Typology yamazwe aphuhlileyo kwezoqoqosho kumazwe asakhulayo

ithi Modern bakholisa yahlulwe kuphuhliswa nokuphuhlisa. Eyokuqala athathwa njengokuba iinkokeli zehlabathi kuqoqosho, owesibini - nalawo enokuthi isetyenziswe ufanelekele ahambelanayo ubume. Kodwa ziziphi iindlela ezahluka-hlukeneyo ithi kwi kuphuhliswa nokuphuhlisa? Ngaloo ndlela mhlawumbi ukunciphisa ongekenziwa kwamanye amazwe phezu kwelinye?

Principles of economic lwamazwe

Ngoko ke, abezoqoqosho mihla eyabelwe kumazwe aphuhlileyo nokuphuhlisa. Ngokusekelwe eyiphi imigaqo eyamkelekileyo le yokuhlela? Iskimu efanayo liye labhalwa ejikeleza UN lezoQoqosho nezeNtlalo. Isibaluli esisiseko ecetywayo yi iingcaphephe lombutho - indlela apho uqoqosho kazwelonke zeLizwe ukuya criteria kwiimalike kunye neziphumo zezimali: GDP ngamnye, inqanaba kwamashishini ubuchwepheshe, njengeziko loluntu, njalo njalo D. Apho Indlela IMF, njengoko apho yokuhlela ingqalelo. amazwe ( "kuphuhliswa nokuphuhlisa") ayisetyenziswa, endaweni umkhuba akhombe uthi ngeyona kwaye angawi kolu didi.

Kukho ezinye iindawo, iimpawu apho musa ukuvumela ukuba ahlawule bunkokeli karhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, iingxaki ezininzi demographic kumazwe aphuhlileyo kwaye abasaphuhlayo ziyafana. Kwangokunjalo kunjalo kwakhona ngezibonelelo zemozulu, okusingqongileyo - ayisoloko imi kumazwe aphuhlileyo imeko kule mimandla ilungile ngaphezu kumazwe asakhasayo.

amazwe aphuhlileyo

Ngoku ke sele liqalile kwamkelwa kurhulumente of Western eYurophu, USA, Canada, Sirayeli, amazwe Asian - Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Australia nase-New Zealand. Ezi lithi ziye a per capita GDP angekho ngaphantsi kwe-30 amawaka. Dollars, uqoqosho oluzinzileyo, inqanaba eliphezulu amaziko asekuhlaleni. Ukukhokela ngendlela lwezoqoqosho kunye nelwezopoliko, ibizwa ngokuba eli lizwe "Big Ezisixhenxe" - i-US, UK, eJamani, France, Italy, Canada kunye Japan. Xa amazwe G7 accounted for malunga-50% ye-GDP kwihlabathi.

Ingakumbi anoqoqosho ephuhliswe

amazwe aphuhlileyo kwaye abasaphuhlayo ezahlukeneyo, kuqala kwiinto zonke, izalathisi zoqoqosho. Apho amazwe angamalungu Uhlobo lokuqala kunokwenzeka ukuba iinkokheli? Ngokutsho kuguqulelo omnye ethandwa, amanani GDP kumazwe aphuhlileyo kunokuba kumazwe asaphuhlayo, ngenxa yezizathu ezibini eziphambili: ukufumaneka kwemali eyinkunzi (apho kutyalwa kumacandelo ahlukeneyo ngoko negalelo ekukhuleni koqoqosho), kwakunye elubala kwimarike (kangangokuba omnye okanye abanye ingxenye ishishini unalo kwimfuno yabathengi efunekayo).

Nelona Ubume uqoqosho aphuhlileyo amazwe, njengoba kwaphawula kwabaphandi, loo nto ayithethi kuthi yokusolwa nokwahlukana. Umzekelo, eNorway i GDP waphawula uxhomekeke olungamandla oyile kumazwe angaphandle. Noko ke, kugxininiswa kakhulu kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho kwicandelo elichaphazelekayo Norway - hayi ingxaki ngenxa yokuzinga kwiimarike yorhwebo, kwakunye ngenxa yobukho kweli lizwe koovimba elikhulu kakhulu.

