Ubenabongameli Ukraine ukuze. Umongameli wokuqala Ukraine. umongameli entsha Ukraine ukuba

December 8, 1991 uya kukhunjulwa wonke umhlaba ukuze kwiintlanganiso Bialowieza Ihlathi e Belarus, apho isivumelwano esatyikitywa ngomhla imveliso esingumzekelo seeRiphablikhi ezintathu Slavic USSR kunye nokudalwa Commonwealth of Independent States. Ukususela ngoko waqalisa kukho utshintsho esebenzayo neAfrika, nto leyo ibuhlungu kakhulu ukucingisisa onke amalungu ayo kule mini. Makhe sijonge oko ezo abongameli Ukraine. Xa Ukuze baba ezintlanu, kodwa abanye babo bazama ukuphikisana naloo nto, ukuba kunjalo kufuneka uwuqwalasele lo mbandela.

Mhlawumbi kufuneka kuqale umntu lowo ngqo kwaye utyikitye isivumelwano kwi ukuba kusungulwe evela USSR. Ngomhla inxalenye Ukraine, kwaba Z Kravchuk, kodwa siza kubuyela kulo, kodwa ngoku, ukwenzela ukuba mfushane maxesha kweziganeko, kuyimfuneko ukuqaphela umntu onjalo njengokuba Mihail Grushevsky. Umongameli wokuqala Ukraine inenxaxheba ebaluleke kakhulu kwaye kwafuneka ukuba lukwazi ukumelana neengxaki ezininzi. Sithe sawongwa emva Z Kravchuk, kunye Hrushevsky ngaxa lithile waba yintloko Central Council. Xa parlance mihla, yena wayesisithethi, ngokuba ezifana izikhundla njengomongameli, akazange yayingekabikho. Kuchaziwe we siseko, esaye samkelwa yi-Central rada Aprili 29, 1918. Noko ke, umntu kuba Ukraine zako ebonakalayo - nkqu 50 hryvnia Ukrainian ubonisa umfanekiso wakhe. Ngexesha revolution, lo sesayensi mbali wema "umqhubi" igunya ungxamile lusekiwe, ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo, ngendlela efanayo ngendlela wahliswa (esebenzisa revolution). Enyanisweni, ngokuba Ukraine le ndlela tshintsho amandla ezithandwa kakhulu kule mini, phantse zonke abongameli Ukraine ngendlela ezitshintshiweyo ngale ndlela.

ngosuku ukuzimela

I Verkhovna Symbol ye-Ukrainian SSR ngo-1991 Agasti 24 wamkela lo mthetho, apho Ukraine utsho ukuzimela. Ekuqaleni, lo uSuku Independence of Ukraine wabhengeza 16 Julayi (kodwa kunyaka olandelayo, ngo-1992, kwagqitywa ekubeni ukuyitshintsha ku-24 Agasti). Kungekudala emva kokuzimela geqe kwi zimvo wanikwa ngaphezu kwe-90% yazo zonke iivoti baphose. Sele Disemba 1, 1991 geqe zabamba unyulo yayo yokuqala ngqo kaMongameli eUkraine, apho Z Makarovich Kravchuk wafumana ngaphezulu kwe-61% ye-kuvotwe.

Kravchuk indumiso kanye njengoko bagxeka. Uvavanyo okugwenxa kakhulu ngenxa yokuba oko kwakuthetha izigqibo nangoko, ngoko nangoko "ukwaliwa 'of Russia kunye ubuncinane ubudlelwane, zezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko. Makubulelwe ngokwamandla akhe kakhulu ukuba ngamaqhinga phakathi aphikisanayo yezopolitiko, wakwazi ukugcina eCrimea kwixesha elizayo njengokuba yalilizwe elizimeleyo, nje inxalenye Ukraine. Njengoko wathetha ngumongameli wokuqala Ukraine Kravchuk, wazama ukwenza yonke into Ukraine yazimela ngoxolo, ngaphandle kwegazi.

