Avignon kwakuphethe. Ukuqala Avignon koopopu capture

Yintoni Avignon kwakuphethe? Kwisithuba yembali yehlabathi, ezi ziganeko zenzeka, ebe unobangela, ingaba yintoni na konke phambili? Ibiya kuthetha ukuba yonke into icacile, kodwa ngaxeshanye, njengoko kunjalo nawuphi na omnye umcimbi zembali, akukho impendulo eyodwa kwimibuzo emininzi, akukho imithetho, sola. Kodwa izinto zokuqala kuqala.

Avignon kwakuphethe. Njani ukuba kwaqala?

KumaXesha Aphakathi emva kwexesha, kwiinkulungwane 13-14, uqala mandla lonke ulawulo ithi yaseYurophu. France apha kungekho ngaphandle. Ngeli xesha, bonke baloo dolophu, nkqu nabefundisi wathobela ukumkani.

Ngoko ke, singakwazi ngokukhuselekileyo zithi 13-14 kwiinkulungwane th, amandla ibandla laqala ukuncipha, njengoko ngookumkani ziye nempembelelo ngakumbi ngakumbi amaxesha wobukhosi ukuqhekeka. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kwiimeko ezinjalo, Korol filipp IV sihlasela kwi lutshaba ubudala - eNgilani. Kodwa imfazwe enkulu - a ngeendleko ezinkulu. Ngoko ke, ukuze ukuhlawula iindleko zokugcina inkampani wamajoni, uPhilippe waphakamisa irhafu yaye wayalela abefundisi ukuba yinxalenye yengeniso ukuya yobuncwane. Kodwa loo nto bonke. UFilipu wenza impazamo enkulu - hayi ekuvunyelwene kulo mba kunye Pope. Ukuphendula, i-Pope yenze ukugxekwa kakumkani, waza wamsongela ukuba wayeza zokuthi abo nyanzela abefundisi ukuba ahlawule irhafu. Ukumkani akazange ahlale zamatyala kunye ukupheliswa kokuthunyelwa evela kwilizwe izacholo. Ngenxa yoko, i-Vatican waphulukana imali abavela eFransi.

Ukutshintsha umgaqo-nkqubo Pope njengelinge lula imimoya neentlobano umlawuli

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-13, uPopu Boniface VIII ngandlel okutshintshileyo indawo wawayekela nabefundisi ukuba ahlawule ngokuzithandela irhafu ngokungqinelana umthetho karhulumente. Kodwa kamsinya nje Pope uye umthombo omtsha yengeniso, ukumkani entsha nokugxekwa.

Ukuqala lenkampani ngokubhukuqwa Pope kunye neziphumo zawo

Asinto nzima ukuba baqashele ukuba kungekudala waqalisa iphulo ukubhukuqa Pope, lowo wabethwa ngenxa wafa emzini wakhe. Pope Benedict XI, lowo wenyuka kwetrone emva, wadliswa kwiinyanga nje 8. kweenyanga Iikhadinali 11 kamva yakhethwa Pope Bertrand de Got. Ukususela ngelo xesha, Avignon waba yokuhlala entsha kweqiwa. Xa ukuqondana, yena unikwe ngobubele nguKumkani. Qaphela ukuba into yokuqala eyenza upopu entsha - France wabuyela esifubeni ibandla.

Avignon kwakuphethe - ixesha ukususela 1309 ukuya 1377, xa zokuhlala wayengekho eRoma, kodwa eFransi, ku Avignon. Apho Pope waziva ophansi kakhulu kunokuba e Rome, apho zonke ngoku uze babesilwa rhoqo usilwa iintsapho yeengcungcu e-Italy. Ukongeza, i States Kwenziwa wayesele kwaqala ukuba iba.

Avignon kwakuphethe. Date: 1309

Akukho mfuneko ukuqonda elithi "kuprinto" ngokoqobo kakhulu. Kwathi, kunoko, hayi kuthinjwe Avignon oopopu ngengqiqo njengesiqhelo, kodwa utshintsho kumgaqo-nkqubo soopopu wakhetha eFransi. Ukuxhasa oku kukuba zonke oopopu xesha yaba isiFrentshi, njengezininzi zekholeji of Iikhadinali, kwaye enyanisweni College of Iikhadinali ukhetha oopopu. Iikhadinali ezininzi ngaphambili wakhonza kwinkundla French. Ngelo xesha Avignon koopopu capture wenza ngokomdla yokumkani, nako kuthwalelwa phandle nemisebenzi eyahlukahlukeneyo ozakuzo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, kwiimeko ezinjalo, impembelelo kwezopolitiko soopopu buthathaka. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphakathi ibandla bafumana amandla abo ngokwenene uphawu monarchical. Ukuba abbots ngaphambili kunye nabaveleli zinyulwe, ngoku - banyulwe upopu. Kwakuphethe, enyanisweni, elawulwa zonke iinkalo zobomi.

Avignon ekuthinjweni - zibonisa isimo jikelele buthathaka yeCawa

Le meko ichazwe ngasentla waba ngumfanekiso le miba ephambili ezibonakalisa imbali kumaXesha Aphakathi - ezizezi, umzabalazo soopopu kunye nabalawuli oyiNgcwele uBukhosi baseRoma ukuba ubukhulu kwihlabathi lamaKristu. Longquzulwano ibandla kunye nabaphetheyo yehlabathi, kunye nempumelelo ezishiyanayo kwathatha kwiinkulungwane eziliqela. Kodwa yonke into yatshintsha kakhulu xa wenyukayo ukuya etroneni Habsburgs. Bayitshintsha ulwalathiso kunye nohlobo nkqubo komlawuli, ugxininisa kungekhona ngokoyisa eItali, kwaye kwisisombululo iingxaki esingxamisekileyo umba imimandla German.