Indima nookopolotyeni bezizwe ngezizwe

umahluko omkhulu kumazwe aphuhlileyo ekuphu ukuba United of uhlobo yokuqala indima ephambili edlalwa nookopolotyeni bezizwe ngezizwe. Eneneni, ngeendlela ezininzi umsebenzi wabo imisela ukungafihlisikuthetha neemarike zangaphandle ukuba amazwe kweloo didi. amazwe asaphuhlayo akasoloko le resource. Ngokungafaniyo kwamanye amazwe aphuhlileyo kumazwe asakhulayo - ngokubaluleka nendima amashishini amancinane kunye naphakathi. Iinkampani Small - kukuthi, okokuqala, ukuncitshiswa umthwalo lwentlalo kaRhulumente (abemi zisebenzisa ngokwabo ngokuqala ishishini, uthabathe phezu umsebenzi wabanye), yaye okwesibini, oku njengesibonelelo esongezelelweyo nokuqokelelwa kwerhafu.

Ukubaluleka Amaziko zentlalo

amazwe aphuhlileyo nasakhasayo ngophuhliso kwakhona kwahluka kwinqanaba kumaziko zentlalo - mthetho, ulawulo loluntu kunye nemfundo. Xa lithi yohlobo lokuqala sidla liphumeze inkqubo lomthetho olusebenzayo ngokwaneleyo ngokupheleleyo idibanisa iindlela ngokwemimiselo eziyimfuneko kunye namashishini simahla ukususela umkhuba ezingeyomfuneko. Le nkqubo karhulumente eninzi ingqalelo ehlawulwa kwintshayelelo kwamaziko entando yesininzi - kugxininiswa kuphuhliso lwamaphulo ezifanelekileyo kwinqanaba lengingqi, zasekuhlaleni, kunokuba kwi likazwelonke. Imeko sibalulekileyo ukugcina ubume zophuhliso zikarhulumente - inkqubo yemfundo kukhuphiswano. Ubukho balo kugqiba lokusekwa abasebenzi umhlabeleli abaza kubandakanyeka ngqo yotshintsho uqoqosho kunye nokugcina ubume bayo phambili kakhulu.

Indima karhulumente anoqoqosho oluphambili

Ngaphezu sibonile ukuba amazwe aphuhlileyo nasakhasayo abasaphuhlayo ezahlukeneyo kuloo ndawo yokuqala - ipesenti enkulu kumashishini abucala. Nangona kunjalo, uhlobo ifanelekileyo yamazwe indima ebaluleke kakhulu edlalwa ngamaziko karhulumente ukuphumeza utshintsho oluyimfuneko kwezoqoqosho. Eyona njongo yezi imisebenzi namagunya - lokusekwa iimeko kangangoko amashishini emveliso-mali zonxibelelwano zombini ngaphakathi kurhulumente kunye namaqabane ayo zorhwebo. Urhulumente unokuyilawula uqoqosho inxaxheba yabo kwiinkqubo zoshishino ngokusebenzisa namashishini karhulumente okanye ukuphumeza amalinge ezithile zomthetho.

Yinkululeko anoqoqosho ephuhliswe

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kule nkqubo yezoqoqosho liphuhlise karhulumente - iimarike ezivulekileyo amazwe. Oku ezaqala indlela silinene ukuya entlanganweni kwenkqubo kwezoqoqosho kumazwe amaninzi lohlobo efanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, eli lizwe kufuneka zilungiselele unxibelelwano olusebenzayo phakathi kwamanye amazwe, ingakumbi nomba okhuphiswano kwempahla eziveliswa ngamashishini zasekhaya.

Impembelelo jikelele kumazwe aphuhlileyo nokuphuhlisa ngokuphathelele oku ayaba. Isimo uhlobo lokuqala, ngokuqhelekileyo apha naphaya ukulungiselela iimeko lokhuphiswano kwimarike zehlabathi, yaye ngenxa yoko ke bakhululeke kwimeko apho uqoqosho kufuneka rhoqo baphuculwa ukuze anikele imveliso egqwesileyo kunye neenkonzo. amazwe Ukuphuhlisa ngenxa kushota eyinkunzi kunokwenzeka yaye - ngenxa yoko - inqanaba manufacturability ayikho bakwazi ukukhuphisana kurhwebo angaphandle ngamaxesha onke.

amazwe asakhulayo

Iingcali ukuchonga 100 ithi, leyo kunganxulunyaniswa kudidi efanelekileyo. Kukho inani elikhulu neenqobo ngawo ilizwe inokuchazwa nokuphuhlisa. Qaphela ukuba eli binzana kubonisa isiseko eyongezelelweyo yokuhlela. Ngokomzekelo, phakathi kwamazwe asaphuhlayo kubabela utshintsho - ngaloo apho inkqubo yezoqoqosho ixesha elide yaphuhliswa kunye nemigaqo socialism. La mazwe ziquka Russia. kunzima kakhulu ukuba lokuhlela ngokungqinelana nemigaqo waphawula China. Isibakala sokuba China - urhulumente yobukomanisi - kuhlanganiswa izinto zombini kurhwebo kwezoqoqosho kunye umyalelo wolawulo.