Umendo ngumongameli wokuqala: kunikezelwa

Kravchuk wayengekho akusoloko ngobuqili beengcibi nomongameli wezopolitiko, esakhula Leonida Makarovicha umsebenzi iqela ayenzima kakhulu. Wasebenzisa ukukhumbula malunga-50 iigrem halva, kunikelwe ngunina ngemini yokuzalwa kwakhe okanye azifake zokwexeshana ngamaplanga. Okulandelayo wahlala dormitory eyunivesithi kunye guys-12, kodwa bonke ubunzima basala ngempumelelo ngasemva emva kokuphumelela yaye wafudukela Chernivtsi Financial Technical School ukufundisa kuqoqosho lwezopolitiko ngo-1958. Ekubeni wonke umsebenzi iqela uye ngcono kakhulu, kwaye baphile ngo-1991 - lula.

Umongameli wokuqala Ukraine uba esemthethweni kuphela emva ukuvulwa. Kuba Z Kravchuk kunye neqela lakhe, lo msebenzi ubalulekileyo kakhulu, njengoko kwenzeka okokuqala. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kwakuyimfuneko ukuba athathe isifungo-siseko elo xesha, kodwa kunye, oko yaphakanyiswa ukunika isifungo kunye Peresopnytsia Vangeli, njengoko kwakunjalo ngelo xesha kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo kakhulu ka Ukraine. Ngenxa yokuba lo gama umhobe wesizwe belingekafiki lusekiwe, i ikwayara wamenywa, abasigcinayo 'uThixo omkhulu, simanyene, thina siyasigcina Ukraine. " Ngoko inxalenye esemthethweni wayongamele, kwaye umongameli wokuqala Ukraine wathabatha ngokusesikweni ofisi.

Umongameli yesibini

Ukuba umongameli Leonida Makarovicha yathatha ixesha elifutshane, yaye ngoJulayi 1994 kumjikelo wesibini, walahlekelwa akukho ixesha iNkulumbuso yangoku Leonidu Danilovichu Kuchme. Ibinzana elithi "ukuba akukho ixabiso, yaye baphulukana - sithi" kunganxulunyaniswa ngokupheleleyo kwi-akhawunti yesibini kwi umgqatswa kaMongameli. Uluhlu impumelelo yakhe inkulu ngokwaneleyo kubantu Ukrainian sibe nebhongo ngokupheleleyo kunye ngokwengqiqo emitsha elithi "nkosazana" kuyo. Ngelo xesha, kunye noluhlu lokungaphumeleli zakhe njengoko "esemnyango njenge eyesore", ngoko kukho kwakhona abachasi-nkqubo yakhe.

Mpumelelo Ukwehluleka

Ebudeni beminyaka elishumi lwengqesho yakhe njengentloko karhulumente (phakathi eli xesha lide zonke) UMongameli Kuchma kunganqanda ukuba ukunyuka "crazy", ekubeni emva kokuwa waseUSSR, Ukraine emngxunyeni onzulu kakhulu kwezoqoqosho. UMongameli waye kundincedile ngokwenene rhwebo ehlabathini ubudlelwane Ukrainian mihla ehlabathini. Esebenzisa wakhe wokuguqula basemaphandleni uye wehla ukuya ezantsi koqoqosho.

Ngowe-1996, kukho imali esisigxina yaye uzinzile yaqaliswa, apho igama hryvnia. Ngokutsho kweengcali, kwakhona anceda ekomelezeni uqoqosho lweli lizwe. Kuchma akazange ukufihla yokuba esingise EU, kodwa ngaxeshanye, waba Musa ukungxama ukuba ndimaphule ulwalamano olusondeleyo ne-Russia, uqinisekiswe iimvumelwano ezininzi. Phakathi kwezi ekuthiwa-Big Treaty, leyo kwavunyelwana intsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe amabini inani kumashishini angundoqo kunye neendawo ukuba ngokuyintloko bangenelwa ngokwayo Ukraine, eyenza umdlali ngokupheleleyo-epheleleyo kwibakala lehlabathi.

