Isafilosofi esingumYuda uMartin Buber: i-biography, ubomi, ubuchule kunye neenkcukacha ezithakazelisayo

UMartin Buber ungumntu omkhulu ongumYuda kunye nefilosofi, kunye nomntu owaziwayo noluntu. Lo mntu ungenangqondo, unzima kakhulu. Abanye abaphandi bacinga ukuba ngu-theorist, umsunguli weZiyonism. Abanye babizwa ngokuba yifilosofi ye-existential yekhulu lokuqala. Ngubani uMartin (uMordekayi) uBuber? Ubomi bakhe kunye nemisebenzi ephambili iya kunikezelwa kwinqaku lethu.

Ifilosofi yayihlala ubomi obude, kodwa ihlwempuzekileyo kwimicimbi yangaphandle. Kodwa, nangona kunjalo, wazinikela ngokubanzi kwimisebenzi yolwazi kunye nophando. Igama likaBuber lidumile emhlabeni. Wayesebenza kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zenkcubeko. Andiyithinti kuphela ifilosofi yobomi babantu, kodwa nemfundo, ubugcisa, inzululwazi, ezopolitiko, inkolo (ngokukodwa kwizifundo zeBhayibhile). Imisebenzi yakhe kwiHasidism yaguqulelwa kwiilwimi ezininzi zehlabathi. Kodwa akukho misebenzi eminingi kangaka yefilosofi inokufikelela kumfundi weRussia. Kuphela "ubugcisa bamaYuda", "Ukuvuselelwa kwamaJuda" kunye namanqaku amaninzi aguqulelwe. Kwiminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe kwaye bahanjiswa kwiimfuno ezizodwa. Imisebenzi kaBuber yaphinda yanyatheliswa kwaye yajikelezwa phakathi kwabemi baseSoviet abaqhubekayo kwi-samizdat.

Biography kaMartin Buber. Ubuntwaneni kunye nentsha

UMoridekayi (uMartin) uBuber wazalelwa eVienna ngoFebruwari 8, 1878, kwintsapho yamaYuda enokwenza kakuhle. Le nkwenkwana yayingeneminyaka emithathu ubudala xa abazali bakhe bahlukana. UBawo wathatha unyana wakhe eLemberg (namhlanje uLviv, eUkraine), eyayiyinxalenye yolawulo lwase-Austro-Hungarian. Kulo dolophu kwakuhlala umkhulu nogogo kaMartin ukusuka kwicala likayise-uSolomon no-Adele. UShlomo Buber (wafa ngo-1906) wayengumgcini-bhanki othe wenyuka. Kodwa wayedume eLviv kungekhona ngolu hlobo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba wayengumcebisi oqaqambileyo kwi-textualism ye-middlerash. Ngoko ke, kwakucatshulwa njengegunya elikhulu kummandla weCssidic waseLviv. Utatomkhulu waza wafaka inkwenkwe yothando kwilwimi lwesiHebhere. Wavulela ngokwenene intliziyo yakhe kwiingcango kwilizwe elimnandi neliyingqondi likaHasidism, intlangano yenkolo eyavela phakathi nenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo kwindawo yamaYuda eMpuma Yurophu. Ugogo wayefunda iincwadana ezisuka eKabbalah ukuya kwinkwenkwe, yaye uyise-mkhulu wayemfundisa isiHebhere, wathanda unqulo lweencwadi kunye nenkolo.

I-Chassidism kunye nefilosofi yencoko yaMartin Buber

KwakuseLviv ukuba izazi zefilosofi ezizayo zafunda ngo "mhlonela" ubuYuda. Umsunguli weHasidism, u-Israyeli uBhali Shem-Tov, wayekholelwa ukuba ukholo lokwenyaniso alukho kwimfundiso yeTalmud, kodwa ekuxhaseni kuThixo ngentliziyo yonke, ukuphunyuka okumangalisayo komphefumlo ohluthwayo ukusuka kwiigobolondo zomzimba ngomthandazo oshushu nokunyanisekileyo. Kulo lonwabo lwezenkolo, intetho yomntu kunye noMdali we-Universe ivela. Ngako oko amaHasidi asuka kwiimimiselo zangaphandle zokuthintela ubuYuda. Abo bahlala bethintana noThixo, tzaddik, banako ukuprofetwa kunye ne-clairvoyance. Aba bantu abanomdla nabo banceda abanye amaHasidim ukuba bafumane usindiso lweendlebe zabo kunye nokuhlanjululwa kwizono zabo. Yonke le nto eyimfihlakalo neyayimfihlelo yathonya kakhulu uMartin Buber. Encwadini yakhe ethi "Indlela Yethu Yokuxhatshazwa," uthi ngokukhawuleza waqonda ingqalelo yonke inkolo yonqulo. Olu lunxibelelwano, intetho kunye noThixo, ubudlelwane phakathi kwam nawe.