Enye iikhrayitheriya ukubandakanywa kumazwe asakhasayo kunganxulunyaniswa kwinqanaba elifanayo nganye capita GDP. Noko ke, asingabo bonke Osoqoqosho bekubona echanekileyo. Inyaniso yokuba kwamanye amazwe kuMbindi Mpuma - umzekelo, e Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain - GDP ngamnye, ngaphezu kwamazwe amaninzi aphuhlileyo yaseYurophu nkqu. Nangona kunjalo, la mazwe, Noko ke, zihlelwa kumazwe asaphuhlayo. Ngoko ke, iingcali ezininzi bakhetha nezinye iikhrayitheriya ukwahlula phakathi kwamazwe aphambili ngophuhliso kwezoqoqosho kunye nokuphuhlisa.

Phakathi zizathu abaqhelekileyo - inqanaba lophuhliso kwamaziko lwentlalo. Lo mba, abezoqoqosho ukukholwa, ukuze ukuchaza ukuxhathisa, nayo, inkqubo yezoqoqosho karhulumente. Oko kukuthi, umzekelo, ulawulo kakuhle bezopolotiko belizwe kunye nomgangatho ophantsi ulawulo owiso ye-GDP eliphezulu urhulumente usenokuba zithotywe ngenxa yempembelelo izinto ezahlukeneyo (ukuba ulwe ukuba kakuhle ukuba kwimeko yokwakha amaziko ukuncokola kakhulu).

Ezinye Osoqoqosho bakholelwa ukuba le nkqubo yezoqoqosho karhulumente kufuneka libe ngendidi ezahlukeneyo, kodwa - ungonqweneleka kakhulu - ubuncinane esekelwe phezu kumashishini embalwa ephambili. Ngokomzekelo, xa uqoqosho lamazwe ezithile zoMbindi Mpuma usenayo indima ebalulekileyo kwicandelo yeoli ekuchithekeni abaphandi abazange uziquke kudidi lwe kumazwe.

Iikhrayitheriya ukubandakanywa of Russia kumazwe asakhulayo

Ngomhla ucingisisa ngoko criteria ukuba States abasaphuhlayo na Russian Federation? Kule meko sinakho ukuthetha ngayo ukunqongophala ukuthotyelwa kophuhliso lizwe lethu ngokubhekiselele GDP ngomntu ngamnye. Ngoku malunga nama-24 amawaka eerandi -. At kwamndla okuthenga. Ifuna ubuncinane 30 lamawaka. Ukuze lilingane ubume luphawu lwelizwe eseliphuhlile kule njengekhrayitheriya.

Ngokumalunga namaziko zentlalo, iindlela kuvavanyo kwiinguqulelo zabo Russian zahlukile kakhulu. Kukho abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba urhulumente kunye nenkqubo yomthetho eRashiya ufuna ngokungxamisekileyo ngokwala maxesha. Ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba cebo Russian ezingummiselo yowiso kuqoqosho kangangoko ukuba urhulumente - ngenxa iimpawu zayo zembali nenkcubeko. Leyo ecacacileyo ukhuphelo lwe iipateni ngokwasemthethweni kumazwe ukuze kuphumelele.

Ukusuka kwindawo Ngenxa indima uqoqosho amashishini amancinane kunye naphakathi le yokusebenza RF okuyo uze ngaphantsi abadumileyo ngaphezu kwabo ezenzeka amazwe amaninzi aphuhlileyo nokuphuhlisa. Mhlawumbi oku kubangelwa ixesha elide eSoviet Union, xa ishishini labucala bazihambele. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, ukwakhiwa ke nje zange ziphuhliswe kwimarike simahla eRashiya kodwa udidi enkulu ngoosomashishini.