Kodwa ke kukho abathile Kuchma yokuziphatha "Andifanelwanga bubo", ezinye bokuba, yaye ezo ezibubungqina, elula "bezongena phezulu". Phakathi kwabo ukuze kuphawulwe umyalelo ukubulala engafunwayo Kuchma intatheli Georgiy Gongadze, ukuba "wemba ngaphantsi kwawo 'yaye waba kakhulu kukho ubumdaka umxhelo, nto leyo kunokubangela iingxaki ezinkulu owayengumongameli. Kweli cala Kuchma Musa ziphelile, yaye ngowe-2004 abantu wacaphuka, njengoko isityalo "Krivorozhstal" yathengiswa unyana-in wakhe - uViktor Pinchuk. Kumaxesha Kuchma waba yenkohlakalo kunye oligarchy. Emva koko - umninzi lwamatyala lolwaphulo-nokutyiwa kweemali zikarhulumente kunye wazama ukutshintsha-siseko ukuze uhlale ikota yesithathu. Kodwa akubangakho nto kuwo, ekugqibeleni - elandelayo ngokhetho, apho UViktor Yanukovych iphumelele.

UViktor Yanukovych ne Orange Revolution

Xa yokhetho ka-2004 ogqiba umongameli elizayo Ukraine Yanukovich. Kwaye yonke into elungileyo, kuphela nje umbutho yephulo mass of noqhankqalazo ezenzeka kwikomkhulu Ukrainian, eKiev, on Independence Square. Revolution, kamva owaziwa ngelika "-orenji", wahlelwa abaxhasi uViktor Yushchenko, ngenxa zokupapashwa Central IKhomishini yoNyulo yeziphumo, apho uloyiso uViktor Yanukovych. Kuthiwa wayehluke ngamandla ukusuka data eksit-uhlolisiso bakhonza podovdom ukuba isigqibo kwakhona lenze umjikelo wesibini, oko kukuthi ixesha ngelika "yesithathu". Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba le revolution waba ukudubuleka ngakumbi revolutions imibala efanayo e Georgia, Turkey, kwaye ngoku China. Ngoko ke, lo kumjikelo wesithathu wabonisa ezona uViktor Yushchenko, nangona ukuba Siyavuyisana ukubekwa njengoMongameli uViktor Yanukovych sele waqala ukuthatha iintloko ithi ezifana Russia, Belarus.

Ngenxa yoko, ukuba amanye amazwe ekude Koloni abazange babe nomdla Ukraine yaye abazange bazi apho eli lizwe, emva revolution, waba ihlabathi odumileyo. Ngelo xesha, ngoJanuwari 23, 2005 Victor Yushchenko wathabatha isifungo Peresopnytsia yeVangeli kunye siseko Ukraine, ngokunjalo zonke abongameli Ukraine (phezu komyalelo ukuba yesithathu). Emva koko, waya isikwere wawisa ukuthetha lobungangamsha.

Board Victor Yushchenko

Ngexesha lolawulo lwakhe uViktor Yuschenko wazingqina lweli rapprochement kunye eUnited States, NATO kunye EU. Ngexesha gameli wakhe, kwakukho ikhefu esomeleleyo kunene zonke amatyathanga eRashiya: ngokomoya, kwezopolitiko, kwezoqoqosho. Wayefuna ukuba uhlawule ityala lwerhasi Russian, ukuze baphumeze kwincoko kunye isikhundla umnini kuLwandle Black, uhlale kuyo i-Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Federation.

UMongameli Yushchenko, ukufikelela isithuba yeNtloko yomBuso kunye nokufumana amandla ngokupheleleyo, ngoxa phantsi imincili iGqili Revolution, ngoko nangoko ukususa emisebenzini yabo bonke abantu ukusuka kurhulumente wangaphambili kwaye endaweni kubo nabo owahamba naye. Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko wafumana umyalelo ukunyibilika epalamente. Oku kwenziwa yi Yushchenko ukulungiselela kwisihlalo esepalamente namadoda akhe. Ngeli xesha, kukho kuqhekeka "-orenji womanyano". Le ntlekele yezopolitiko uyakhula scandal with "Gazprom" kule yangasemva. Ngenxa yoko, umongameli akukho ixesha ukujongana nengxaki kweli lizwe, kwaye xesha inkcaso uViktor Yanukovych ( "Party of iingingqi") kunye Petro Symonenko ( "Communist Party of Ukraine"), kunye ne-Yulia Tymoshenko ( "Lezwe") kufuna ukuba kuthathelwe mongameli.

