U-Irena Sendler (Kshizhanovskaya): biography. AmaGufa okuchasene ne-fascist ePoland

Ngomhla ka-2008, ifilimu ethi "Inhliziyo Yentliziyo ka-Irena Sendler" yaboniswa eMelika. Wathetha ngomfazi owafa ngokuthula ngoMeyi wonyaka ofanayo eWarsaw ngomnyaka we-99 wobomi bakhe. Uninzi lwababukeli alukwazanga ukulimela iinyembezi zabo ngelixa bebukele umfanekiso, ibali lika-Irena Sendler lalichukumisa kwaye libuhlungu.

Ubuntwana

U-Irena Kshizhanovskaya wazalelwa kwintsapho yegqirha owayesePPS, owayephethe isibhedlele kwaye wayehlala enika uncedo lwezonyango kumaYuda angamahlwempu angenayo ithuba lokuhlawula unyango. Ngaphambi kokuba azalwe intombi yakhe, wayenomdla osebenzayo kwizenzo zokulwa noorhulumente. Xa u-Irene wayeneminyaka engama-7 ubudala, uyise wafa ngo-typhus, suleleka kwizigulane. AmaYuda, awaxabisa kakhulu iinkonzo zikaDkt Krzyzanowski, wagqiba ekubeni ancedise intsapho yakhe ngokunikela ngokuhlawula u-Irene ngaphambi kokuba uninzi lwakhe - uneminyaka eyi-18 ubudala. Unina wentombazana wenqaba, kuba wayesazi ukuba kunzima kangakanani kubaninzi bezilwanyana zakhe zangaphambili, kodwa wamxelela. Ngoko, entliziyweni ka-Irene, ukubulela kunye nothando kuye kwahlala ngonaphakade, okwakubon 'ukuba kwanike ubomi kubantwana abayizinkulungwane.

Eyunivesithi, intombazana yajoyina iPoland Socialist Party, kuba yayifuna ukuqhuba ishishini likatata.

Ngo-1932, u-Irena watshata noMechislav Sendler, kodwa umtshato awuzange uhlale ixesha elide, nangona abazange baqeshise umtshato.

Feat

Xa ukuQulwa KwamaYuda kwaqala ePoland, u-Irena Sendler wayengelungu le-Warsaw Health Health Administration. Ngaloo nto, wayeyilungu lenhlangano yasePoland ebizwa ngokuthi "Zhegot", inxaxheba ekuncedeni amaYuda.

Ngenxa yezinto zakhe zobugcisa, le ntombazana yayivame ukutyelela i-ghetto yaseWarsaw kwaye yanceda abantwana abagulayo. Ukusebenzisa le ngxowa-mali, u-Irena Sendler kunye namanye amalungu aseZhegoti awalondoloza abantwana abangama-2500 abangamaYuda, abaye bathunyelwa kwiimonasteri, iintsapho ezizimeleyo kunye neendawo zokuhlala.

Ngokweememori zabathathi-nxaxheba bezo ziganeko, iintsana zafakwa kwiibhokisi kunye nemingxuma, eyayipiliswa ngaphambili ngeepilisi zokulala, kwaye yatshatyalaliswa kwintsimi yeghetto kwiimoto apho i-disinfectants ihanjiswa khona. Ngokumalunga nabantwana abadala, bathatyathwa kwiingxowa kunye neebhasikiti, bathathwa ngamashishini okuhambisa umkhumbi wamanzi, iifestile zezindlu nezakhiwo ezikufutshane nommandla ogcinwe kumaYuda.

Ukubanjwa

U-Irena Sendler wanyamekela into yokuba emva kwemfazwe ukukhululwa kwabantwana kunokufumana abazali babo. Wabhala phantsi amagama abo kwizicatshulwa zephepha waza wawafaka emgodini weglasi, awayemngcwaba kumyezo womhlobo.

Ngomnyaka we-1943, u-Irene Sendler wabanjwa, kwaye isizathu salo kwakuyihlazo elingachazwanga. Umfazi osemncinci wayehlushwa, ezama ukufumanisa ukuba ngubani phakathi kwendoda yakhe eyayihamba ngokunyanzela ukunyanzelisa okanye wangena kwintlangano yakhe yangaphantsi. Ngelo xesha, u-Irene waboniswa ifolda eninzi kunye neengxelo kunye nemibiko malunga nemisebenzi yakhe, isayinwe ngabantu ababaziyo. Injongo yamaNazi yayikufumanisa amagama abo bathathi-nxaxheba kwimisebenzi yokuhlangula kunye neendawo apho abantwana bafihle khona. Naphezu kokubetha, u-Irene owayengamaqhinga akazange anike abahlobo bakhe kwaye watshela amaGestapo apho kukho uluhlu lwamagama a maYuda amancinci, kuba kulo mzekelo baya kulindeleka ukuba bathunyelwe kwinkampu yoxinaniso yaseTrblinka nokufa.