Xa uqala kuqala, oopopu ngoku lithuba elihle lokuba benze ngqo ekomelezeni karhulumente kunye nabasemagunyeni yayo. Kodwa enyanisweni kwaba yonke into eyahlukileyo. Emva lwapheliswa izoyikiso waseJamani, Italy wendele esenzeke kunye chaos. Ngoku, akukho nto ovalelweyo kunye nempahla umzi, leyo ngaphambili kwafuneka ukuba kumanyana ubuso yotshaba lwangaphandle. Alwa phakathi kwabo, bade elingummelwane iidolophu, singasathethi ke, ngokwemizalwane rhoqo usilwa yabantu basebukhosini Italian. Asinto kunzima ukuthelekelela ukuba amaRoma kulo mba, wayexakekile. Ngaphezu koko, nkqu Pope izihlandlo eziliqela kwafuneka abaleke eRoma, esoyika abemi abaziinjubaqa, ekufuphi amajoni karhulumente, mercenaries iziduko ezinobutshaba.

The City Obungunaphakade nje yingozi ubomi weqela legunya aphezulu Catholic Church. Ngoko ke, abaninzi Pope waseRoma endaweni yokwenza zabo zokuhlala e Naples, L'Aquila, Anan kunye nezinye izixeko, ngenxa yokwesabela impilo yawo. Ukuqala Avignon koopopu capture enxulumene kanye kunye nokudluliselwa zokuhlala Avignon. Kodwa izinto zokuqala kuqala. Kwimeko enjalo ke ayothusi into yokuba nkqu phakathi Iikhadinali kwakungekho umanyano, kwaye ukhetho uba imfazwe yokwenene usilwa iziduko. I Pope asanda kunyulwa, Kakade ke, wazama bayingqonga ngokwakhe kunye nabaxhasi - izalamane nabahlobo, ngoko abamisele kwizikhundla eziphezulu. Iziduko isiphukuphuku izihlandlo nzima, njengoko upopu elisanda kunyulwa wafuna ukujongana ngokukhawuleza neentshaba. Kuyo yonke le nto, kweli isiphithiphithi uTata waqhubeka ukuba siziphathe ukuba isenguye eyintloko yebandla, ngaphezu ngookumkani kunye nabalawuli leyo umi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umgaqo-nkqubo onjalo kukhokelela kuphela siba sibi ubudlelane kunye nokumkani.

Ukwenziwa buthathaka loopopu

ngxabano Peak, njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, yabonwa ngexesha wolawulo uFilipu Fair, xa uPopu Boniface VIII waya ungquzulwano evulekileyo nokumkani. Kwimeko wegunya elibuthathaka ngayo Pope ngesiphumo ukulwa yaba ekufanele bayifumane. Ukuphendula le ngozi ukuze bazise Pope uKumkani phantsi, wathumela ebhotwe kapopu Chancellor Guillaume Nogare. Kuba iintsuku ezimbalwa phambi kokuba ndahlukaniswe naye kwe-Chancellor nge kartel ezilikhulu angena ebhotweni Pope. Amrholela indoda endala etroneni, zibetha nehlazo kuye. Musa akuyisingeli ezinjalo, Boniface VIII wafa, yesiqalekiso Guillaume Nogare, kunye uFilipu. Noko ke, ezihlangwini zakhe, Benedict IX wathi amajoni abo ibethe upopu endala, abamsulwa. Kwathi kanye njengasekuqaleni, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba kumitha - i Pope waseRoma ayizange nje wabethwa, kodwa wabethwa ngokwemiyalelo kaKumkani zamaKristu. Oko kwabonisa ukuba ngaphandle inkxaso ngamandla yezomhlaba yabo Pope akakwazi ngempumelelo ukwenza imisebenzi yentloko Catholic Church.

France njengehlakani kwakuphethe

Kule meko, i Pope wathetha umlawuli unamandla welo xesha - ngukumkani French. Ngaphezu koko, kwabakho imfuneko ukukhetha indawo yokuhlala entsha, apho Pope akwazi ukulawula ibandla ngaphandle koloyiko iintshaba yangaphandle nangaphakathi. Kulo mzekelo, ngokuba isihlalo omkhulu ukhuseleko kufuneka zibekwe kufutshane nomda French, kodwa kunjalo kungekhona ntsimi French.

Ukuba akukho eFransi, apho yokuhlala?

Le ndlela efanelekileyo Avignon e Provence, ngoko kwenzeka ntoni yaye kwimbali igama "Avignon kwakuphethe." Ngelo xesha, i Pope yanceda uKumkani Naples ukuba itrone, ngaloo ndlela enyanisweni wayengekho kuloo mmandla karhulumente nobutshaba waseItali, yaye kummandla suzerain yakhe.

Avignon kwakuphethe wabavumela ukuba ukulawula ngokukhuselekileyo icawa wazuza igunya namandla soopopu kunye Iikhadinali. Ukufika Avignon, upapa ngaloo ndlela wenza oku kwidolophu encinane ikomkhulu yehlabathi yamaKatolika. Ngaloo ndlela, ekuqalekeni Avignon loopopu yamaRoma na isiganeko ezimbi, njengokuba kusenokubonakala ekuqaleni.