Yulia Tymoshenko kunye neqela lakhe baqalisa 'untwist "schemes abangena- Yushchenko ndaziwa kakhulu iinyani ezinika umdla malunga ewonga izixa ezikhulu iimali zikarhulumente kubantu babucala kunye iqokobhe neenkampani, umzekelo oku -". Rosukrenergo " Ngexesha gameli kwakhe Yushchenko ikwazile ukuba asasaze inani elikhulu amabhaso kunye nemiyalelo merit ethandabuzekayo phantse zonke izihlobo zabo.

Emva komzuzwana kuba kucacile ukuba intsingiselo kuthathelwe kumongameli ayikho, njengoko rating lisezantsi kakhulu (nakubeni ke noko, wayethembe ukuba ukubaleka ikota yesibini), ngenxa yokuba akukho kude unyulo, esele echazwe Yulia Tymoshenko kunye nembangi yayo ephambili - uViktor Yanukovych.

ukubuya

Ngo-2010, unyulo umongameli ezayo phantse akukho mathandabuzo ukuba uMongameli omtsha Ukrainian iya kuba uViktor Fedorovich Yanukovich. Ukhetho abanjwa imijikelo emibini. Njengoko kulindelekile, le iinkokeli ekuvunyelwene "Party of Iingingqi" yaye "Lezwe". Ngaloo ndlela, ngoFebruwari 14 emva kokuba ukubalwa kweevoti, kwaye kwacaca ukuba ngoloyiso uViktor Yanukovych. Ngexesha kuBeko ngokuseSikweni loMongameli waba iimeko ezimbalwa umdla azibanga nako ukufumana kude ingqalelo kwentatheli abachasi Yanukovych. Logama nje ngumongameli elizayo Ukraine Yanukovych wayelungiselela ngenxa yokuvulwa wakhe, kwiintsuku ezimbini phambi kwi lesikhumbuzo ukuze wabaseki Kiev ngenxa umhlwa le notyhidiweyo kwawa amanani eHorebhe, Isidlele (Kyi, Isidlele, eHorebhe - Founders of Kiev). Eminye yale cala unako ukumbopha nokwamkelwa oluzayo lwe indawo ye Verkhovna rada. Kodwa akukho nje isiganeko fun. Ngelo xesha xa umongameli elizayo waya kwisakhiwo ePalamente, phambi kwakhe waza ngesiquphe ukuba avale ucango.

wathembisa ukuba kuzuzwe

Njengazo zonke abongameli zangaphambili, ibhodi Yanukovych waqalisa kunye nokudalwa abantu nkqo ngeenxa kamongameli. Wabiza eyayingabachasi bakhe: "ukungcwaba izembe" umsebenzi onemveliso. Ngaloo ndlela kwaqalisa intshutshiso zopolitiko Yulia Tymoshenko kunye Yuriy Lutsenko, kamva ngubani enetyala waza wagwetywa ixesha entolongweni ngenxa ezahlukeneyo amanqaku. Ngokuqhelekileyo, uViktor Yanukovych wabongoza bonke ukuba injongo yezopolitiko kule, kodwa bakholelwa kuyo kakuhle.

Ngokuphathelele uMongameli Yanukovych, ke asingekhe sikwazi ukuba ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe aye Ayifikelelwanga naziphi na iziphumo. Ingxaki yaba kukuba, ngokuchaseneyo zonke abongameli zangaphambili, waba ikhosi ethile akuthethi lokuqinisa amatyathanga ne-West, kwaye kuphuhliso ubudlelwane ne-Russia, nto leyo ikakhulukazi umgaqo-nkqubo "pro-European". Ngenxa yoko, le ukhetho olulandelayo e Ukraine uthathe indawo kwisiqalo kwe revolution entsha.

kwakhona revolution

Sele ekupheleni kuka-2013 - ekuqaleni 2014 sifumana i revolution yaseYurophu okanye "isidima revolution", apho endala kunye neenkokheli ezintsha "Maidan" wagqiba ukuba sibumbane ukuze usebenzise revolution ukutshintsha urhulumente. Baye kuvela - yaye ngenxa Yanukovych Osaba lizwe. Kwimeko imfazwe iqala ukulungiselela unyulo olulandelayo, kwaye sele kukho amarhe okuba Poroshenko - Mongameli Ukraine.

