Byzantium: Imbali ngokuvela nokuwa

WamaRoma, enye kuzo ilitye le-mkhulu yamandulo karhulumente, ngenkulungwane yokuqala yeXesha bangena ukwehla. izizwe ezininzi, iqonga esezantsi impucuko, balalisa yelifa yehlabathi lamandulo. Kodwa iSixeko Sikho akazange umiselwe ukuba bafe: ukuba waphila kwi kweenxweme Bosphorus kunye iminyaka emininzi nqa ababephila kunye ubuhle balo.

eRoma yesibini

Imbali isahlakalo waseByzantium ibhekisela phakathi kwinkulungwane III, xa uMlawuli waseRoma waba Flaviy Valery Avreliy uKonstantin, Constantine I (Omkhulu). Ngelo xesha urhulumente wamaRoma eqwengwe ingxabano lwangaphakathi sivete ziintshaba zangaphandle. Ubume amaphondo zasempumalanga nethamsanqa ngakumbi, yaye uConstantine wagqiba ukuhambisa elikomkhulu ibe omnye wabo. Ngowe-324, xa elunxwemeni ukwakhiwa Bosphorus eConstantinople waqalisa, yaye ngowe-330, yena isaziso njengoko iRoma omtsha.

Ukususela ekuqaleni uphila yoBukhosi baseByzantium, nto leyo iba imbali kwiinkulungwane elinanye.

Kakade ke, malunga nayiphi na imida karhulumente ezinzileyo zange ngazo ngelo xesha. Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe elide, amandla kweConstantinople liyafa, oko kuqala amandla.

Justinian and Theodora

Ngeendlela ezininzi, imeko kweli lizwe kwakuxhomekeke neempawu zomlawuli walo, nto leyo sisonke uphawu ithi kunye neNgonyama ingundoqo, yeharim Byzantium. Imbali yophuhliso yayo kuhlangene kunye negama loMlawuli Justinian I kunye nomfazi wakhe, uKumkanikazi Theodora (527-565.) - abafazi ngokungaqhelekanga kwaye kubonakala kakhulu unesiphiwo.

Ngu ekuqaleni ubukhosi ngenkulungwane V yaba urhulumente encinane iMeditera, yaye umlawuli omtsha phithi kunye ingcamango ukuvuselela uzuko yangaphambili; lowo woyisa imimandla enkulu kwi-West, kuye kwaphunyezwa uxolo isihlobo wasePeshiya eMpuma.

History of the inkcubeko yaseByzantium kuhlangene kwimbali wolawulo Justinian. Kuyinto ngenxa ngenyameko lakhe namhlanje kukho ezikhumbuzo zakhiwo yamandulo, njengokuba lokukhonzela Hagia Sofia e Istanbul, okanye Church of San Vitale e Ravenna. Enye impumelelo abaninzi abadumileyo ngamagama mbali mlawuli bakholelwa ukuba ifundwe umthetho waseRoma, nto leyo yaba sisiseko iinkqubo zomthetho kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu.

lenkolo ephakathi

Ukwakhiwa engaphele ndawo iimfazwe iinkcitho emikhulu ezifunekayo. Mbusi ngonaphakade Ukunyusa irhafu. Uluntu ena- ukunganeliseki. NgoJanuwari 532, ngexesha kokuvela mlawuli kwi lemidyarho (analogue of enkundleni, nenokuthi ukwamkela amawaka-100. Abantu), udlame kwavuka, lakhula laba uqhushululu ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. It ikwazile ukucinezela ukuvukela ngokungenalusini engazange yenzeke: abavukeli bacenga ukuza lemidyarho, ngokungathi sothethathethwano, ngoko itshixiwe isango babulala bonke.

Prokopiy Kessariysky ingxelo malunga ukufa-30 amawaka abantu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba isithsaba umlawuli baqhubeka umfazi wakhe Theodora, waye wacenga Justinian walungela ukubaleka ukuqhubeka ukulwa, esithi ukhetha ukufa ukubaleka, "umbuso -. Kwilinen entle"

Ngo-565, ubukhosi kuquka iinxalenye Aram, akwiiBalkan, Italy, Greece, Palestine, eAsia Minor kunye nonxweme kumantla Afrika. Kodwa iimfazwe engaphele sichaphazele imo lizwe ngokungalunganga. Emva kokufa Justinian kwakhona umda waqala nciphisa.

"Macedonian Renaissance"

I-867 weza amandla Vasily mna, umseki ubukhosi Macedonian, apho yayikhona kuze 1054. Le era mbali esiyibiza "Macedonian Renaissance" kwaye igqalwa nokugqama eliphezulu imeko aphakathi zehlabathi, ngelo xesha uBukhosi baseByzantium.

