthaza abantu ukuba benze izenzo kunye nezenzo ezilungileyo kwaye bajike emisebenzini engalunganga, enemibala, engalunganga. Ngamazwi alula, ifilosofi ebonakalayo inakho, ngoncedo lwamandla okucinga, ukuphazamisa iingqondo zabantu ngqo kwinkqubo yokuthetha okulula.

Iimpawu zobuninzi

Kuyathakazelisa ukuba igama elithi "ubuninzi" lwenziwa nguHolf Wolf ngo-1712. Kwimbali yefilosofi, akunakwenzeka rhoqo ukuba kufumaneke ubuninzi bezinto ezininzi, njengokuba, umzekelo, i-monism. I-Pluralism kwinqanaba likarhulumente liqhelekile, njengoko likhankanywe ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ubuninzi bezinto ezibonakalayo bubangela ukuqatshelwa kunye nokuhlanganiswa kumthetho, ngokukodwa kumgaqo-siseko, ukuhlukahluka kweemfundiso zeengcamango, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuba ababizi ubundlobongela, musa ukuvuselela isizwe okanye ukungaboni ngaso. Isakhiwo esichazwe ngokucacileyo ngesimo salo, ngokobukho bayo, siqinisekisa ubungqina benkqubo yobuninzi. Abantu abaninzi banxulumanisa ukusabalala kwehlabathi ngokujonga ukuba abantu, njengemibono yabo, baninzi kakhulu, kwaye bonke babo bahlukeneyo ngenxa yeenkcubeko, ukubaluleka kunye neembali.

I-Dogmatists kunye neengxaki

Ifilosofi zikwahlukana zaba ziimfundiso kunye nabangenayo. Abafilosofi-abanobuchule banokuthi bahlakulele imibono yabo baze bachaze abanye, kungekhona iingcamango zabo. Bazikhusela kwaye baqiqa ngazo, njengommiselo, ngomoya okhuthazayo, oqinisekisiweyo, owenzela ifilosofi. Kodwa izafilosofi-abazithembayo zichasene ngqo neengcali zefilosofi. Ifilosofi yabo ibaluleke kakhulu, iyingozi. Iimbono azisebenzi, kodwa zigxeka abanye. Ifilosofi-i-dogmatists iingcali-ziqulathi-okanye abachazi. Abafilosofi-abavumiyo bayabetha, abahlambululi, abayi kunika enye inkcazelo.

I-Subjectivists, i-objectivists, i-methodologists

Ingqwalasela ngokukhethekileyo iyafanelekela abantu abazithobayo, abaxhomekeke kwimilinganiselo kunye neendlela. Iingcali zefilosofi ze-Objectivist zijolise ngakumbi kwiingxaki nokungapheleli kwehlabathi kunye noluntu. Uluhlu lwaba bafilosofi zibandakanya izinto eziphathekayo, i-onlogists, izafilosofi zendalo. Abafilosofi-i-subjectivists bajolise ngakumbi kwaye bagxininise iingxaki zoluntu, uluntu kunye nomntu ngokukodwa. Ezi zifilosofi zihambelana ngqo neninzi yeengcamango, iingcali zefilosofi zobomi, ababenokuzibandakanya, abaxhomekeke kwi-postmodernists. Abafilosofi-methodologists baqonda iingenelo zendlela yemiphumo yomsebenzi wabantu. Yonke into eyenziwa ngumqambi kwaye iya kushiywa ngumntu, yintsimi yomsebenzi kunye nesiseko seengxoxo zeengcali zefilosofi. Ezi ziquka i-neopositivists, pragmatists, positivists, kunye nabameli befilosofi yeelwimi, ifilosofi yesayensi.