LeMfundo. Iminyaka yolutsha

Umkhulu-bhanki wayeqinisekisile ukuba umzukulu wakhe unemfundo ebalulekileyo. Ngeminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo, uMartin Buber wangena kwimfundiso kwiYunivesithi yaseVienna. Emva kokuyigqiba, waqhubeka nemfundo kwizikolo eziphakamileyo zaseZurich naseLeipzig. KwiYunivesithi yaseBerlin, ootitshala bakhe babe ngu-V. Dilthey noG. Simmel. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini le nsizwa yathathwa yiZiyonism. Wayengumthunywa kwintlanganiso yesithathu yale ntshukumo yamaYuda. Ngonyaka ka-1901 wabamba isikhundla somhleli weZionist ngeveki "De Welt". Xa ukwahlukana kwenzeka kwiqela, iBuber, owayehlala ngelo xesha eBerlin, wasungula indlu yakhe yokushicilela ebizwa ngokuthi "uYudisher Ferlag." Yavelisa iincwadi zesiYuda ngesiJamani. Inzala yomfana kwimicimbi yeHasidism ayizange iyancipha. Waguqulela kwisiJamani uluhlu lwamabali nemifanekiso kaRabbi Nachman waseBratslav. Kamva wazinikela kwiHasidism imisebenzi kaGogi noMagogi (1941), Ukukhanya Okufihlakeleyo (1943) kunye nePardes ha-Hasidut. I-Buber inika ingqalelo enkulu kunye nemisebenzi yoluntu.

IZiyonism kunye neNtlalo

Ngomnyaka we-1916 uMartin Buber waba ngumhleli-ntloko yeDer Der Yude ngenyanga. Lo mbhalo waba ngumlomo wokuvuselela ngokomoya amaYuda. Wasekela iKomiti yeSizwe yamaYuda, eyayiqala ekuqaleni kweLizwe Lokuqala elimele iimfuno ze-Yurophu yaseYurophu. Kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ngowe-1920 ifilosofi yakha iindawo zakhe zentlalo. Wayevakalisa ePrague kwintlanganiso yeZionists. Esi sikhundla siseduze eklasini isandi kwizentlalo. Ngokuphathelele umbuzo wesizwe, uBurer wamemezela "uxolo kunye nobuzalwana kunye nabantu baseArabhu", echukumisa ukuba zombini amazwe ukuba ahlale "ezweni elitsha eliqhelekileyo." Isikhundla I - Wena, incoko apho ihlangothi ngalinye liva khona kwaye liqonde "inyaniso" yenye enye, yakha isiseko sefilosofi yomcingeli.

Ihlabathi lesibini kunye neminyaka kamva

Phakathi kweemfazwe ezimbini, uBober wasebenza kwiYunivesithi yaseFrankfurt am Main. Wayephethe isikhundla senjingalwazi kwiSebe leZithethe kunye nefilosofi yobuYuda. Xa iiNational Socialists zifika kumashumi amathathu nantathu, ifilosofi yalahlekelwa ngumsebenzi wayo. Kungekudala waphoqeleka ukuba abaleke eJamani ukuya eSwitzerland. Kodwa kamva wasuka kweli lizwe, elingathathi hlangothi kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini. UMartin Buber, owathetha ngokuthula phakathi kwamaYuda kunye namaPalestina, alas, "yayilizwi elikhala entlango," lafudukela eYerusalem. Esi sixeko esingcwele isazi sefilosofi sasihlala ngo-1938 ukuya ku-1965. Wafa ngoJuni 13 eneminyaka engamashumi asibhozo anesixhenxe. E-Israel, uBurer wasebenza njengoprofesa kwiSebe lezoLuntu kwiYunivesithi yaseYerusalem. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka engamashumi ama-60 wathola isihloko sokuhlonipha umongameli wokuqala we-Academy of Sciences yase-Israel.

Indlela ye-Anthropological kwifilosofi kaMartin Buber

Ngethuba esengumfundi, ifilosofi ethathe inxaxheba kwiingxoxo zolutsha zaseNietzschean. Imfundiso yenkhathi kunye nesihlwele, "abantu" abazange bamkeleke. Ngexesha elifanayo, wayeqonda ukuba iNietzsche yayizama ukubeka ingxaki yobomi bomntu obodwa kwihlabathi apho "uThixo wenqaba abantu ebusweni Bakhe". Nangona kunjalo, kuyimfuneko ukuyicombulula ngokusekelwe kwixabiso lomntu ngamnye, uMartin Buber wakholwa. "Ingxaki yomntu" - ngokuyinhloko ngumsebenzi osisigxina, apho usosayensi ugxeka khona i-postetates ye-Nietzsche. "Ukuthanda kwamandla" akunakwenzeka, ngokombono wakhe, kuba ngumkhanya okhokelayo kubantu abanobuchule kunye neengqondo ezikhululekile. Le ndlela izakukhokelela ekunyuseni okukhulu. Kwiingxoxo zeNietzschean, kunye neempembelelo zikaDilthey noZimer, ootitshala bakhe, iBurer inomxholo wakhe wokuvuthwa kwe-anthropology.