Ethetha Russian Federation ukufikelela kwiimarike zehlabathi - eziqhubekayo zakutshanje lezopolitiko abonisa ukuba ezo zamntu kuphela kwiimo Western. Ngenxa yoko, iRashiya ijongene lo msebenzi - ukwenza iimarike ezintsha ngokwabo. Yintoni urhulumente wethu, kuyabonakala ukuba, kwaye ukwenza, enze izivumelwano ezintsha kunye namazwe BRICS, ukuphuhlisa kunye Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia kunye nentsebenziswano Kyrgyzstan kwi-sikhokelo ye-EAEC.

Russia eziliqela ubugcisa unique - ingakumbi oko kwenziwa mzekelo kwisigaba emkhosini. Uninzi izigqibo ezifanelekileyo kufuneka oontanga ezimbalwa kakhulu kwi West - umzekelo, oku kusebenza sizukulwana moya 5. Ngokwale iingongoma, lo Russian Federation ukuba udidi kumazwe asaphuhlayo ziquka, Kakade ke, kunzima. I-Russian wenza eminye imizekelo emininzi iimveliso ophezulu zobugcisa - ezifana iziqhubekisi "Elbrus", eziliqela kwiinkalo akukho ndlela chips ophantsi evela Intel kunye AMD.

Ke inqanaba le sokunabela yezoqoqosho, njengoko sibonile ngentla apha, nkqu kumazwe amaninzi aphuhlileyo, nto njengenqobo ayanelanga. Ngoko ke, uxhomekeke ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezingenamandla ze Russian ezithunyelwa oyile - oku mhlawumbi akukho nto iphambili kweli yokuba ilizwe lethu kodwa enxulumene nophuhliso.

Noko ke, njengoko kwaphawula abezoqoqosho abaninzi, akayi kuba ukukhula ngakumbi kwezoqoqosho yesizwe Russian Federation ngeendleko kwicandelo kunokwenzeka - kuqala, ngenxa yokuba amaxabiso zamafutha akucingeleki, yaye okwesibini, ukwandisa kakhulu imveliso yawo Russian kuya kuba nzima. Kuyimfuneko ke ngoko ukuba ukuphuhlisa amanye amashishini.

Ukufumana iimarike ezintsha ezifanele bonke

Qaphela, noba kunjani, ukuba ngamaxesha kutshanje ukufikelela simahla imarike - ngengxaki eqhelekileyo kumazwe aphuhlileyo nokuphuhlisa. Enoba isakhono icandelo elithile, kungekudala emva kokuba amandla. Nkqu amazwe amaninzi uye ukukhangela iimarike ezintsha. inzuzo ethile ezo ezithe zabakho kwicandelo mveliso. Kuzo zombini kumazwe ahambele phambili kunye nophuhliso kunye nesabelo ebalulekileyo GDP kumashishini mveliso, njengoko umthetho, abathathi basoloko amashishini ukuba ukwazi ukunikeza kurhwebo lwehlabathi imveliso kukhuphiswano. Ngenxa yoko, ukufumaneka kwezibonelelo - i header leyo kubalulekile kuphuhliso lwamazwe zombini kuxoxwa iintlobo xa kuziwa zokusombulula iingxaki ezifana khangela iimarike ezintsha.

Ngenxa yoko, ngokungqinelana kunye ixhaphake phakathi zoqoqosho wanamhla, liqulunqe ulwahlulohlulo, asakhasayo, amazwe sethutyana. Kwezinye iimeko, umda phakathi kwabo akukho lula ukufumana - umzekelo, kwimeko amazwe nge-GDP elikhulu, kodwa hayi egqibeleleyo, ngokwemimiselo Western, amaziko asekuhlaleni. Kwezinye iimeko, uqoqosho luyaphuhliswa kwaye namazwe asakhulayo kunokuba kuthelekiseka ngokubanzi malunga nokufumaneka kwi inxenye ubugcisa ezizodwa.

Noko ke, inyaniso yokuba inkqubo yoqoqosho lwehlabathi namhlanje kukuba yokuba inqanaba lophuhliso loqoqosho kumazwe amaninzi kukho umahluko omkhulu. Kwiimeko ezininzi, uyakwazi ukubona izizathu backwardness uRhulumente kwiinkalo ezithile kwezoqoqosho. Ukoyisa kwabo kuya kuba ngundoqo ekuphuculeni Dynamics ukukhula koqoqosho kunye nokubandakanywa kunokwenzeka kudidi elite kuphuhliswa.