IsiXhosa

Umntu ongobudala obuninzi obona imvelaphi emibini emelekileyo yi-Empedocles. Kwiimfundiso zakhe ihlabathi liphawulwe ngokugqithiseleyo kwaye lenziwe ngamacandelo amane-amanzi, umhlaba, umoya nomlilo. Zihlala ngonaphakade kwaye zitshintshi, kwaye ngenxa yoko, musa ukwenza impembelelo komnye nomnye, kwaye ukuguqulwa akukodwa kumnye nomnye. Le ngqungquthela ichaza ukuba kwihlabathi yonke into eyenzeka ngokuxubusha kwezinto ezine. Ngokwenene, i-philosophical pluralism yinkinga eqhelekileyo yombono, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuthathwa kuphela xa kungenakwenzeka ukuchazela into ngendlela eqhelekileyo.

Pluralism kuluntu

Ngokumangalisayo, kodwa ubuninzi kubalulekile kuluntu, njengomoya emoyeni. Ukuze uluntu lube kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo kunye nomsebenzi ngokuchanekileyo, kubalulekile ukuba ube namaqela amaninzi abantu abaneembono ezahlukeneyo, imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nenkolo. Kubalulekile kukuba akukho nto imfuneko kwaye inokwenzeka ukugxeka ngokukhululekileyo kwabachasayo-njengoko bethetha, kwimpikiswano, inyaniso iyazalwa. Ubukho obunjalo bamaqela ahlukahlukeneyo bunceda ekuphuhliseni inkqubela phambili, ifilosofi, inzululwazi kunye nezinye izikhokelo kwihlabathi.

Kukho elinye iqela elincinci labafilosofi abanzima ukubalathisa kwindlela ethile. Kwakhona kuthiwa ngabafilosofi abangcolileyo okanye aberonomist, abadali beenkqubo zefilosofi ezipheleleyo. Ziyi-omnivorous ngendlela efanelekileyo yegama. Banobubele obunokulinganisela-ukungaboni, kunye neembono kunye nezinto ezithandayo zijoliswe kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo. Phakathi kwazo zonke iinkampani ezixhasayo zifanelwe isihloko sefilosofi - abantu abazama ukufumana ubulumko, ulwazi. Ukwazi ubomi, ukuvakalelwa njengoko kunjalo, kwaye ungaphuthelwa umzuzwana. Akukho ubuninzi okanye i-monism yi-axia yabo. Abafuni ukuphikisa, kodwa ukuqonda yonke into nayo yonke into. Baye kuthiwa yi-philosophical chivalry.

Isiphumo

I-Pluralism kunye nokunyamezelana okuhambelanayo, ngokugqithiseleyo kakhulu kubalandeli behlabathi elibukhali kunye neengcamango zengcamango, kubaluleke kakhulu kubaluleke kakhulu kwihlabathi elilandelelanayo emva kokudityaniswa komdemokhrasi kuluntu kunye nolwaseJamani. Kule meko, intando yesininzi yentando yesininzi ikhula kwaye, kunokuthiwa, ithwala ingcamango yokuqhubela phambili ukwakha zombini kunye noluntu. Oku, ngendlela, impendulo ngokuthe ngqo, kutheni abantu abaninzi beedemon bavalo kakhulu. Ingcinga nje yokuba ubuninzi belizwe, enye ingcamango ephikisana neyabo, inokuthi ikhona, yatshatyalalisa yonke into eyenziwa ngumntu olawulayo.

Ukuze ukwazi ukuqonda ngokubanzi, kucetyiswa ukuba ufunde umsebenzi wezenzululwazi waseYunivesithi yaseTartu, ifilosofi uLeliid Naumovich Stolovich. Incwadi yakhe iyona epheleleyo, ehlukeneyo kwaye echanekileyo, kunezinye iimfundiso ezifanayo kwifilosofi. Le ncwadi ibandakanya amacandelo amathathu:

1. Ifilosofi yobuninzi.
2. Pluralism kwifilosofi.
3. Ifilosofi yesiplani.

Bonke abo banomdla kwizinto ezininzi, ingcaciso inokufumaneka kule ncwadi. Kwakhona kubonisa ngokubanzi iindlela ezinokuthi zenziwe ngobuninzi bokucinga, ukucinga ngendlela ecinga ngayo.