"Ukuphunyezwa" kwaye ubaleke

Ukungaphumelelanga umphumo, amaNazi amgweba u-Irene ukuba adutyulwe. Ngethamsanqa, uMthumeli wahlala ephila - abathathi-nxaxheba kwi-anti-fascist resistance ePoland bamsindisa ngokugubungela abalindi. Abo, nabo baxelele umyalelo wokuba kwenzeka, ngoko u-Irene akazange aphandwe.

Ngokutsho kwelo khunjulwa ngumfazi, ngaphambi kokubulawa kwakhe wabizwa ukuba uphando lokugqibela. Ukuhamba kunye namajoni akhe awazange amlethe u-Irene kwisakhiwo saseGestapo, kodwa wamqhubela emgodini waza wamyala ukuba abaleke. Kwakukho abasebenzi basePoland abangaphantsi komhlaba ababeyifake kwindawo ephephile. "Ukukhunjulwa" ukuhlala emajele aseNazi, u-Irene wayenempilo engatshatyalaliswa, kwaye wachitha ubomi bakhe kwisihlalo sabakhubazekile.

Ukugqitywa komsebenzi

U-Irene Sendler kwafuneka azifihle kude kube sekupheleni kwemfazwe. Emva kokukhululwa kwePoland, wakwazi ukudlulisa idatha kubantwana abahlangulayo ku-Adolf Berman, owathi ngo-1947 ukuya ku-1949 wayengumongameli weKomiti Ephakathi yamaYuda asePoland. Ngombulelo ophando lwexesha elide, kwakunokwenzeka ukuhlanganisana neentsapho ezaba ngamaxhoba okuQothulwa kwabantu. Ngokuphathelele abantwana abangenamantombazana, ekugqibeleni bathunyelwa kwaSirayeli emva kweengxaki ezide.

Ubomi kwiminyaka emva kwemfazwe

Kukhangeleka ukuba xa kuqala ukuthula eYurophu, intliziyo enesibindi ka-Irena Sendler inokuthula, kwaye ekugqibeleni uyaphilisa ubomi bentsapho obuzolile. Nangona kunjalo, isigqibo sagqiba ekubeni siphumelele enye into: iinjongo zokhuseleko zelizwe ze-NDP zifunde malunga nokudibanisa kwayo kunye neKrai Army kwaye yaqalisa intshutshiso. Ngo-1949, ngexesha lokubuza imibuzo enzima, u-Irena okhulelwe ngaphambi kokuba abelethe umntwana owafa emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa.

Ukuqatshelwa kwangaphambili

Nangona ngexesha u-Irena Sendler washiya iipolisi zasePoland yodwa, waziva enesimo sengqondo esinobutshabaphathi kumntu wakhe kwada kwawa kolawulo lwamaKomanisi. Ngoko, ngowe-1965 iMyuziyamu yokuQala kobuNtu kwa-Israyeli "uYad Vashem" yanquma ukunika u-Irene Sendler isidima sohloniphekileyo phakathi kwabalungileyo phakathi kweZizwe, akazange avunyelwe ukutyelela ilizwe apho wayekade esindisa khona amakhwenkwe namantombazana ayekhulile aze amqwalasele Umama wakhe wesibini.

Ngowe-1983, amagunya asePoland ayiphakamisela ukuhamba kwakhe ngaphandle, kwaye u-Irena Sendler wakwazi ukutyelela amaSirayeli, apho watshala khona umthi wakhe kwimemori yokukhumbula.

Kwaye emva koko, bambalwa abantu ehlabathini bebazi ukuba umfazi osekhulile wayehlala ehostela elisezantsi eWarsaw, owenza umsebenzi ofanelwe yonke ihlonipho. Nangona kunjalo, i-future ifumaneka ukuba u-Irena Sendler wayehlala ukufumana usuku apho amabali akhe atholakala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi.

Kwaye kwenzeka konke ngethuba elilungekileyo ngo-1999, kwaye abaqalisi babuye baba bantwana-abantwana abane basezikolweni zaseMelika e-Uniontown. Balungiselela ingxelo yeprojekthi ye "Day of History", kwaye utitshala wabakhombisa inqaku lephephandaba eminyakeni emihlanu edlulileyo phantsi kwesihloko esithi "Omnye uSchindler." Amantombazana anomdla aqala ukukhangela ulwazi malunga no-Irene Sendler waza wafumanisa ukuba uyaphila. Ngoncedo lwezizalwane kunye nootitshala, babhala umdlalo othi "Ubomi kwiBhanki," elaliqhutywe kwiindibano ezahlukeneyo e-United States, eCanada, kwaye kamva ePoland. Amantombazana afika eWarsaw, apho babone isithixo sabo. Ubuhlobo babo no-Irena Sendler bahlala iminyaka emininzi, ngexesha apho bavakatyelela ngokuphindaphindiweyo uMama woBantwana baKhukula.