Petro Poroshenko

Phantse akukho namnye ayithandabuze into enye yeenkokeli esebenzayo le "Maidan" iya kuba nomongameli. Ke Petro Poroshenko, akwaziwa ngabaninzi njenge wezopolitiko, kodwa ngaphezulu nje ungusomashishini, umnini yenkampani confectionery ezaziwayo-kakuhle Roshen. Phantse zonke, ngaphandle uPetros Poroshenko, baba abaviwa bobugcisa ukuze umongameli we Ukraine. Uluhlu elingafaniyo kakhulu. Abaviwa kuba imethyl kaMongameli nokuba Darth Vader - umntu ozigqatsileyo le "Internet Party of Ukraine", kodwa sirhoxisiwe kwi ngomzuzu wokugqibela. Le okuvota akazange athabathe inxalenye eCrimea, njengoko ngelo xesha kubahlali bayo wavota-zimvo ukujoyina i-Russian Federation, yaye, ke, kwimimandla esempuma Ukraine - IDonetsk kunye nommandla Luhansk - ngenxa nemisebenzi eqhubekayo emkhosini kule mimandla. Wokubekwa UMongameli Ukraine Poroshenko, ezifana Yanukovych, ayikho ngaphandle moments yayo umdla nayo. Nangona Poroshenko ehamba phantsi kwikhaphethi ebomvu ukuya Verkhovna Symbol, elinye amajoni wabasiki uzuko, kuyabonakala ukuba, wavuka stroke ubushushu, apho kungenxa yokuba wawisa ukusuka umpu esandleni sakhe yaye phantse akwadinwa. Kulo mzekelo, umongameli elizayo adlule ngokungathi nokuqaphela.

Thetha Kwiimeko ezithile nangoku ekuseni kakhulu, kuba eneneni ngexesha imfazwe kwimpuma Ukraine kunzima kakhulu ukunikela uvavanyo eyaneleyo Poroshenko. UMongameli of Ukraine, njengesiqhelo, uthi zobuncwane ziphangwe, kufuneka ukubhenela amanyathelo ezingathandwa ukukhangela ngenkalipho zibe nekamva eliqaqambileyo.

Ezi zonke abongameli Ukraine ukuze ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya ngokugqithileyo (amashwa athi "uvuselelo lokugqibela"). Uyakwazi bakholelwa kuphela kukuba kule Saga ngumongameli Ukraine, nto leyo kwixesha elifutshane inkululeko yakwazi ukusinda neziphithiphithi ezimbalwa, yaye bonke ezintlanu abongameli, kuya kuba phezu, kwaye ilizwe liya kufumana yinkokeli eyomeleleyo. Enoba yintoni khosi iya ngqo umongameli omtsha Ukraine, i-Western okanye Russian, kubalulekile nje ukuba abahlali bazive bekhuselekile kwaye ekhuselekileyo, ukuze umhlala-phantsi wayexabiseke, kwaye abaqhelekileyo abantu - umvuzo. Kodwa ukuze oku kwenzeke, kufuneka enze konke okusemandleni, yaye nangona okuninzi kuxhomekeke ubuntu kamongameli, musa ukulibala malunga abantu layo bakhe, nto leyo nayo kufuneka sibe nomdla nje kuphela ezizezabo-ntle yabo, kodwa kwi-ntle yabantu bakhe. Oku ezi njongo ezingundoqo nakweyiphi na wezopolitiko self-ukuhlonipha, singasathethi nomongameli welizwe elizimeleyo.