UMartin Buber, "mna kunye nawe": isishwankathelo

Lo msebenzi, ngokuqinisekileyo, unokubizwa ngokuba yinto ephambili kwi-philosophical creative of the thinker. Kuyo, iBuber ibeka izikali ezahlukeneyo zesisondlo "Ndinguye" kunye "Ndinguwe". Kuphela kwimeko yokugqibela yintetho yeengxoxo, ukuthetha ngokubambisana nabanye. Xa umntu ebhekisela kwinto ethile okanye umntu othi "it", kuphela ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezisetyenziswayo. Kodwa ubuntu akuyona indlela, kodwa injongo. Ukujonga komnye njengokuba "Wena" kunika inxaxheba kwincoko yomoya, ixabiso lendalo. UBronisław Malinowski wazisa igama elithi "mana" kwiimfundiso zefilosofi. Leli gama lePolynesia lichaneka ngokucacileyo ukuvakalelwa kokukhanyiswa kwangaphambili kwenkolo, ukuvakalelwa kwamandla angabonakaliyo umntu, isilwanyana, umthi, into, kunye nento ehamba kuyo. Ngokutsho kweBuber, ezi ntlobo ezimbini zobudlelwane zivelisa iingcamango eziphikisanayo zehlabathi. Ewe, kunzima ukuba umntu ahlale ehlala kwimeko "Ndinguwe". Kodwa lowo uhlala ebhekisela kwilizwe langaphandle njenge "It", ulahlekelwa ngumphefumlo walo.

Izifundo zezenkolo

Omnye umsebenzi oyisiseko, obhalwe nguMartin Buber, uthi "Imifanekiso emibili yokholo". Kule ncwadi, ifilosofi ukhunjulwa ukubonakalisa kwakhe umntwana ekungeneni kwihlabathi lezinto ezinqabileyo, ukuxhaphaza ngokwenyama. Uyayichasanisa ne-Talmudic Judaism. Ungakwazi ukwahlula iindlela ezibalulekileyo zokholo. Iyokuqala, iPistis, iyindlela yokuqonda "yesiGrike". Ngaloo ndlela, ukholo lunolwazi oluye lwaqwalaselwa. Inokuthiwa ngolwazi okanye "i-hypothesis" yesayensi. Inkolelo enjalo "ipistis" inxamnye ne "emun". Isekelwe ekuthembeleni, uthando oluvuthayo, inhlonipho ngoThixo njenge "Wena". I-Buber ibonisa ukuba ubuKristu bokuqala bade buhamba njani kwimoya yeBhayibhile ehambelana nentliziyo, imbono yokuqonda ngoBawo waseZulwini, inqobo yecawa kunye neetekethi zayo ezifile.

Mysticism

Kwiiyunivesithi zaseZurich naseVienna, uMartin Buber, ifilosofi yakhe iyancipha ngakumbi ekukholeni, iphulaphule izifundo ze-psychoanalysis. Unomdla wobuntu bomntu kuzo zonke iinkalo. Iingcamango zengqondo, inzululwazi ayiboni njengengqondo yengqondo. Umxholo wenkcazo yakhe yobugqirha yayisifundo esiphambili sefilosofi kaMeister Eckhart noJames Boehme. Ezi zintsomi zeJamani ze-Middle Ages zinefuthe elikhulu kwi-Buber. Njengomfundi waseDilthey, isazi sefilosofi sazama ukujongwa ngamava yonqulo ehlazo lweDominican ye-Eckhart. Ukuze zonke iintendo, ukuguquka nokuzila ukutya, yonke into ebeka i-orthodoxy, ayinanto, ukuba umntu akafuni ukuthetha noThixo. UBöhme uqinisekisa ukuba imimiselo kufuneka ibe ngaphakathi, ibhalwe kwiipilisi zentliziyo, kwaye ungabi ngaphandle ngaphandle kwemfundiso.

"Amasiko aHasidic"

Indlela eyingqayizivele yobuYuda inomdla, apho uMartin Buber wakhatyelwa khona ekupheleni kobomi bakhe. Iincwadi ezibhekiselele kwiHasidism yalo mbhali ziguqulelwe kwiilwimi ezininzi. Kuzo uzama ukubonakalisa ukholo njengentetho kunye noThixo, njengokuba uthembela kuMdali. Isiphumo sasiwumsebenzi "wezithethe ezingaqhelekanga". Umqulu wokuqala waguqulelwa kwisiRashiya kuphela. Kule ncwadi, uBuber wanika uHasidism umfanekiso omtsha-uhlobo oluthile lokubhala. UThixo uzityhilela ngokulandelelana kwamabali athembekile. Ngaloo ndlela, ngokweMartin Buber, kunokwenzeka ukuseka ibhuloho yencoko phakathi komntu kunye ne "sacrum", phakathi "I" kunye "Wena". Le ndlela yagxekwa nguGershom Scholem, umsunguli wophando lwezemfundo malunga nenkohlakalo yobuYuda. Wayekholelwa ukuba i-Buber yayingayinaki ifa lefilosofi likaHasidism.