Awards

Imilinganiselo ka-Irene Sendler yaxatyiswa ngokulibaziseka okukhulu nguRhulumente wasePoland, owathi ngonyaka ka-2003 wanikezela uMyalelo we-White Eagle kuwo. Iintlanzi zale nqanaba eliphambili ngaphambi kokuba i-Sendler ibe ngamakhosi aseYurophu, kuquka uPetros Omkhulu, iinkokeli zempi ezidumileyo kunye noPapa. Umyalelo we- White Eagle wawubuyiselwa ePoland kuphela ngo-1992, kwaye phakathi kwalawo anikezelwa ngethuba leminyaka engama-24 edlulileyo, kwakungekho nabani na ofanelekileyo njengoPani Sendler.

Ukongezelela, unyaka ngaphambi kokufa kuka-Irene, uNdunankulu wakwaSirayeli kunye noMongameli wePoland wanikela iKomidi yeNobel ukuba ibonelele uMvuzo Wezoxolo. Ibhaso le-Sendler alizange lenzeke, kuba ikomiti ngelo xesha ayitshintshanga imimiselo echaza ukunikezela umvuzo wezenzo ezenziweyo kwiminyaka emibili edlulileyo.

Njengomnye umbhali wasePoland wabhala wathi, "umvuzo wanyelisa." Abo babanikezelayo, bawela indoda efanelwe kuyo njengokuba kungabikho bani ukuvuza u-Al Gore, owanikezela ingxelo kwiingxaki zokufudumala kwehlabathi.

Kwaye ngo-2007, uNksz Irene wanikezwa iMedal ye-Smile Award. Njengoko ehlala ebomini bukaIrene, abantwana bangenelela: waboniswa njengelungelo lokufumana ibhaso yinkwenkwe uShimon Pluzennik evela eGreen Gura. "UMyalelo weSmile" wasungulwa ePoland ngo-1968, kwaye unikezelwa kubantu abanika abantwana uvuyo. Ngomnyaka we-1979, ibhaso linikezelwa yimo yehlabathi lamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye ukususela ngoko abafaki zicelo zabo zokufumana ikhefu bakhethwe yikhomishini equkethe abameli bamazwe angama-24.

Ifilimu ethi "Intliziyo Yentliziyo Yomthumeli We-Irena"

Ifilimu, eyayikhankanywe ngaphambili, yafakwa kwiLatvia. Xa intatheli zaseMelika zitshela u-Irene ukuba baya kuyenza ifilimu malunga nobomi bakhe ngexesha lemfazwe, wathi uyavuma. Ngelo xesha, loo mfazi wabuza ukuba umfanekiso unyanisile kwaye wabonisa amaMelika ukuba yintoni imfazwe ngokwenene, yintoni na i-Warsaw ghetto ibonakala ngathi kwaye kwenzekani khona. Indima ka-Irene Sendler kwifilimu yadlala ngumdlali we-New Zealand u-Anna Packin, owathi wanikwa ngo-1994 i-Oscar ngendima ebalulekileyo. Ngokutsho kwababukeli, ifilimu yaba yinto ehlabayo kwaye inyaniso. Ndandiyithanda intombi kaIrena Sendler-Yanina, owayeqale ngokuchasene nembono yokudala i-cinematic version ye-biographie yowama.

Ukuhamba kwamanyathelo ePoland

Ukuthetha malunga nokuxhaphazwa kwe-Sendler, kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba ibhinqa elinenkalipho alikwazi ukuyenza yedwa. Ngokweememori zakwa-Irene ngokwakhe, wayefuna uncedo kubantu abangabali-12 ukugcina umntwana omnye: abaqhubi, abasebenzi bezonyango, abalindi bezokhuseleko, abasebenzi bezindlu zokuhlala, abaphathi abakhupha amaxwebhu athile, njl. Indima yama-polisi asePoland yayikhethekileyo. Kuyaziwa ukuba abantwana abangama-500, basindiswa ngu-Irena Sendler, bakwazi ukuqhubeka bephila ngenxa yoncedo lwabo. Ngelo xesha, oodade abaninzi bahlawula ubuKristu babo, babonakaliswa ngokubhekiselele kubantwana benkolo inye, babo ubomi baze baba ngabafel 'ukholo. Ngoko, ngo-1944, kwiindawo zamangcwaba eWarsaw, i-fascists yatshitshiswa ngepetroli kwaye yatshisa iqela leendoda eziphilayo ezazisinceda amaYuda.

Ukungathinteli kangako ibali lokuba uWojciech Zhukavsky noAlexander Zelverovich bafihla abantwana abangama-40 kwi-ghetto kwi-zoo, apho bekufuneka bafihle khona phakathi kwezilwanyana.

Ngoku uyazi ukuba ngubani u-Irena Sendler, ifilimu malunga nokufaneleka kokubheka, ngokukodwa njengoko kufumaneka kwiinguqulelo zesiRashiya.