Imbali lokwanda inkcubeko kunye neyenkolo ngempumelelo eMpuma uBukhosi baseRoma, bamazi kakuhle zonke States of Mpuma Yurophu: enye yezona zinto uphawu-nkqubo angaphandle kaConstantinople yaba wevangeli. Kuyinto ngenxa yempembelelo yoBukhosi baseByzantium eMpuma ukunwenwa kwisebe of Christianity, leyo, emva ukwahlulwa ibandla ngo-1054 yaba yenkolelo.

capital yaseYurophu yenkcubeko zehlabathi

Ubuchule eMpuma uBukhosi baseRoma ngokusondeleyo ezinxulumene nenkolo. Ngelishwa, phakathi namakhulu ambalwa elite kwezopolitiko nakunqulo angabi nako kuvumelana ukuba unqulo imifanekiso ezingcwele zithixo (intshukumo kwathiwa iconoclasm). Kwinkqubo inani elikhulu eqingqiweyo, esekelwe kunye amibala yatshabalala.

Kakhulu onyanzelekileyo ibali Empire Arts Byzantium lonke ubukho bayo, waba uhlobo umgcini inkcubeko wamandulo kunye negalelo ekusasazekeni iincwadi zamandulo zamaGrike eItali. Abanye ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba becala ngenxa ubukho Rome Entsha kwenza Renaissance.

Ngexesha lolawulo ubukhosi Macedonian yoBukhosi baseByzantium yakwazi Nokwethisa iintshaba ezimbini iphambili kurhulumente: Arabhu empumalanga, kwaye eBulgaria ukuya emntla. Imbali phezu uloyiso yokugqibela ephawulekayo. Ngenxa ukuhlaselwa ukumangala kwi utshaba umlawuli Basil II likwazile ukufaka 14,000 amabanjwa. Wayalelwa ukuba ngengozi kubo, eshiya unaliso linye kuphela wonke wokudla, makhe ngoko hamba of engenakulungiswa abantu ekhaya. Ukubona nempi yakhe imfama, i-Bulgarian Tsar Samuil wahlaselwa sistroke apho akazange wachacha. lenkolo aphakathi ngempela kakhulu.

Emva kokufa Basil II, ummeli yokugqibela ubukhosi Macedonian, ibali ukuwa Byzantium yaqala.

izingeniso emva kwexesha

Ngowe-1204, kuqala eConstantinople wanikezela phantsi Ukuhlasela utshaba: iphulo ngumsindo akuphumelelanga kwi "kwilizwe lesithembiso", yenko- bangena esixekweni, babhengeza nokudalwa uBukhosi Latin kunye namazwe Byzantine ziye zohlulwa phakathi French zizigwili.

imfundo New laye likho: 51 Julayi 1261 ngaphandle umlo wathabatha eConstantinople Michael VIII Palaeologus, benza isaziso imvuselelo eMpuma uBukhosi baseRoma. Waseka ubukhosi yaseByzantium yagweba de ukuwa kwayo, kodwa ibhodi bekulula ayinyamezeleki. Ekupheleni kwale abalawuli saphila ukusuka ngamaRoma, kunye nabarhwebi yelo xesha, nkqu baphangwe ngokwendalo ibandla kunye nepropati yabucala.

Kokuwa kweConstantinople

Ngu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIV evela imimandla yamandulo kuphela eConstantinople, Thessaloniki kunye, enclaves saa elincinane kumazantsi Greece. Amalinge lithemba lo mlawuli lokugqibela Byzantine Manuel II bafake inkxaso wamajoni Western Yurophu abaphumelelanga. May 29, 1453, eConstantinople yoyiswa okwesibini lokugqibela.

Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II uqambe isixeko Istanbul netempile zamaKristu iphambili mzi, Cathedral ka St. Nozipho waba mosque. Ngenxa zanyamalala kwekomkhulu baseByzantium uBukhosi unyamalele, kunye nembali kukarhulumente kakhulu ezinamandla aphakathi bayeka ngonaphakade.

Byzantium, eConstantinople kunye Entsha

Kuyinyani ukwazi ukuba igama "Empire Byzantine" zavela emva ukuwa kwayo: okokuqala kwenzeka Ieronima Volfa isifundo esele ngo-1557. Esi yayisisihlandlo igama laloo mzi waseByzantium, eConstantinople, kwisiza eyakhiwa. Abahlali ebizwa nje kuphela ubukhosi waseRoma yaye ngokwakhe - Roma (Romeo).

Impembelelo yenkcubeko yoBukhosi baseByzantium kumazwe East aseYurophu ayikwazi nemikhuba. Nangona kunjalo, i-nzulu yokuqala Russian abaqala ukufunda eli imeko yamandulo, waba Yu. A. Kulakovsky. "Imbali of Byzantium" emithathu lwapapashwa kuphela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini wayifulela siganeko kunye 359 ka-717 ngonyaka. Kule minyaka yokugqibela embalwa yobomi, izazinzulu bakulungele ukupapasha umqulu sesine yemisebenzi, kodwa emva kokufa kwakhe ngqangi ukufumana ukuba akwenzeki ngo-1919.